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Sander Hartjes
Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5058, 2600 GB Delft, The Netherlands

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Journal article
Published: 25 June 2020 in Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies
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This paper presents the development of a multilevel optimization framework for the design and selection of departure routes, and the distribution of aircraft movements among these routes, while taking the sequence and separation requirements for aircraft on runways and along selected routes into account. The main aim of the framework is to minimize aircraft noise impact on communities around an airport, and the associated fuel consumption. The proposed framework features two consecutive steps. In the first step, for each given Standard Instrument Departure (SID), multi-objective trajectory optimization is utilized to generate a comprehensive set of possible alternative routes. The obtained set is subsequently used as input for the optimization problem in the second step. In this step, the selection of routes for each SID and the distribution of aircraft movements among these routes are optimized simultaneously. To ensure the feasibility of optimized solutions for an entire operational day, the sequence and separation requirements for aircraft on runways and along selected routes are included in this second phase. In order to address these issues, three novel techniques are developed and added to a previously developed multilevel optimization framework, viz., a runway assignment model, a conflict detection algorithm, and a rerouting technique. The proposed framework is applied to a realistic case study at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol in the Netherlands, in which 599 departure flights and 13 different SIDs are considered. The optimization results show that the proposed model can offer conflict-free solutions, one of which can lead to a reduction in the number of people annoyed of up to 21%, and a reduction in fuel consumption of 8% relative to the reference case solution.

ACS Style

V. Ho-Huu; S. Hartjes; J.A. Pérez-Castán; H.G. Visser; R. Curran. A multilevel optimization approach to route design and flight allocation taking aircraft sequence and separation constraints into account. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 2020, 117, 102684 .

AMA Style

V. Ho-Huu, S. Hartjes, J.A. Pérez-Castán, H.G. Visser, R. Curran. A multilevel optimization approach to route design and flight allocation taking aircraft sequence and separation constraints into account. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies. 2020; 117 ():102684.

Chicago/Turabian Style

V. Ho-Huu; S. Hartjes; J.A. Pérez-Castán; H.G. Visser; R. Curran. 2020. "A multilevel optimization approach to route design and flight allocation taking aircraft sequence and separation constraints into account." Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 117, no. : 102684.

Journal article
Published: 17 October 2019 in Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment
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In this article, we present the development of a two-step optimization framework to deal with the design and selection of aircraft departure routes and the allocation of flights among these routes. The aim of the framework is to minimize cumulative noise annoyance and fuel burn. In the first step of the framework, multi-objective trajectory optimization is used to compute and store a set of routes that will serve as inputs in the second step. In the second step, the selection of routes from the sets of pre-computed optimal routes and the optimal allocation of flights to these routes are conducted simultaneously. To validate the proposed framework, we also conduct an analysis involving an integrated (one-step) approach, in which both trajectory optimization and route allocation are formulated as a single optimization problem. A comparison of both approaches is then performed, and their advantages and disadvantages are identified. The performance and capabilities of the present framework are demonstrated using a case study at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol in The Netherlands. The numerical results show that the proposed framework can generate solutions which can achieve a reduction in the number of people annoyed of up to 31% and a reduction in fuel consumption of 7.3% relative to the reference case solution.

ACS Style

V. Ho-Huu; S. Hartjes; H.G. Visser; R. Curran. An optimization framework for route design and allocation of aircraft to multiple departure routes. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 2019, 76, 273 -288.

AMA Style

V. Ho-Huu, S. Hartjes, H.G. Visser, R. Curran. An optimization framework for route design and allocation of aircraft to multiple departure routes. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. 2019; 76 ():273-288.

Chicago/Turabian Style

V. Ho-Huu; S. Hartjes; H.G. Visser; R. Curran. 2019. "An optimization framework for route design and allocation of aircraft to multiple departure routes." Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 76, no. : 273-288.

Journal article
Published: 09 September 2019 in Aerospace
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This paper presents a trajectory optimization study that has been conducted using a recently developed tool for the synthesis and analysis of extended flight formations of long-haul commercial aircraft, with the aim to minimize overall fuel consumption. In extended flight formations, trailing aircraft can attain an appreciable reduction in induced drag and associated reduction in fuel burn by flying in the upwash of the lead aircraft’s wake. In the present study, a previously developed multi-phase optimal control (MOC) framework for the synthesis of two-ship flight formations has been extended to include the assembly of three-ship flight formations. Using the extended tool, various numerical experiments have been conducted in relation to the assembly of two-ship and three-ship flight formations in long-haul operations across the North-Atlantic Ocean. Additionally, numerical experiments have been carried out to examine the impact of wind fields on the synthesis and performance of flight formations. Additionally, a parametric investigation has been conducted to assess the sensitivity of the solutions with respect to the degree of the induced drag reduction that might be attained by the trailing aircraft in a formation. The results of the various numerical experiments reveal that formation flight can result in appreciable reductions in fuel burn in comparison to flying solo—particularly when larger formation strings are permitted.

ACS Style

Sander Hartjes; Hendrikus G. Visser; Marco E. G. Van Hellenberg Hubar. Trajectory Optimization of Extended Formation Flights for Commercial Aviation. Aerospace 2019, 6, 100 .

AMA Style

Sander Hartjes, Hendrikus G. Visser, Marco E. G. Van Hellenberg Hubar. Trajectory Optimization of Extended Formation Flights for Commercial Aviation. Aerospace. 2019; 6 (9):100.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sander Hartjes; Hendrikus G. Visser; Marco E. G. Van Hellenberg Hubar. 2019. "Trajectory Optimization of Extended Formation Flights for Commercial Aviation." Aerospace 6, no. 9: 100.

Preprint
Published: 29 August 2019
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In this article, we present the development of a two-step optimization framework to deal with the design and selection of aircraft departure routes and the allocation of flights among these routes. The aim of the framework is to minimize cumulative noise annoyance and fuel burn. In the first step of the framework, multi-objective trajectory optimization is used to compute and store a set of routes that will serve as inputs in the second step. In the second step, the selection of routes from the set of pre-computed optimal routes and the optimal allocation of flights among these routes are conducted simultaneously. To validate the proposed framework, we also conduct an analysis involving an integrated (one-step) approach, in which both trajectory optimization and route allocation are formulated as a single optimization problem. A comparison of both approaches is then performed, and their advantages and disadvantages are identified. The performance and capabilities of the present framework are demonstrated using a case study at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol in The Netherlands. The numerical results show that the proposed framework can generate solutions which can achieve a reduction in the number of people annoyed of up to 31% and a reduction in fuel consumption of 7.3% relative to the reference case solution.

ACS Style

V. Ho-Huu; S. Hartjes; H. G. Visser; R. Curran. An optimization framework for route design and allocation of aircraft to multiple departure routes. 2019, 1 .

AMA Style

V. Ho-Huu, S. Hartjes, H. G. Visser, R. Curran. An optimization framework for route design and allocation of aircraft to multiple departure routes. . 2019; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

V. Ho-Huu; S. Hartjes; H. G. Visser; R. Curran. 2019. "An optimization framework for route design and allocation of aircraft to multiple departure routes." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 02 May 2019 in Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment
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The paper first investigates the influence of daily mobility of population on evaluation of aircraft noise effects. Then, a new air traffic assignment model that considers this activity is proposed. The main objective is to reduce the number of people affected by noise via lowering as much as possible the noise exposure level Lden of individuals or groups of people who commute to the same locations during the day. It is hereby intended to reduce the noise impact upon individuals rather than to reduce the impact in particular – typically densely populated – areas. However, sending aircraft farther away from populated regions to reduce noise impact may increase fuel burn, thus affecting airline costs and sustainability. Therefore, a multi-objective optimization approach is utilized to obtain reasonable solutions that comply with overall air transport sustainability. The method aims at generating a set of solutions that provide proper balance between noise annoyance and fuel consumption. The reliability and applicability of the proposed method are validated through a real case study at Belgrade airport in Serbia. The investigation shows that there is a difference between the number of people annoyed (NPA) evaluated based on the census data and the NPA evaluated based on the mobility data. In addition, these numbers differ significantly across residential locations. The optimal results show that the proposed model can offer a considerable reduction in the NPA, and in some cases, it can gain up to 77%, while maintaining the same level of fuel consumption compared with the reference case.

ACS Style

Vinh Ho-Huu; Emir Ganić; Sander Hartjes; Obrad Babić; Richard Curran. Air traffic assignment based on daily population mobility to reduce aircraft noise effects and fuel consumption. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 2019, 72, 127 -147.

AMA Style

Vinh Ho-Huu, Emir Ganić, Sander Hartjes, Obrad Babić, Richard Curran. Air traffic assignment based on daily population mobility to reduce aircraft noise effects and fuel consumption. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. 2019; 72 ():127-147.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vinh Ho-Huu; Emir Ganić; Sander Hartjes; Obrad Babić; Richard Curran. 2019. "Air traffic assignment based on daily population mobility to reduce aircraft noise effects and fuel consumption." Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 72, no. : 127-147.

Journal article
Published: 17 July 2018 in Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment
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This paper presents a new multi-objective optimization formulation for the design and allocation of optimal aircraft departure routes. In the considered problem – besides two conventional objectives based on cumulative noise criteria and fuel burn – a new objective considering the flight frequency is introduced. Moreover, to take advantage of the combination of designing new routes and allocating flights to these routes, two different routes are considered simultaneously, and the distribution of flights over these two routes is addressed in parallel. Then, a new version of the so-called MOEA/D optimization algorithm is developed to solve the formulated optimization problem. Two different case studies, one at Rotterdam The Hague Airport and one at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol in The Netherlands, are carried out to evaluate the reliability and applicability of the proposed approach. The obtained results reveal that the proposed approach can provide solutions which can balance more effectively the concerned metrics such as the number of annoyed people, fuel burn, number of people exposed to certain noise levels, and number of aircraft movements which people are subjected to.

ACS Style

V. Ho-Huu; S. Hartjes; H.G. Visser; R. Curran. Integrated design and allocation of optimal aircraft departure routes. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 2018, 63, 689 -705.

AMA Style

V. Ho-Huu, S. Hartjes, H.G. Visser, R. Curran. Integrated design and allocation of optimal aircraft departure routes. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. 2018; 63 ():689-705.

Chicago/Turabian Style

V. Ho-Huu; S. Hartjes; H.G. Visser; R. Curran. 2018. "Integrated design and allocation of optimal aircraft departure routes." Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 63, no. : 689-705.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2018 in Expert Systems with Applications
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The multi-objective evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition (MOEA/D) has been recognized as a promising method for solving multi-objective optimization problems (MOPs), receiving a lot of attention from researchers in recent years. However, its performance in handling MOPs with complicated Pareto fronts (PFs) is still limited, especially for real-world applications whose PFs are often complex featuring, e.g., a long tail or a sharp peak. To deal with this problem, an improved MOEA/D (named iMOEA/D) that mainly focuses on bi-objective optimization problems (BOPs) is therefore proposed in this paper. To demonstrate the capabilities of iMOEA/D, it is applied to design optimization problems of truss structures. In iMOEA/D, the set of the weight vectors defined in MOEA/D is numbered and divided into two subsets: one set with odd-weight vectors and the other with even-weight vectors. Then, a two-phase search strategy based on the MOEA/D framework is proposed to optimize their corresponding populations. Furthermore, in order to enhance the total performance of iMOEA/D, some recent developments for MOEA/D, including an adaptive replacement strategy and a stopping criterion, are also incorporated. The reliability, efficiency and applicability of iMOEA/D are investigated through seven existing benchmark test functions with complex PFs and three optimal design problems of truss structures. The obtained results reveal that iMOEA/D generally outperforms MOEA/D and NSGA-II in both benchmark test functions and real-world applications.

ACS Style

V. Ho-Huu; S. Hartjes; H.G. Visser; R. Curran. An improved MOEA/D algorithm for bi-objective optimization problems with complex Pareto fronts and its application to structural optimization. Expert Systems with Applications 2018, 92, 430 -446.

AMA Style

V. Ho-Huu, S. Hartjes, H.G. Visser, R. Curran. An improved MOEA/D algorithm for bi-objective optimization problems with complex Pareto fronts and its application to structural optimization. Expert Systems with Applications. 2018; 92 ():430-446.

Chicago/Turabian Style

V. Ho-Huu; S. Hartjes; H.G. Visser; R. Curran. 2018. "An improved MOEA/D algorithm for bi-objective optimization problems with complex Pareto fronts and its application to structural optimization." Expert Systems with Applications 92, no. : 430-446.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2017 in Aerospace
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In an effort to allow to increase the number of aircraft and airport operations while mitigating their negative impacts (e.g., noise and pollutant emission) on near-airport communities, the optimal design of new departure routes with less noise and fuel consumption becomes more important. In this paper, a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition (MOEA/D), which recently emerged as a potential method for solving multi-objective optimization problems (MOPs), is developed for this kind of problem. First, to minimize aircraft noise for departure routes while taking into account the interests of various stakeholders, bi-objective optimization problems involving noise and fuel consumption are formulated where both the ground track and vertical profile of a departure route are optimized simultaneously. Second, in order to make the design space of vertical profiles feasible during the optimization process, a trajectory parameterization technique recently proposed is employed. Furthermore, some modifications to MOEA/D that are aimed at significantly reducing the computational cost are also introduced. Two different examples of departure routes at Schiphol Airport in the Netherlands are shown to demonstrate the applicability and reliability of the proposed method. The simulation results reveal that the proposed method is an effective and efficient approach for solving this kind of problem.

ACS Style

Vinh Ho-Huu; Sander Hartjes; Hendrikus G. Visser; Richard Curran. An Efficient Application of the MOEA/D Algorithm for Designing Noise Abatement Departure Trajectories. Aerospace 2017, 4, 54 .

AMA Style

Vinh Ho-Huu, Sander Hartjes, Hendrikus G. Visser, Richard Curran. An Efficient Application of the MOEA/D Algorithm for Designing Noise Abatement Departure Trajectories. Aerospace. 2017; 4 (4):54.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vinh Ho-Huu; Sander Hartjes; Hendrikus G. Visser; Richard Curran. 2017. "An Efficient Application of the MOEA/D Algorithm for Designing Noise Abatement Departure Trajectories." Aerospace 4, no. 4: 54.

Research article
Published: 18 May 2016 in Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering
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In this study, a genetic optimization algorithm is applied to the design of environmentally friendly aircraft departure trajectories. The environmental optimization has been primarily focused on noise abatement and local NOx emissions, whilst taking fuel burn into account as an economical criterion. In support of this study, a novel parameterization approach has been conceived for discretizing the lateral and vertical flight profiles, which reduces the need to include nonlinear side constraints in the multiparameter optimization problem formulation, while still permitting to comply with the complex set of operational requirements pertaining to departure procedures. The resulting formulation avoids infeasible solutions and hence significantly reduces the number of model evaluations required in the genetic optimization process. The efficiency of the developed approach is demonstrated in a case study involving the design of a noise abatement departure procedure at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol in The Netherlands.

ACS Style

S Hartjes; Hg Visser. Efficient trajectory parameterization for environmental optimization of departure flight paths using a genetic algorithm. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2016, 231, 1115 -1123.

AMA Style

S Hartjes, Hg Visser. Efficient trajectory parameterization for environmental optimization of departure flight paths using a genetic algorithm. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering. 2016; 231 (6):1115-1123.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S Hartjes; Hg Visser. 2016. "Efficient trajectory parameterization for environmental optimization of departure flight paths using a genetic algorithm." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 231, no. 6: 1115-1123.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2015 in Transportation Research Procedia
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Recent crises - both economic and geopolitical - and the rise of new competitors in the form of low-cost carriers and Middle East carriers have put a heavy strain on the profitability of traditional legacy airlines worldwide. Many airlines are struggling to survive and are looking for ways to cut their operational costs.Continuously increasing fuel prices further contribute to the financial difficulties, and although airlines (and aircraft manufacturers alike) have put a significant effort on reducing the operational fuel consumption, fuel still accounts for approximately 35% of airlines’ operating expenses. Therefore many airlines seek new ways to further reduce the operational costs through improved fuel efficiency.One of the less self-evident methods to potentially significantly reduce the total operational fuel consumption is the introduction of intermediate refueling stops. Previous studies have already shown that operating existing aircraft on a long-haul flight with one or two intermediate stops can lead to potential fuel savings varying from 5% to 25% by reducing the additional fuel burn on long-haul flights referred to as transport loss. On the other hand, the concept of intermediate stop operations will also affect the operational costs through higher landing fees, an increased required maintenance effort, a longer total flight time and different crew costs. As previous studies have not addressed the additional costs or benefits of intermediate stop operations, this study aims to identify the total potential of the concept.For this purpose, a software tool was developed to analyze individual long-haul origin-destination pairs to identify the optimal operation: either direct or including an intermediate stop. Within the tool crew cost, maintenance cost and local fuel prices are determined for simulated flights according to typical operating procedures. A Dijkstra's algorithm then selects the most suitable and cost-efficient airport from a large database if an intermediate stop proves a viable option for the city-pair.A number of case studies has shown that although in all cases intermediate stops proved beneficial to reduce the total fuel burn, reducing the total operating cost depended highly on city-pair specific conditions, mainly the local fuel prices, changed crew-composition and wind direction. Still, the case studies do indicate that the concept of intermediate stop operations may offer significant cost reductions for many typical long-haul flights across the world, and could prove a viable concept to gain a competitive advantage for specific airlines and routes.

ACS Style

Sander Hartjes; Frank Bos. Evaluation of Intermediate Stop Operations in Long-haul Flights. Transportation Research Procedia 2015, 10, 951 -959.

AMA Style

Sander Hartjes, Frank Bos. Evaluation of Intermediate Stop Operations in Long-haul Flights. Transportation Research Procedia. 2015; 10 ():951-959.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sander Hartjes; Frank Bos. 2015. "Evaluation of Intermediate Stop Operations in Long-haul Flights." Transportation Research Procedia 10, no. : 951-959.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2010 in The Aeronautical Journal
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In an effort to reduce the negative impact of civil aviation on the human environment, trajectory optimisation techniques have been used to minimise the single event impact of noise and gaseous emissions of departures on communities in the vicinity of airports. For this purpose, the earlier developed trajectory optimisation tool NOISHHH has been adapted to design departure trajectories optimised for environmental criteria, based on area navigation. The new version of NOISHHH combines a noise model, an emissions inventory model, a geographic information system and a dynamic trajectory optimisation algorithm to generate flight paths with minimised environmental impact. Operational constraints have been introduced to ensure that the resulting flight paths are fully compliant with the guidelines and regulations that apply to the design of standard instrument departures and the use of area navigation. To illustrate the capabilities of the new version of NOISHHH, two numerical examples are presented, which are both redesigns of standard instrument departures currently in use at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol.

ACS Style

S. Hartjes; H. G. Visser; S. J. Hebly. Optimisation of RNAV noise and emission abatement standard instrument departures. The Aeronautical Journal 2010, 114, 757 -767.

AMA Style

S. Hartjes, H. G. Visser, S. J. Hebly. Optimisation of RNAV noise and emission abatement standard instrument departures. The Aeronautical Journal. 2010; 114 (1162):757-767.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S. Hartjes; H. G. Visser; S. J. Hebly. 2010. "Optimisation of RNAV noise and emission abatement standard instrument departures." The Aeronautical Journal 114, no. 1162: 757-767.