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Dr. Marcel Macarulla
Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya - Barcelona Tech

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0 Building Automation
0 Energy Efficiency
0 Indoor Air Quality
0 Building energy performance
0 Energy Modeling

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Journal article
Published: 18 March 2021 in Sustainability
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This paper analyzes the impact of an innovative approach based on gamification to promote reduced energy consumption in social housing. The game was developed and validated under the auspices of the EU-funded project EnerGAware-Energy Game for Awareness of energy efficiency in social housing communities in an affordable housing pilot located in Plymouth (United Kingdom). The results showed that the future exploitation of the game holds important energy- and emissions-saving potential. Assuming that the game is distributed freely by European energy providers to their domestic end-users, the game was found to be able to save more than 48.9 secondary terawatt-hours per year (TWhs) and 18.8 million tons of CO2e annually, contributing up to around 8% to the target set for the European buildings sector to keep global warming under 2 °C. The results also showed that the game is highly feasible from the energy point of view, even when we consider the energy consumed upstream, due to its low cumulative energy demand and its potential for household energy reduction. The results of this research provide helpful information for private and public stakeholders, as they contribute to determining the sustainability of promoting energy saving through gaming.

ACS Style

Marta Gangolells; Miquel Casals; Marcel Macarulla; Núria Forcada. Exploring the Potential of a Gamified Approach to Reduce Energy Use and Carbon Emissions in the Household Sector. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3380 .

AMA Style

Marta Gangolells, Miquel Casals, Marcel Macarulla, Núria Forcada. Exploring the Potential of a Gamified Approach to Reduce Energy Use and Carbon Emissions in the Household Sector. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (6):3380.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marta Gangolells; Miquel Casals; Marcel Macarulla; Núria Forcada. 2021. "Exploring the Potential of a Gamified Approach to Reduce Energy Use and Carbon Emissions in the Household Sector." Sustainability 13, no. 6: 3380.

Conference paper
Published: 13 November 2020 in Lecture Notes in Management and Industrial Engineering
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Buildings are responsible for 40% of the energy consumption and around 36% of CO2 emissions in the European Union. Administrations are funding projects enhancing energy efficiency to achieve a zero-emission building. As a consequence, many companies perceive the business potential. Several public buildings are analyzed by comparing their energy rating labels against their real energy consumption. Results show that highly rated buildings are also the ones with higher consumption. This study analyzes and discusses the factors that end up in this paradox. Results show that new buildings consume more energy, which is caused by higher interior-comfort standards. Moreover, control systems that should warrant optimal functionality of the building consume non-negligible amounts of energy. Finally, technical exigencies on buildings have increased in recent years. In conclusion, project management should incorporate the structure, control, security, and comfort systems together in the design phase. Moreover, this phase should also include the operating definition of the building during the day and throughout seasons of the year.

ACS Style

M. Macarulla; L. Canals Casals. Paradoxes Between Energy Labeling and Efficiency in Buildings. Lecture Notes in Management and Industrial Engineering 2020, 371 -380.

AMA Style

M. Macarulla, L. Canals Casals. Paradoxes Between Energy Labeling and Efficiency in Buildings. Lecture Notes in Management and Industrial Engineering. 2020; ():371-380.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Macarulla; L. Canals Casals. 2020. "Paradoxes Between Energy Labeling and Efficiency in Buildings." Lecture Notes in Management and Industrial Engineering , no. : 371-380.

Conference paper
Published: 13 November 2020 in Lecture Notes in Management and Industrial Engineering
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To determine the air ventilation flows in a room deterministic approaches based on the CO2 tracer-gas mass balance equation are usually used. Those equations do not enable to introduce to the system uncertainties such as the sensor measurement error. In this paper, the use of the stochastic differential equations based on the CO2 tracer-gas mass balance are presented to obtain the air ventilation flows in a room introducing uncertainty elements. This kind of modeling, also known as grey-box modeling, combines physical knowledge of the system and information embedded in the monitored data to identify a suitable parametrization of the differential equation used. Finally, a set of statistical tests are used to assess the model's accuracy. Models that fulfill the tests are considered correct, and as a consequence, its parametrization too. Having the parametrization a physical meaning, it is possible to obtain the air ventilation flow of the room. Results show the viability of this kind of approach.

ACS Style

M. Macarulla; M. Casals; N. Forcada; M. Gangolells. Use of Grey-Box Modeling to Determine the Air Ventilation Flows in a Room. Lecture Notes in Management and Industrial Engineering 2020, 449 -461.

AMA Style

M. Macarulla, M. Casals, N. Forcada, M. Gangolells. Use of Grey-Box Modeling to Determine the Air Ventilation Flows in a Room. Lecture Notes in Management and Industrial Engineering. 2020; ():449-461.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Macarulla; M. Casals; N. Forcada; M. Gangolells. 2020. "Use of Grey-Box Modeling to Determine the Air Ventilation Flows in a Room." Lecture Notes in Management and Industrial Engineering , no. : 449-461.

Journal article
Published: 07 October 2020 in Building and Environment
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Elderly people are vulnerable to cold environments, due to aging's impact on the density of nerve fibers. Nevertheless, automatic controls of HVAC systems do not consider the user's real-time thermal sensation and most of algorithms were tested in manikins using climatic chambers or simulated by CFD. Indeed, a standardization of a non-invasive technique as infrared thermography (IRT) for human body responses was not detected in the literature review. This paper proposes a method to determine the indoor thermal comfort of elderly people by IRT. The campaigns took place in a nursing home of the Mediterranean Climate during Winter. A total of 15 old adults were monitored to measure the skin temperature of four face points (nose, forehead, cheekbone and chin) and clothing temperature. A thermal sensation questionnaire and indoor conditions were also collected. The results demonstrated that the IRT model could estimate the thermal exchange from three body-segments (head, back-pelvis, thorax-limbs) to the surroundings by user's features and environmental parameters. The thermal neutrality was achieved when all facial points reached a skin temperature of 35 °C, the clothing temperature was equal to 31 °C, and the operative temperature and relative humidity were 23.5 °C and 54% respectively. Statistically, 31.70% of the variance of PMV could be attributed to increases of facial skin temperature, while changes in user's features could have minor influence (from 0.88 to 6.40%). As regards the main contributions of heat losses, they were given by respiration (11–21%), convection (20–32%) and radiation (35–39%). Finally, an innovative HVAC control strategy was posed.

ACS Style

Blanca Tejedor; Miquel Casals; Marta Gangolells; Marcel Macarulla; Núria Forcada. Human comfort modelling for elderly people by infrared thermography: Evaluating the thermoregulation system responses in an indoor environment during winter. Building and Environment 2020, 186, 107354 .

AMA Style

Blanca Tejedor, Miquel Casals, Marta Gangolells, Marcel Macarulla, Núria Forcada. Human comfort modelling for elderly people by infrared thermography: Evaluating the thermoregulation system responses in an indoor environment during winter. Building and Environment. 2020; 186 ():107354.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Blanca Tejedor; Miquel Casals; Marta Gangolells; Marcel Macarulla; Núria Forcada. 2020. "Human comfort modelling for elderly people by infrared thermography: Evaluating the thermoregulation system responses in an indoor environment during winter." Building and Environment 186, no. : 107354.

Journal article
Published: 19 August 2020 in Sustainability
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ICT-based solutions are seen to be almost totally environmentally friendly, but game-based solutions for energy saving have not been explored yet. This paper describes a comprehensive analysis and an in-depth interpretation of the life cycle environmental impact of a game-based solution for domestic energy saving, developed and validated within the EU-funded Horizon 2020 project EnerGAware—Energy Game for Awareness of energy efficiency in social housing communities. Life cycle impacts were calculated with SimaPRO 8.5.2.0 using the ReCiPe 2016 v1.02 midpoint and endpoint methods and information contained within the Ecoinvent v3.4 database. Although the pre-competitive solution, directly arising from the research project, was found to have a relatively high environmental impact, its future exploitation, which mostly relies on existing infrastructure, was found to be highly competitive from an environmental perspective. The game will help reduce the life cycle impact of domestic energy consumption on damage to human health (3.68%), ecosystem quality (3.87%), and resource availability (4.81%). Most of the environmental impact of the market solution was found in the manufacturing phase (77.96–80.12%). Transport (8.86–7.57%), use (3.86–5.82%), and maintenance (7.24–7.54%) phases were found to contribute little to environmental impact. This research provides a useful reference for decision-making as it contributes to the environmental benchmarking of competing energy-saving strategies.

ACS Style

Marta Gangolells; Miquel Casals; Núria Forcada; Marcel Macarulla. Life Cycle Analysis of a Game-Based Solution for Domestic Energy Saving. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6699 .

AMA Style

Marta Gangolells, Miquel Casals, Núria Forcada, Marcel Macarulla. Life Cycle Analysis of a Game-Based Solution for Domestic Energy Saving. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (17):6699.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marta Gangolells; Miquel Casals; Núria Forcada; Marcel Macarulla. 2020. "Life Cycle Analysis of a Game-Based Solution for Domestic Energy Saving." Sustainability 12, no. 17: 6699.

Erratum
Published: 13 June 2020 in Energy and Buildings
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ACS Style

Miquel Casals; Marta Gangolells; Marcel Macarulla; Núria Forcada; Alba Fuertes; Rebecca J. Hafner; Rory V. Jones. Corrigendum to “Assessing the effectiveness of gamification in reducing domestic energy consumption: Lessons learned from the EnerGAware project” [Energy Build. 210 (2020) 109753]. Energy and Buildings 2020, 223, 110193 .

AMA Style

Miquel Casals, Marta Gangolells, Marcel Macarulla, Núria Forcada, Alba Fuertes, Rebecca J. Hafner, Rory V. Jones. Corrigendum to “Assessing the effectiveness of gamification in reducing domestic energy consumption: Lessons learned from the EnerGAware project” [Energy Build. 210 (2020) 109753]. Energy and Buildings. 2020; 223 ():110193.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Miquel Casals; Marta Gangolells; Marcel Macarulla; Núria Forcada; Alba Fuertes; Rebecca J. Hafner; Rory V. Jones. 2020. "Corrigendum to “Assessing the effectiveness of gamification in reducing domestic energy consumption: Lessons learned from the EnerGAware project” [Energy Build. 210 (2020) 109753]." Energy and Buildings 223, no. : 110193.

Journal article
Published: 12 June 2020 in Sustainable Cities and Society
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The European Green Deal establishes the need to renovate buildings in an energy efficient way, to address climate and environmental challenges. The purpose of this study was to devise a model for identifying environmental, cost-effective retrofitting measures by assessing their energy, economic and environmental impact when they are applied to the entire office stock. The methodology builds upon the energy performance certificate scheme to identify the life-cycle energy, economic and environmental impacts of a set of energy renovation measures for each representative office. The results can then be applied to the entire office stock. For any real office, a dozen characteristics are entered. Then, a user-friendly interface provides information about the expected performance of the renovation measures in that case along with the representativeness of the results. This methodology was implemented in a Spanish case study of 13,701 energy performance certificates. The findings showed that the most efficient energy renovation measures are heat pump replacement (18.1 %) and replacement of lamps with LEDs (14.4 %). Although the most effective retrofitting solutions depended on the evaluation criteria (energy, economic or environmental), 99.5 % of the cost-effective measures also reduced emissions during the life cycle.

ACS Style

Marta Gangolells; Katia Gaspar; Miquel Casals; Jaume Ferré-Bigorra; Nuria Forcada; Marcel Macarulla. Life-cycle environmental and cost-effective energy retrofitting solutions for office stock. Sustainable Cities and Society 2020, 61, 102319 .

AMA Style

Marta Gangolells, Katia Gaspar, Miquel Casals, Jaume Ferré-Bigorra, Nuria Forcada, Marcel Macarulla. Life-cycle environmental and cost-effective energy retrofitting solutions for office stock. Sustainable Cities and Society. 2020; 61 ():102319.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marta Gangolells; Katia Gaspar; Miquel Casals; Jaume Ferré-Bigorra; Nuria Forcada; Marcel Macarulla. 2020. "Life-cycle environmental and cost-effective energy retrofitting solutions for office stock." Sustainable Cities and Society 61, no. : 102319.

Journal article
Published: 30 December 2019 in Energy and Buildings
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The application of gamification to encourage energy conservation behaviour in house occupants is an emerging field of research. However, empirical evidence of its effectiveness is lacking. This paper presents lessons learnt from the EU-funded EnerGAware research project, in which an innovative serious game (a game designed for purposes other than purely entertainment) was developed to promote reduced energy consumption and carbon emissions by changing social housing tenants’ energy efficiency behaviour. The game was validated in a sample of European social housing using a longitudinal, two-stage experimental design, employing both pre-post and control group approaches. While some aspects of the game did not work as intended, there were nevertheless some positive impacts. The intervention increased social housing tenants’ awareness and engagement in certain energy saving behaviour and provided an average electricity saving of 3.46% and an average gas saving of 7.48%. Although savings were found not to be statistically significant, an effect size was detected (0.2). Therefore, future steps should exploit all available opportunities to replicate the pilot and increase the sample size so as to gain stronger evidence of the game's impact. Preliminary results support the utility of gaming investment in the household energy efficiency field, and provide useful insights and pathways that could be incorporated into the development of future serious game interventions to foster their effectiveness.

ACS Style

Miquel Casals; Marta Gangolells; Marcel Macarulla; Núria Forcada; Alba Fuertes; Rory V. Jones. Assessing the effectiveness of gamification in reducing domestic energy consumption: Lessons learned from the EnerGAware project. Energy and Buildings 2019, 210, 109753 .

AMA Style

Miquel Casals, Marta Gangolells, Marcel Macarulla, Núria Forcada, Alba Fuertes, Rory V. Jones. Assessing the effectiveness of gamification in reducing domestic energy consumption: Lessons learned from the EnerGAware project. Energy and Buildings. 2019; 210 ():109753.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Miquel Casals; Marta Gangolells; Marcel Macarulla; Núria Forcada; Alba Fuertes; Rory V. Jones. 2019. "Assessing the effectiveness of gamification in reducing domestic energy consumption: Lessons learned from the EnerGAware project." Energy and Buildings 210, no. : 109753.

Journal article
Published: 12 November 2019 in Sustainability
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Buildings play a central role in the clean energy transition, which is why it is vital to understand how energy is consumed in this sector. Energy performance certificate databases are considered a key source of information on the characteristics of built building stock. Despite a growing portfolio of studies based on information from such databases, little is known about energy consumption in offices. This paper explores the modelled energy performance of existing offices in Spain, using data from 13,701 energy performance certificates collected by the Catalan Institute of Energy (ICAEN) in 2013–2018. Offices were found to consume between 202.66 and 212.10 kWhp/m2·year and were mostly ranked in classes C and D (~64%). Offices with E, F or G labels represent ~28% of the sample while A and B energy ratings are very scarce (~8%). Key drivers of energy consumption variation were found to be the office type, construction period, climate zone, renewable energy use, energy certification procedure and motivation for obtaining an energy performance certificate. Ownership was not found to affect average calculated energy consumption. The results will help policy makers to plan future energy conservation strategies.

ACS Style

Marta Gangolells; Miquel Casals; Jaume Ferré-Bigorra; Núria Forcada; Marcel Macarulla; Kàtia Gaspar; Blanca Tejedor. Energy Benchmarking of Existing Office Stock in Spain: Trends and Drivers. Sustainability 2019, 11, 6356 .

AMA Style

Marta Gangolells, Miquel Casals, Jaume Ferré-Bigorra, Núria Forcada, Marcel Macarulla, Kàtia Gaspar, Blanca Tejedor. Energy Benchmarking of Existing Office Stock in Spain: Trends and Drivers. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (22):6356.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marta Gangolells; Miquel Casals; Jaume Ferré-Bigorra; Núria Forcada; Marcel Macarulla; Kàtia Gaspar; Blanca Tejedor. 2019. "Energy Benchmarking of Existing Office Stock in Spain: Trends and Drivers." Sustainability 11, no. 22: 6356.

Journal article
Published: 28 October 2019 in Energy and Buildings
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A large number of buildings must be evaluated to formulate energy retrofitting policies for existing building stock. In this context, it is crucial to identify reference buildings that can effectively represent the entire stock, since such buildings can then be used to assess the individualized cost-effectiveness of retrofitting measures. This paper presents a novel approach for identifying and defining a set of reference buildings by applying the k-means clustering method to energy performance certificate databases. To this end, a four-step methodology has been envisaged. First, an energy performance certificate database is prepared and variables that have an impact on energy consumption are pre-selected. Selected data are then pre-processed. Next, the k-means clustering method is applied. Finally, the resulting cluster centroids are used to identify the closest energy performance certificates in the database, in other words, the representative buildings that will then be used for cost-optimal retrofitting analysis. The methodology is illustrated using the energy performance certificate database managed by the Catalan Institute of Energy (ICAEN), which includes a sample of 13,701 offices. Due to the large number of missing values in the database, the k-means clustering algorithm was finally performed over 6,083 energy performance certificates. Seven representative office blocks and offices in industrial buildings and nine representative offices in residential buildings were identified. The results establish the basis for supporting strategic decision-making for energy saving retrofit interventions in existing Spanish offices.

ACS Style

Marta Gangolells; Miquel Casals; Jaume Ferré-Bigorra; Núria Forcada; Marcel Macarulla; Kàtia Gaspar; Blanca Tejedor. Office representatives for cost-optimal energy retrofitting analysis: A novel approach using cluster analysis of energy performance certificate databases. Energy and Buildings 2019, 206, 109557 .

AMA Style

Marta Gangolells, Miquel Casals, Jaume Ferré-Bigorra, Núria Forcada, Marcel Macarulla, Kàtia Gaspar, Blanca Tejedor. Office representatives for cost-optimal energy retrofitting analysis: A novel approach using cluster analysis of energy performance certificate databases. Energy and Buildings. 2019; 206 ():109557.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marta Gangolells; Miquel Casals; Jaume Ferré-Bigorra; Núria Forcada; Marcel Macarulla; Kàtia Gaspar; Blanca Tejedor. 2019. "Office representatives for cost-optimal energy retrofitting analysis: A novel approach using cluster analysis of energy performance certificate databases." Energy and Buildings 206, no. : 109557.

Journal article
Published: 02 May 2019 in Building and Environment
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A gap in standardization of quantitative infrared thermography (IRT) directly leads to a lack of measurement pattern for determining in-situ U-values of heavy multi-leaf walls. Three groups of causal factors might influence the estimation of this build quality indicator: operating conditions, thermophysical properties and technical conditions. Focusing on the last one, previous studies underlined the difficulties of measuring below 3 h. In contrast to active IRT, no algorithms have been found to process images, despite playing an important role in the effectiveness and robustness of IRT. The traditional approach involves analysing from 120 to 7200 thermograms with a data acquisition interval of 1 min up to 1 s respectively. The aim of this paper was to critically assess the test duration that is traditionally used. Six real heavy multi-leaf walls were tested under a stationary regime as a stochastic process of underlying data. For the first time, a research based on two U-value time series analyses (statistical tests and a signal modelling technique by MATLAB) demonstrated the feasibility of short-lasting IRT tests. Moreover, this research posed an innovative data management tool to automate this non-destructive testing (NDT) in mid-term, stopping IRT tests in real time once the right level of accuracy was achieved.

ACS Style

Blanca Tejedor; Miquel Casals; Marcel Macarulla; Alberto Giretti. U-value time series analyses: Evaluating the feasibility of in-situ short-lasting IRT tests for heavy multi-leaf walls. Building and Environment 2019, 159, 106123 .

AMA Style

Blanca Tejedor, Miquel Casals, Marcel Macarulla, Alberto Giretti. U-value time series analyses: Evaluating the feasibility of in-situ short-lasting IRT tests for heavy multi-leaf walls. Building and Environment. 2019; 159 ():106123.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Blanca Tejedor; Miquel Casals; Marcel Macarulla; Alberto Giretti. 2019. "U-value time series analyses: Evaluating the feasibility of in-situ short-lasting IRT tests for heavy multi-leaf walls." Building and Environment 159, no. : 106123.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2018 in Measurement
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ACS Style

Marcel Macarulla; Miquel Casals; Núria Forcada; Marta Gangolells; Alberto Giretti. Estimation of a room ventilation air change rate using a stochastic grey-box modelling approach. Measurement 2018, 124, 539 -548.

AMA Style

Marcel Macarulla, Miquel Casals, Núria Forcada, Marta Gangolells, Alberto Giretti. Estimation of a room ventilation air change rate using a stochastic grey-box modelling approach. Measurement. 2018; 124 ():539-548.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marcel Macarulla; Miquel Casals; Núria Forcada; Marta Gangolells; Alberto Giretti. 2018. "Estimation of a room ventilation air change rate using a stochastic grey-box modelling approach." Measurement 124, no. : 539-548.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2017 in Energy and Buildings
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Most existing commercial building energy management systems (BEMS) are reactive rule-based. This means that an action is produced when an event occurs. In consequence, these systems cannot predict future scenarios and anticipate events to optimize building operation. This paper presents the procedure of implementing a predictive control strategy in a commercial BEMS for boilers in buildings, and describes the results achieved. The proposed control is based on a neural network that turns on the boiler each day at the optimum time, according to the surrounding environment, to achieve thermal comfort levels at the beginning of the working day. The control strategy presented in this paper is compared with the current control strategy implemented in BEMS that is based on scheduled on/off control. The control strategy was tested during one heating season and a set of key performance indicators were used to assess the benefits of the proposed control strategy. The results showed that the implementation of predictive control in a BEMS for building boilers can reduce the energy required to heat the building by around 20% without compromising the user’s comfort.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

ACS Style

Marcel Macarulla; Miquel Casals; Núria Forcada; Marta Gangolells. Implementation of predictive control in a commercial building energy management system using neural networks. Energy and Buildings 2017, 151, 511 -519.

AMA Style

Marcel Macarulla, Miquel Casals, Núria Forcada, Marta Gangolells. Implementation of predictive control in a commercial building energy management system using neural networks. Energy and Buildings. 2017; 151 ():511-519.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marcel Macarulla; Miquel Casals; Núria Forcada; Marta Gangolells. 2017. "Implementation of predictive control in a commercial building energy management system using neural networks." Energy and Buildings 151, no. : 511-519.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2017 in Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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ACS Style

Nuria Forcada; Marta Gangolells; Miquel Casals; Marcel Macarulla; Marcel Macarulla Martí. Factors Affecting Rework Costs in Construction. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 2017, 143, 04017032 .

AMA Style

Nuria Forcada, Marta Gangolells, Miquel Casals, Marcel Macarulla, Marcel Macarulla Martí. Factors Affecting Rework Costs in Construction. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. 2017; 143 (8):04017032.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nuria Forcada; Marta Gangolells; Miquel Casals; Marcel Macarulla; Marcel Macarulla Martí. 2017. "Factors Affecting Rework Costs in Construction." Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 143, no. 8: 04017032.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2017 in Building and Environment
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Predictive control is the strategy that has the greatest reported benefits when it is implemented in a building energy management system. Predictive control requires low-order models to assess different scenarios and determine which strategy should be implemented to achieve a good compromise between comfort, energy consumption and energy cost. Usually, a deterministic approach is used to create low-order models to estimate the indoor CO2 concentration using the differential equation of the tracer-gas mass balance. However, the use of stochastic differential equations based on the tracer-gas mass balance is not common. The objective of this paper is to assess the potential of creating predictive models for a specific room using for the first time a stochastic grey-box modelling approach to estimate future CO2 concentrations. First of all, a set of stochastic differential equations are defined. Then, the model parameters are estimated using a maximum likelihood method. Different models are defined, and tested using a set of statistical methods. The approach used combines physical knowledge and information embedded in the monitored data to identify a suitable parametrization for a simple model that is more accurate than commonly used deterministic approaches. As a consequence, predictive control can be easily implemented in energy management systems.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

ACS Style

Marcel Macarulla; Miquel Casals; Matteo Carnevali; Núria Forcada; Marta Gangolells. Modelling indoor air carbon dioxide concentration using grey-box models. Building and Environment 2017, 117, 146 -153.

AMA Style

Marcel Macarulla, Miquel Casals, Matteo Carnevali, Núria Forcada, Marta Gangolells. Modelling indoor air carbon dioxide concentration using grey-box models. Building and Environment. 2017; 117 ():146-153.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marcel Macarulla; Miquel Casals; Matteo Carnevali; Núria Forcada; Marta Gangolells. 2017. "Modelling indoor air carbon dioxide concentration using grey-box models." Building and Environment 117, no. : 146-153.

Conference paper
Published: 07 November 2016 in 2016 IEEE 21st International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA)
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This paper presents how the ICT infrastructure developed in the European ENCOURAGE project, centered around a message oriented middleware, enabled energy savings in buildings and households. The components of the middleware, as well as the supervisory control strategy, are overviewed, to support the presentation of the results and how they could be achieved. The main results are presented on three of the pilots of the project, a first one consisting of a single household, a second one of a residential neighborhood, and a third one in a university campus.

ACS Style

Thibaut Le Guilly; Arne Skou; Petur Olsen; Per Printz Madsen; Michele Albano; Luis Lino Ferreira; Luis Miguel Pinho; Keld Pedersen; Miquel Casals; Marcel Macarulla; Marta Gangolells. ENCOURAGEing results on ICT for energy efficient buildings. 2016 IEEE 21st International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA) 2016, 1 -8.

AMA Style

Thibaut Le Guilly, Arne Skou, Petur Olsen, Per Printz Madsen, Michele Albano, Luis Lino Ferreira, Luis Miguel Pinho, Keld Pedersen, Miquel Casals, Marcel Macarulla, Marta Gangolells. ENCOURAGEing results on ICT for energy efficient buildings. 2016 IEEE 21st International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA). 2016; ():1-8.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thibaut Le Guilly; Arne Skou; Petur Olsen; Per Printz Madsen; Michele Albano; Luis Lino Ferreira; Luis Miguel Pinho; Keld Pedersen; Miquel Casals; Marcel Macarulla; Marta Gangolells. 2016. "ENCOURAGEing results on ICT for energy efficient buildings." 2016 IEEE 21st International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA) , no. : 1-8.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2016 in Energy Conversion and Management
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ACS Style

Miquel Casals; Marta Gangolells; Núria Forcada; Marcel Macarulla. Reducing lighting electricity use in underground metro stations. Energy Conversion and Management 2016, 119, 130 -141.

AMA Style

Miquel Casals, Marta Gangolells, Núria Forcada, Marcel Macarulla. Reducing lighting electricity use in underground metro stations. Energy Conversion and Management. 2016; 119 ():130-141.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Miquel Casals; Marta Gangolells; Núria Forcada; Marcel Macarulla. 2016. "Reducing lighting electricity use in underground metro stations." Energy Conversion and Management 119, no. : 130-141.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2016 in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
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ACS Style

Marta Gangolells; Miquel Casals; Núria Forcada; Marcel Macarulla; Alberto Giretti. Energy performance assessment of an intelligent energy management system. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2016, 55, 662 -667.

AMA Style

Marta Gangolells, Miquel Casals, Núria Forcada, Marcel Macarulla, Alberto Giretti. Energy performance assessment of an intelligent energy management system. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2016; 55 ():662-667.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marta Gangolells; Miquel Casals; Núria Forcada; Marcel Macarulla; Alberto Giretti. 2016. "Energy performance assessment of an intelligent energy management system." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 55, no. : 662-667.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2016 in Applied Energy
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Several previous research initiatives have highlighted the role of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) as key enablers for decreasing energy usage in buildings. However, few advances have been achieved in underground public spaces. This paper introduces a novel intelligent energy management system for underground stations. The system implements artificial intelligence solutions for autonomous building system control, based on advanced control algorithms that can learn from previous operations and situations. The robustness needed to operate in public spaces is achieved through a seamlessly integrated monitoring grid with self-diagnosis mechanisms. A middleware platform integrates existing devices, subsystems and newly deployed sensor-actuator networks. Results obtained during the implementation of the system in a prototype underground station showed potential yearly energy savings ranging between 74,336 and 87,339 kW h. The highest energy savings potential was found in the ventilation subsystem (30.6% ± 2.0%), followed by the lighting system (24.1% ± 1.9%) and escalators (8.5% ± 1.9%).

ACS Style

Miquel Casals; Marta Gangolells; Núria Forcada; Marcel Macarulla; Alberto Giretti; Massimo Vaccarini. SEAM4US: An intelligent energy management system for underground stations. Applied Energy 2016, 166, 150 -164.

AMA Style

Miquel Casals, Marta Gangolells, Núria Forcada, Marcel Macarulla, Alberto Giretti, Massimo Vaccarini. SEAM4US: An intelligent energy management system for underground stations. Applied Energy. 2016; 166 ():150-164.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Miquel Casals; Marta Gangolells; Núria Forcada; Marcel Macarulla; Alberto Giretti; Massimo Vaccarini. 2016. "SEAM4US: An intelligent energy management system for underground stations." Applied Energy 166, no. : 150-164.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2016 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Energy performance certificate databases are a key tool for mapping national building stock and thus fostering greater overall energy efficiency. This paper presents an insight into the energy performance of residential and tertiary sector buildings in Spain, through an analysis of the first 129,635 energy performance certificates issued for existing buildings, collected by the Catalan Institute of Energy. Most of the residential buildings or building units that were studied were “E” class (53.6%). Single-family houses were found to use more energy on average (248.0 kWhp/m2) than individual dwellings (183.2 kWhp/m2). Tertiary sector buildings were found to have slightly better energy performance (26.4% of buildings were rated “D class”), with an average energy consumption of 317.8 kWhp/m2. Modern buildings consume less energy, as they must meet the higher energy performance requirements stated in thermal building regulations. Residential buildings or building units located in hotter climate zones consume slightly less energy than those located in colder zones, mainly because heating accounts for a high percentage of overall energy expenditure (70–75% in residential buildings). A significant proportion of the energy consumed in tertiary sector buildings is for lighting (37.2%). This research defines the current energy consumption baseline of existing buildings in Spain. The results can help to prioritize energy conservation efforts according to building type, construction period, climate zone and specific end-uses. They may also help public authorities to plan future energy policies, and construction practitioners to identify market segments and business strategies.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

ACS Style

Marta Gangolells; Miquel Casals; Núria Forcada; Marcel Macarulla; Eva Cuerva. Energy mapping of existing building stock in Spain. Journal of Cleaner Production 2016, 112, 3895 -3904.

AMA Style

Marta Gangolells, Miquel Casals, Núria Forcada, Marcel Macarulla, Eva Cuerva. Energy mapping of existing building stock in Spain. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2016; 112 ():3895-3904.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marta Gangolells; Miquel Casals; Núria Forcada; Marcel Macarulla; Eva Cuerva. 2016. "Energy mapping of existing building stock in Spain." Journal of Cleaner Production 112, no. : 3895-3904.