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Qiang Zhang
Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Reducing Disaster of Gansu Province, Key Open Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Reducing Disaster of the China Meteorological Administration (CMA), Lanzhou Institute of Arid Meteorology, CMA, Lanzhou, 730020, China

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Journal article
Published: 22 July 2021 in Journal of Arid Environments
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Increasing global temperatures and frequency of low precipitation have made drought a major natural disaster around the world. Drought is a major threat to China's food security. Thus, the recent abnormal characteristics of Chinese droughts warrant further study. We therefore examined daily air temperature and precipitation from 1961 to 2014 at 572 Chinese meteorological stations. We used an improved version of Meteorological Drought Composite Index (MCI) as a drought indicator to analyze the spatial variation and temporal changes of the drought severity, frequency, duration, and location. China's drought-affected area has expanded, and the severity and frequency have increased due to climate warming. The drought-affected areas are also changing, with drought intensifying in the north but increasing even more in the south, especially for severe drought. Drought was most widespread and sustained in the late 1990s and early 2000s, primarily in the southern Yellow River Basin and the northern Yangtze River Basin. Frequency analysis revealed >30% drought frequency (% of total years) in the western and eastern parts of northwestern China and in eastern, northern, and southwestern China. Drought frequency was higher in the Yangtze River and Yellow River basins. China's drought intensity, duration, and frequency were generally higher in the north and east than in the south and west; however, these parameters increased more rapidly in the south. Droughts occurred year-round in China, but the occurrence, range, duration, and frequency differed among years and regions. Our results offer insights into the development of drought in China and provide support for disaster risk assessment and response planning.

ACS Style

Lanying Han; Qiang Zhang; Zhengcai Zhang; Jianying Jia; Youheng Wang; Tao Huang; Ying Cheng. Drought area, intensity and frequency changes in China under climate warming, 1961–2014. Journal of Arid Environments 2021, 193, 104596 .

AMA Style

Lanying Han, Qiang Zhang, Zhengcai Zhang, Jianying Jia, Youheng Wang, Tao Huang, Ying Cheng. Drought area, intensity and frequency changes in China under climate warming, 1961–2014. Journal of Arid Environments. 2021; 193 ():104596.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lanying Han; Qiang Zhang; Zhengcai Zhang; Jianying Jia; Youheng Wang; Tao Huang; Ying Cheng. 2021. "Drought area, intensity and frequency changes in China under climate warming, 1961–2014." Journal of Arid Environments 193, no. : 104596.

Research article
Published: 01 July 2021 in International Journal of Climatology
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Aridity index (AI) indicates the balance between water supply and water demand on the atmosphere-land interface. Despite continuous improvements, coupled climate models still have significant systematic errors in simulating AI in terms of temporal and spatial variabilities. One of the approaches to bias-correct simulations is extracting the linear relationship between historical observations and model outputs by utilizing the empirical orthogonal function (EOF). In this study, the methodology of ensemble EOF-based bias-correction by observational constraints is developed based on previous bias-correction approach, with the improvement on seeking the optimal combinations of the leading modes with sensitivity test and replacing the certain correction with the ensemble means of optimal members. In verification, the ensemble mean of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5-EM) is bias-corrected toward the CPC/GLDAS observations, and the extracted leading modes present high correlations with internal climate variability. By cross-validation and posteriori independent validation of hindcasts over the historical period (1948-2005), the ensemble EOF-based bias-correction could better present spatial patterns compared to the CMIP5-EM after systematic bias-correction, as indicated by the anomaly correlation and the root mean square error. The verifications also indicate that the temporal variability in aridity over different dryland regions is much closer to that in the observations and that the dryland subtype changes are improved significantly by bias-corrections. Besides, another observational dataset of UDel/CRU is applied to assess the uncertainty on different datasets and the improvement on skill scores is robust. The above results verify that the ensemble EOF-based bias-corrections provide better reference for assessing and projecting global aridity changes by climate models.

ACS Style

Haipeng Yu; Qiang Zhang; Yun Wei; Chenxi Liu; Yu Ren; Ping Yue; Jie Zhou. Bias‐corrections on aridity index simulations of climate models by observational constraints. International Journal of Climatology 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Haipeng Yu, Qiang Zhang, Yun Wei, Chenxi Liu, Yu Ren, Ping Yue, Jie Zhou. Bias‐corrections on aridity index simulations of climate models by observational constraints. International Journal of Climatology. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Haipeng Yu; Qiang Zhang; Yun Wei; Chenxi Liu; Yu Ren; Ping Yue; Jie Zhou. 2021. "Bias‐corrections on aridity index simulations of climate models by observational constraints." International Journal of Climatology , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 24 April 2021 in Atmosphere
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During the second half of the 20th century, eastern Northwest China experienced a warming and drying climate change. To determine whether this trend has continued or changed during the present century, this study systematically analyzes the characteristics of warming and dry–wet changes in eastern Northwest China based on the latest observational data and World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) collection data. The results show that eastern Northwest China has warmed continuously during the past 60 years with a sudden temperature change occurring in the late 1990s. However, the temperature in the 2000s decreased slowly, and that in the 2010s showed a warming trend. The amount of precipitation began to increase in the late 1990s, which indicates a contemporary climate transition from warm-dry to warm-wet in eastern Northwest China. The contribution of precipitation to humidity is significantly more than that of temperature. Long-term and interannual variations dominate the temperature change, with the contribution of the former much stronger than that of the latter. However, interannual variation dominates the precipitation change. The warming accelerates from period to period, and the temperature spatial consistently increased during the three most recent climatic periods. The precipitation decreased from 1961–1990 to 1981–2010, whereas its spatial consistency increased from 1981–2010 to 1991–2019. The significant warming and humidification which began in the late 1990s and is expected to continue until the end of the 21st century in the medium emission scenario. However, the current sub-humid climate will not easily be changed. The warming could cause a climate transition from warm temperate to subtropical by 2040. The dry-to-wet climate transition in eastern Northwest China could be related to a synergistic enhancement of the East Asian summer monsoon and the westerly circulation. This research provides a scientific decision-making basis for implementing western development strategies, ecological protection, and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin Area as well as that for ecological construction planning and water resource management of eastern Northwest China.

ACS Style

Jinhu Yang; Qiang Zhang; Guoyang Lu; Xiaoyun Liu; Youheng Wang; Dawei Wang; Weiping Liu; Ping Yue; Biao Zhu; Xinyu Duan. Climate Transition from Warm-Dry to Warm-Wet in Eastern Northwest China. Atmosphere 2021, 12, 548 .

AMA Style

Jinhu Yang, Qiang Zhang, Guoyang Lu, Xiaoyun Liu, Youheng Wang, Dawei Wang, Weiping Liu, Ping Yue, Biao Zhu, Xinyu Duan. Climate Transition from Warm-Dry to Warm-Wet in Eastern Northwest China. Atmosphere. 2021; 12 (5):548.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jinhu Yang; Qiang Zhang; Guoyang Lu; Xiaoyun Liu; Youheng Wang; Dawei Wang; Weiping Liu; Ping Yue; Biao Zhu; Xinyu Duan. 2021. "Climate Transition from Warm-Dry to Warm-Wet in Eastern Northwest China." Atmosphere 12, no. 5: 548.

Journal article
Published: 11 April 2021 in Atmosphere
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The influence of aerosols on climate varies greatly within different spatial zones. China has a very prominent summer monsoon climate and summer monsoon activity basically determines the climate distribution pattern. Consequently, we need to understand the aerosol optical properties and spatial distribution under the background of summer monsoon activity in China, which is the basis for further research on the impact of aerosols on the climate system. Based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA-2) data, the spatial response of the high aerosol optical depth (AOD) region in China to the advance and retreat of summer monsoon was analyzed. The main types of aerosol and the contribution of each type of aerosol particles to the total AOD were discussed. The results showed that before the landing of summer monsoon, the high value areas of AOD were distributed in the eastern Sichuan Basin, Changsha, Wuhan and Pearl River Delta regions. With the northward advance of the monsoon, the high value areas moved to the transition region affected by the summer monsoon and the AOD in this region was highly sensitive to the summer monsoon. The main aerosol types were dust and sulfate in this region and the contribution to total AOD was 27% and 57%, respectively; before the monsoon onset, the contribution of dust to total AOD was 16%, and that of sulfate was 18%; after the monsoon onset, the contribution of dust decreased by half to 8%, while the contribution of sulfate aerosol increased to 20%.

ACS Style

Bing Bai; Qiang Zhang; Dan Tan; Pengcheng Huang; Fei Yin. Responses of the Optical Properties and Distribution of Aerosols to the Summer Monsoon in the Main Climate Zones of China. Atmosphere 2021, 12, 482 .

AMA Style

Bing Bai, Qiang Zhang, Dan Tan, Pengcheng Huang, Fei Yin. Responses of the Optical Properties and Distribution of Aerosols to the Summer Monsoon in the Main Climate Zones of China. Atmosphere. 2021; 12 (4):482.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bing Bai; Qiang Zhang; Dan Tan; Pengcheng Huang; Fei Yin. 2021. "Responses of the Optical Properties and Distribution of Aerosols to the Summer Monsoon in the Main Climate Zones of China." Atmosphere 12, no. 4: 482.

Original paper
Published: 23 November 2020 in Theoretical and Applied Climatology
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Climate change affects maize production in the east of Northwest China (ENC). Based on the meteorological data, maize growth phase data, and yield data in the ENC, spatial clustering and mixed linear models were used to evaluate the effects of climatic factors and drought on maize yield. The results showed that under the background of climate change, the sowing time was earlier, the maize development phase was shorter, the mid-season was longer, and whole growth duration increased, and the planting boundary moved further northward and expanded westward. In the whole growth duration, the temperature increased and the effective precipitation (Peff) decreased. Drought increased in the initial and late season of maize growth. Maize yield was selected as an attribute element for spatial clustering, and the ENC was divided into high–high cluster (HH), low–low cluster (LL), and high–low outlier (HL) areas. In the HH area, in any growth stage, the Peff reduction and drought stress reduced the maize yield; in the initial phase, increased temperature and decreased radiation increased maize yield; in the mid-season phase, increased temperature reduced maize yield. In the LL area, increased temperature in the initial and late season phases and the decreased temperature in the development phase were conducive to the formation of maize yield; the increase of Peff in the mid-season phase and its decrease in the late season phases increased maize yield; drought mainly affected the maize development phase. In the HL area, increased temperature in the development phase and decreased temperature in the mid-season phase increased maize yield; the Peff had a positive effect on the yield, mainly affecting the development and late season phases of maize; drought stress mainly affected the initial, development, and mid-season phases of maize. These new scientific discoveries are significant for maize production management in the ENC.

ACS Style

Ying Wang; Chao Wang; Qiang Zhang. Synergistic effects of climatic factors and drought on maize yield in the east of Northwest China against the background of climate change. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 2020, 143, 1017 -1033.

AMA Style

Ying Wang, Chao Wang, Qiang Zhang. Synergistic effects of climatic factors and drought on maize yield in the east of Northwest China against the background of climate change. Theoretical and Applied Climatology. 2020; 143 (3-4):1017-1033.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ying Wang; Chao Wang; Qiang Zhang. 2020. "Synergistic effects of climatic factors and drought on maize yield in the east of Northwest China against the background of climate change." Theoretical and Applied Climatology 143, no. 3-4: 1017-1033.

Climate change and agriculture research paper
Published: 01 September 2020 in The Journal of Agricultural Science
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Global warming will directly influence agricultural production and present new challenges for food security in semiarid regions of China. A warming experiment was conducted in Guyuan, China using infrared ray radiators to study the impact of warming on crop growth, yield and quality of a potato–broad bean–winter wheat crop rotation system. Warming significantly affected the crop photosynthesis rates of the potato–broad bean–winter wheat rotation system. In the podding stage of broad bean and the heading, blooming and booting stages of winter wheat, the photosynthesis rate was significantly decreased when the temperature increased by 0.5–2.0°C. The growing period of the potato–broad bean–winter wheat rotation system was shortened by 20–40 days per 3-year-period, and the fallow period was prolonged by 4–13 days per 3-year-period. The water use efficiency of the potato–broad bean–winter wheat rotation decreased by 8.6% when the temperature increased by 1.02.0°C. The yield of the potato–broad bean–winter wheat rotation increased by 6.1–7.7% when the temperature increased by 0.5–1.0°C. However, yield decreased 12.9–13.4% when temperature increased by 1.0–2.0°C. Potato protein significantly decreased by 9.3–17.6% and the winter wheat fat significantly decreased by 6.7% when the temperature increased by 0.5–2.0°C. The results indicate that global warming could seriously affect the crop growth, yield and water use of the potato–broad bean–winter wheat rotation in semiarid regions of China.

ACS Style

Xiao Guoju; Guo Zhanqiang; Zhang Qiang; Hu Yanbin; Wang Jing; Cao Jin; Qiu Zhengji. Warming affects water use, yield and crop quality of a potato–broad bean–winter wheat rotation system in semi-arid regions of China. The Journal of Agricultural Science 2020, 158, 543 -557.

AMA Style

Xiao Guoju, Guo Zhanqiang, Zhang Qiang, Hu Yanbin, Wang Jing, Cao Jin, Qiu Zhengji. Warming affects water use, yield and crop quality of a potato–broad bean–winter wheat rotation system in semi-arid regions of China. The Journal of Agricultural Science. 2020; 158 (7):543-557.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiao Guoju; Guo Zhanqiang; Zhang Qiang; Hu Yanbin; Wang Jing; Cao Jin; Qiu Zhengji. 2020. "Warming affects water use, yield and crop quality of a potato–broad bean–winter wheat rotation system in semi-arid regions of China." The Journal of Agricultural Science 158, no. 7: 543-557.

Original paper
Published: 28 August 2020 in Theoretical and Applied Climatology
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Based on daily meteorological data from 693 weather stations for the period 1960–2017, the characteristics of dryness/wetness trends and their relation with reference crop evapotranspiration (ET0) and precipitation changes were assessed in China. The results showed that the semi-arid/semi-humid areas and humid areas of southwestern China experienced a drying trend, while the arid areas in northwestern China and the humid areas in southern China became wetter over the past 58 years. The dryness/wetness trends were highly sensitive to the variability of ET0 in the arid and semi-arid areas and to precipitation in the humid and semi-humid areas. Regional differences in the contributions of ET0 and precipitation to the dryness/wetness trends were significant. In the arid areas, the average contribution of ET0 was 7% larger than that of precipitation, except in winter. A decreased ET0 due to a reduction in wind speed and the increase in precipitation led to a wetting trend in these areas. In the semi-arid/semi-humid areas, ET0 had a significantly larger effect on the dryness/wetness trends than precipitation. Contribution of ET0 was about 21% larger than that of precipitation in spring and about 7% larger at the annual timescale. Due to an increase in ET0 because of rising temperature and decrease in precipitation, the areas tended to be drier. In humid areas, precipitation was the dominant factor for the wetting trends. Contribution of precipitation was about 4 to 10% larger than that of ET0 in summer and at the annual timescale and even completely dominated the trend of SPEI in winter. However, contribution of ET0 in spring was slightly larger than that of precipitation in the humid areas, and a significant increase in temperature led to an increase in ET0 and resulted in a tendency of dryness. Aside from the reduction in precipitation, increased evapotranspiration had comparable contributions to the trends of dryness, even greater than that of precipitation in the drying season and in drying areas. Our findings suggested that the effects of ET0 against the background of global warming deserve more attention in future studies of dryness/wetness or drought.

ACS Style

Suping Wang; Qiang Zhang; Ping Yue; Jinsong Wang. Effects of evapotranspiration and precipitation on dryness/wetness changes in China. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 2020, 142, 1027 -1038.

AMA Style

Suping Wang, Qiang Zhang, Ping Yue, Jinsong Wang. Effects of evapotranspiration and precipitation on dryness/wetness changes in China. Theoretical and Applied Climatology. 2020; 142 (3-4):1027-1038.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Suping Wang; Qiang Zhang; Ping Yue; Jinsong Wang. 2020. "Effects of evapotranspiration and precipitation on dryness/wetness changes in China." Theoretical and Applied Climatology 142, no. 3-4: 1027-1038.

Article
Published: 25 July 2020 in Climate Dynamics
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Southern China is a major grain-producing area, but has been suffering from increasingly serious droughts caused by global warming. As a result, crop losses have become serious. To provide insights into these losses, we obtained data to support a systematic and comprehensive analysis of how agricultural drought has caused crop losses from 1961 to 2011 and of the relationship between these changes and the climatic factors responsible for the losses. We found an obvious increase in the loss of crops due to agricultural drought in southern China, with the greatest increase in crop loss in the southwest and smaller increases in the south and southeast. Moreover, because each crop growth stage is affected differently by climatic factors and because the values of these factors show an uneven seasonal distribution, the losses were greatest when changes in various climatic factors occurred during key crop developmental periods. The fittings of the relationship between crop loss and various climatic factors was often strongest based on data from key developmental periods rather than based on data for the whole year. In addition, we found improved prediction of losses using multiple regression, and developed a model for assessing crop losses. Our results provide a scientific reference for developing methods to evaluate the losses caused by agricultural drought in southern China.

ACS Style

Qiang Zhang; Lanying Han; Jian Zeng; Xing Wang; Jingjing Lin. Climate factors during key periods affect the comprehensive crop losses due to drought in Southern China. Climate Dynamics 2020, 55, 1 -13.

AMA Style

Qiang Zhang, Lanying Han, Jian Zeng, Xing Wang, Jingjing Lin. Climate factors during key periods affect the comprehensive crop losses due to drought in Southern China. Climate Dynamics. 2020; 55 (9-10):1-13.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qiang Zhang; Lanying Han; Jian Zeng; Xing Wang; Jingjing Lin. 2020. "Climate factors during key periods affect the comprehensive crop losses due to drought in Southern China." Climate Dynamics 55, no. 9-10: 1-13.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2020 in Scientific Reports
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The climatology, trends and leading modes of land surface latent heat flux (LHF) and sensible heat flux (SHF) as well as their responses to monsoon and precipitation in global land monsoon domains are presented. During the past three decades, LHF and SHF have generally undergone a rising and decreasing trend (that is, (LHF+, SHF−)), respectively, in Asian, North African, Austrian, and South American monsoon domains. Moreover, the increasing rate of LHF was higher than the decreasing rate of SHF, which causes a decreased trend in Bowen ratio. Two other dominant trend patterns, (LHF−, SHF−) and (LHF+, SHF+), are observed in South African and South American monsoon domains, respectively. The trends in LHF and SHF are closely linked to increasing global monsoon intensity and precipitation, especially for the monsoon domain that has annual precipitation lower than 1300 mm yr−1. Singular value decomposition (SVD) analyses show that monsoon strength explains 25.2% and 22.2% total covariance of LHF and SHF respectively in the first modes, and that precipitation slightly raises the percentages up to 27.8% and 24% respectively. The increasing monsoon and precipitation on one hand favor more land surface available energy being converted into LHF; on the other hand they enhance the LHF by increasing the land surface net radiation. Moreover, remarkable phase shifts in LHF and SHF are observed for monsoon domains during late-1990s, which are in phase with those of precipitation and monsoon strength. The intensifying LHF and precipitation indicate the acceleration of hydrological cycle in global terrestrial monsoon domains.

ACS Style

Jian Zeng; Qiang Zhang. The trends in land surface heat fluxes over global monsoon domains and their responses to monsoon and precipitation. Scientific Reports 2020, 10, 1 -15.

AMA Style

Jian Zeng, Qiang Zhang. The trends in land surface heat fluxes over global monsoon domains and their responses to monsoon and precipitation. Scientific Reports. 2020; 10 (1):1-15.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jian Zeng; Qiang Zhang. 2020. "The trends in land surface heat fluxes over global monsoon domains and their responses to monsoon and precipitation." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1: 1-15.

Original paper
Published: 03 March 2020 in Theoretical and Applied Climatology
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Maize is a major crop in the semiarid region of northwestern China, and, in recent years, severe drought events have often severely impacted local maize production. In this paper, an assessment model for maize drought vulnerability in the semiarid region of northwestern China was constructed after an in-depth analysis of factors linked to drought vulnerability. The model establishes an evaluation index system for drought vulnerability and assesses the level of environmental sensitivity, degree of exposure, crop sensitivity, and adaptability. An assessment and a regionalization analysis of maize drought vulnerability were then conducted for the semiarid region of northwestern China. The results showed the spatial distribution characteristics of environmental sensitivity, degree of exposure, crop sensitivity, and adaptability. The high and sub high vulnerable areas for maize were located mainly in the northern and southern parts of the warm temperate zone (District I A) and covered most of the central region of the middle temperature zone (District II A). The low and sub low vulnerable areas were in the central part of District I A, in the eastern and western part of District II A, and across the whole of the warm temperate zone (Districts I B), the middle temperature zone (Districts II B), and the plateau area of the sub temperate zone (District III). The main factors affecting high drought vulnerability varied across different areas. These results provide a theoretical basis for the risk management of maize production and will help prevent drought disasters in the semiarid region of northwestern China.

ACS Style

Ying Wang; Qiang Zhang; Yu-Bi Yao. Drought vulnerability assessment for maize in the semiarid region of northwestern China. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 2020, 140, 1207 -1220.

AMA Style

Ying Wang, Qiang Zhang, Yu-Bi Yao. Drought vulnerability assessment for maize in the semiarid region of northwestern China. Theoretical and Applied Climatology. 2020; 140 (3-4):1207-1220.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ying Wang; Qiang Zhang; Yu-Bi Yao. 2020. "Drought vulnerability assessment for maize in the semiarid region of northwestern China." Theoretical and Applied Climatology 140, no. 3-4: 1207-1220.

Original research article
Published: 21 January 2020 in Frontiers in Earth Science
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The study region was the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) transition zone. The datasets used in this study included the daily data of national stations, reanalysis datasets of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data. All datasets covered a total period of more than 1 year (from January 2008 to December 2016). We analyzed the influence of EASM on aerosol optical depth (AOD) in the transition zone and the response of different types of aerosols in the transition zone to the abundant and deficient monsoon years. It was found that the AOD was 0.15 in abundant years, while it was 0.09 in deficient years. The abundant year’s AOD was 40% larger than deficient years. In deficient years, with less precipitation, the influence of precipitation on the AOD was more significant. The dust was mainly distributed at 2–6 km in the western part of the transition zone, while the polluted aerosols were distributed at 0–4 km in the central and eastern region. The frequency of dust was significantly lower in abundant years, and dust particles accounted for about 19.6%. The frequency of polluted aerosols had an opposite trend, accounting for about 71.8%. Our findings bringed insight into the vertical distribution of aerosols in the atmospheric boundary layer and the interannual variation over the transition zone.

ACS Style

Bing Bai; Qiang Zhang; Wei Shao; Ying Wang; Dan Tan. The Response of the Aerosol Distribution to Monsoon Intensity Over the Summer Monsoon Transition Zone. Frontiers in Earth Science 2020, 7, 1 .

AMA Style

Bing Bai, Qiang Zhang, Wei Shao, Ying Wang, Dan Tan. The Response of the Aerosol Distribution to Monsoon Intensity Over the Summer Monsoon Transition Zone. Frontiers in Earth Science. 2020; 7 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bing Bai; Qiang Zhang; Wei Shao; Ying Wang; Dan Tan. 2020. "The Response of the Aerosol Distribution to Monsoon Intensity Over the Summer Monsoon Transition Zone." Frontiers in Earth Science 7, no. : 1.

Micro article
Published: 21 November 2019 in MethodsX
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Non-rainfall water (NRW) has an important impact on the ecosystem, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. It is also an important component in the surface water cycle. Currently, there is not any instrument that can directly measure NRW and it can only be estimated by observation data. Presently, there is no standard method available to estimate each constituents of NRW. With some research not distinguishing each component of NRW, this inaccurate methodology will consequently lead to a greater scope for statistical error. Naturally, this compounds the difficulty in evaluating the role of NRW on the ecosystem and land surface water cycle. Therefore, this paper proposes a new methodology for separating NRW components, which is called QINRW(A Quantitative Identification method for NRW). Based on lysimeter data and combined with meteorological data, this method distinguishes the physical properties of each component of NRW. Consequently, the amount of NRW can be obtained. It is also suitable for microlysimeter data to be applied in QINRW. The advantages of QINRW are three points:

ACS Style

Qiang Zhang; Sheng Wang; Ping Yue; Runyuan Wang. A measurement, quantitative identification and estimation method(QINRW) of non-rainfall water component by lysimeter. MethodsX 2019, 6, 2873 -2881.

AMA Style

Qiang Zhang, Sheng Wang, Ping Yue, Runyuan Wang. A measurement, quantitative identification and estimation method(QINRW) of non-rainfall water component by lysimeter. MethodsX. 2019; 6 ():2873-2881.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qiang Zhang; Sheng Wang; Ping Yue; Runyuan Wang. 2019. "A measurement, quantitative identification and estimation method(QINRW) of non-rainfall water component by lysimeter." MethodsX 6, no. : 2873-2881.

Journal article
Published: 20 August 2019 in Journal of Hydrology
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Comprising mainly fog water, dew water, and water-vapor adsorption (WVA), non-rainfall water (NRW) makes an important contribution to the local ecology in the arid and semi-arid regions. Although NRW components have been studied individually in previous work, little attention has been paid to the integrated characteristics of NRW and the corresponding relationships among the components. In fact, few other studies have considered how NRW components form and change, let alone how they contribute to land surface water (LSW) balance and influence crop water requirements in China. In this paper, a method will be established for identifying components of NRW, based on a combination of lysimeter measurements and micro-meteorological data from Dingxi Station in the summer monsoon transition zone (SMTZ) of China. Diurnal time series of NRW components will be given. The relationship between NRW and climatic and environmental factors is then analyzed. Finally, the diurnal and annual variations of NRW and how they contribute to LSW balance and crop water requirements are discussed. The results show that the influence of climatic and environmental conditions to occur dew and WVA is different even opposite affects such as relative humidity to that. There is negative feedback between soil moisture and WVA; this does not hold, however, for dew. The variation characteristics of dew and WVA are different. Their diurnal variation shows the complementary characteristics of each other. Not only that, the annual distribution of NRW also complemented with that of precipitation. Although NRW contributes to no more than 15% of the water balance in a full year, NRW plays a leading role during the non-monsoon period, wherein the amount of NRW is 1-3.5 times that of precipitation. Moreover, it is just the period of soil water conservation and sowing date for crops such as winter wheat. Therefore, the existence of NRW is fundamental for alleviating agricultural drought. It explained that NRW has great significance for reducing agricultural losses and understanding the LSW balance in the SMTZ.

ACS Style

Qiang Zhang; Sheng Wang; Ping Yue; Shanshan Wang. Variation characteristics of non-rainfall water and its contribution to crop water requirements in China’s summer monsoon transition zone. Journal of Hydrology 2019, 578, 124039 .

AMA Style

Qiang Zhang, Sheng Wang, Ping Yue, Shanshan Wang. Variation characteristics of non-rainfall water and its contribution to crop water requirements in China’s summer monsoon transition zone. Journal of Hydrology. 2019; 578 ():124039.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qiang Zhang; Sheng Wang; Ping Yue; Shanshan Wang. 2019. "Variation characteristics of non-rainfall water and its contribution to crop water requirements in China’s summer monsoon transition zone." Journal of Hydrology 578, no. : 124039.

Article
Published: 30 July 2019 in Climate Dynamics
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The East Asian summer monsoon transition zone (EASMTZ) is a narrow belt-shaped region in northern China, where the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) transits to the mid-latitude westerlies. Existing EASM intensity indices have difficulties in reflecting the summer monsoon activity in EASMTZ. Therefore, as a complement to EASM index, the humidity index (HI) is constructed based on specific humidity threshold that can describe the seasonal migration of EASM, considering both its northward extent and temporal duration in the EASMTZ. The proposed HI, which captures the leading mode of summer rainfall in China, can provide reliable measurement of the atmosphere humidity associated with summer monsoon in the EASMTZ. HI is closely related to the significant anomalies in western Pacific subtropical high and East Asian subtropical westerly jet, which control the summer monsoon moisture transported into the EASMTZ. These circulation anomalies are linked to ENSO. Correlation analyses show that a high (low) HI tends to occur during the cold (warm) phase of ENSO, accompanied by a warm-to-cold (cold-to-warm) phase transition. There are two possible mechanisms that are responsible for the linkage between HI and ENSO. One is the upper-level zonal wind anomaly wave trains which transfers ENSO-related zonal wind anomaly northwards into EASMTZ through thermal wind balance and Eddy-driven mean meridional circulation. The other involves the Indian summer monsoon and mid-latitude circumglobal teleconnection. ENSO may exert influences on the humidity in EASMTZ via Indian summer monsoon and circumglobal teleconnection when the interaction between Indian summer monsoon and ENSO is active.

ACS Style

Jian Zeng; Qiang Zhang. A humidity index for the summer monsoon transition zone in East Asia. Climate Dynamics 2019, 53, 5511 -5527.

AMA Style

Jian Zeng, Qiang Zhang. A humidity index for the summer monsoon transition zone in East Asia. Climate Dynamics. 2019; 53 (9-10):5511-5527.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jian Zeng; Qiang Zhang. 2019. "A humidity index for the summer monsoon transition zone in East Asia." Climate Dynamics 53, no. 9-10: 5511-5527.

Journal article
Published: 28 April 2019 in Chinese Science Bulletin
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In the arid regions of the world, due to the specific climatic and environmental background, a super-thick convective boundary layer (SCBL) often develops on sunny days in summer, whereas such phenomena rarely occur in other areas. This special boundary layer structure has an important synoptic and climatic significance, but there have been few studies of its development mechanism in arid areas, which greatly restricts the parametric improvement of the SCBL and our understanding of the interaction between weather and climate processes. This study was conducted in Dunhuang, which is located in the hinterland of northwest China. Based on data obtained from land-air interaction experiments and long-term operational sounding observations in this region, the energy mechanism controlling the development of the CBL and the developmental process of the SCBL were systematically analyzed. In arid northwest China, it is possible that the thickness of the CBL can extend to over 3 km for most of the year, except winter. Even in the early summer, when there is little rain and strong solar radiation, the thickness of the CBL may reach an extreme state of 5.4 km. The thickness of the CBL at this time is higher than that observed in midsummer, when there is slightly more precipitation in this area. This is basically consistent with the extreme thickness of the CBL recently discovered in the Sahara Desert in Africa. In the general mechanism that controls the development of the CBL, there is a close relationship between the development of the CBL and the sensible heat flux of the surface. However, the correlation between the thickness of the CBL and the surface sensible heat flux at the same time is not strong, whereas the correlation between the thickness of the CBL and the cumulative surface sensible heat flux is very strong. This indicates that the development of the CBL is the result of the continuous accumulation of the sensible heat flux on the surface, which is consistent with the energy mechanism controlling the CBL. Although the development of the CBL is closely related to the cumulative heating effect of the daytime surface sensible heat flux, the CBL would still continue to increase even if the integral value of the daytime surface sensible heat flux remained unchanged or even weakened during the continuous clear sky period. The energy provided through sensible heat does not fully explain the energy required to develop the CBL. This is mainly because the deep near-neutral residual layer (RL) background plays an important role in the development of the SCBL. The entrainment energy from the deep RL to the CBL is the key energy supply for the continuous development of the CBL. The sum of the entrainment energy and surface sensible heat energy coincides with the energy absorbed by the development of the SCBL. The reason for the occurrence of an SCBL in arid areas is not only the strong sensible heating in summer but also the persistent clear skies in such areas. In each continuous clear sky period, the positive feedback mechanism between the CBL and the RL will become operational. Under this mechanism, the daily maximum thickness of the CBL and the thickness of the RL will increase continuously. The thickness of the SCBL is generally over 3 km, although depths of over 5 km can develop through a cyclic growth mechanism during periods of strong surface heating. Otherwise, the thickness of the CBL can only reach 2–3 km in summer, and it is unlikely that an SCBL will develop. Strong sensible heating is the key trigger of the positive feedback cycle growth mechanism between the CBL and the RL, which explains why the SCBL phenomenon can only occur in dry areas, with intense surface heating in summer.

ACS Style

Qiang Zhang; Liang Qiao; Ping Yue; Yanying Li. The energy mechanism controlling the continuous development of a super-thick atmospheric convective boundary layer during continuous summer sunny periods in an arid area. Chinese Science Bulletin 2019, 64, 1637 -1650.

AMA Style

Qiang Zhang, Liang Qiao, Ping Yue, Yanying Li. The energy mechanism controlling the continuous development of a super-thick atmospheric convective boundary layer during continuous summer sunny periods in an arid area. Chinese Science Bulletin. 2019; 64 (15):1637-1650.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qiang Zhang; Liang Qiao; Ping Yue; Yanying Li. 2019. "The energy mechanism controlling the continuous development of a super-thick atmospheric convective boundary layer during continuous summer sunny periods in an arid area." Chinese Science Bulletin 64, no. 15: 1637-1650.

Journal article
Published: 18 March 2019 in Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
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Global mean evapotranspiration (ET) has been increasing in recent decades under climate warming. Yet, the magnitude and spatial distribution of ET variation remains highly uncertain. ET changes in different regions are still poorly understood due to limitations in observation records, especially in semi‐arid regions with undeveloped economic systems and sparse observations. Based on the PT‐JPL model, ET was estimated over global typical semi‐arid regions for 1984–2013. All of these regions show a decreasing ET trend, which is opposite to the trend in global mean ET. In particular, North Africa has the fastest decreasing trend, 8.6 mm/year, while South Africa has the slowest decreasing trend, 0.7 mm/year. North America, South America, northern Africa, and Australia have declining trends in ET during both warm and cold seasons, while the Loess Plateau, East Asia, Central Asia, and South Africa have declining trends in ET only during warm seasons. Accounting for basic factors controlling ET, three important results are identified: first, atmospheric demand is increasing over all semi‐arid regions due to climate warming; second, the effect of atmospheric composition and cloud weakening radiation is strengthening over all semi‐arid regions; and finally, annual precipitation is decreasing over all semi‐arid regions except for South Africa. Factorial experiments indicate that the remarkable declining trend in relative air humidity forces the decreasing trend in ET over all semi‐arid regions. These results imply a slowing water cycle in global semi‐arid regions.

ACS Style

Zesu Yang; Qiang Zhang; Xiaocui Hao; Ping Yue. Changes in Evapotranspiration Over Global Semiarid Regions 1984–2013. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 2019, 124, 2946 -2963.

AMA Style

Zesu Yang, Qiang Zhang, Xiaocui Hao, Ping Yue. Changes in Evapotranspiration Over Global Semiarid Regions 1984–2013. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 2019; 124 (6):2946-2963.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zesu Yang; Qiang Zhang; Xiaocui Hao; Ping Yue. 2019. "Changes in Evapotranspiration Over Global Semiarid Regions 1984–2013." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 124, no. 6: 2946-2963.

Journal article
Published: 30 January 2019 in Scientific Reports
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Based on information distribution and diffusion method theory and combined with the standardized precipitation index and relative meteorological yield data, meteorological factors and social factors were comprehensively considered to assess the vulnerability of maize (Zea mays) to drought. The probability distribution curve of meteorological drought degree (MDD) and relative meteorological yield in the eastern part of Northwest China (Gansu, Ningxia and Shaanxi) from 1978 to 2016 were obtained, using a two-dimensional normal information diffusion method to construct the vulnerability relationship between MDD and relative meteorological yield. The drought vulnerability curve of maize in the study area was obtained. The probability distribution of MDD was multiplied by the fragility curve and summed to obtain the multi-year average risk. The MDD probability distribution curve showed that the probability of moderate drought in Shaanxi was relatively high, followed by Gansu and Ningxia. The probability distribution of Gansu was more discrete. The probability of strong meteorological drought in Ningxia was high, followed by Shaanxi and Gansu. Probability distribution of relative meteorological yield for maize in Gansu Province was highly discrete, with thick tailings, large uncertainties, and more extreme values, which were strongly affected by meteorological conditions, followed by Shaanxi and Ningxia. Taking meteorological drought as the cause and maize damage as the result, the vulnerability relationship between MDD and drought damage was obtained. With an increased MDD, the relative meteorological yield of maize gradually declined. From the average value, when MDD was less than −2.60, the relative meteorological yield of maize was reduced within 15%; when MDD was greater than −2.60, the relative meteorological yield of maize increased within 10%. When the degree of meteorological drought exceeded −2.2, maize was most vulnerable to drought in Shaanxi followed by Ningxia and Gansu. When meteorological drought was less than −2.2, maize was most vulnerable to drought in Shaanxi followed by Gansu and Ningxia. The expected values of relative meteorological production in Gansu, Ningxia, and Shaanxi were 1.36%, 2.48%, and −1.76%, respectively; therefore, Shaanxi had the highest maize drought risk, followed by Gansu and Ningxia. This research had a clear physical background and clear risk connotations. The results provide a data foundation and a theoretical basis for drought disaster reduction for maize in the study area.

ACS Style

Ying Wang; Wen Zhao; Qiang Zhang; Yu-Bi Yao. Characteristics of drought vulnerability for maize in the eastern part of Northwest China. Scientific Reports 2019, 9, 1 -9.

AMA Style

Ying Wang, Wen Zhao, Qiang Zhang, Yu-Bi Yao. Characteristics of drought vulnerability for maize in the eastern part of Northwest China. Scientific Reports. 2019; 9 (1):1-9.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ying Wang; Wen Zhao; Qiang Zhang; Yu-Bi Yao. 2019. "Characteristics of drought vulnerability for maize in the eastern part of Northwest China." Scientific Reports 9, no. 1: 1-9.

Journal article
Published: 06 December 2018 in Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
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The net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) of a semi-arid grassland on the boundary area of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) was measured continuously by eddy covariance technology in the Loess Plateau from 2007 to 2012. The grassland ecosystem was a weak carbon source with a mean of 17.1 ± 12.1 g C m−2 year-1 during the measure period. The inter-annual variability in NEE was significantly related to the annual precipitation amount. The EASM played an essential role in the CO2 exchange of grassland at the boundary region of monsoon thought dominating climatic variables, such as the annual precipitation amount and seasonal drought. Drought stress suppressed gross primary productivity (GPP) more than ecosystem respiration (Reco). Soil moisture reduction could result in sensitivity weaker of Reco dependence to soil temperature (Ts), and GPP estimated by Reco-Ts exponential growth function might be overestimated under severe soil drought when high Ts. Additionally, warmer spring has been found to be able to enhance the grassland’s carbon uptake, and compensate for the reductions induced by the summer drought. Our results contribute to understanding of the specific driving mechanism for inter-annual variability of carbon fluxes in the Loess Plateau, and enhancing the terrestrial ecosystem model’s performance in carbon fluxes estimate under the drought stress environment.

ACS Style

Fulin Yang; Qiang Zhang; Jing Zhou; Ping Yue; Runyuan Wang; Sheng Wang. East Asian summer monsoon substantially affects the inter-annual variation of carbon dioxide exchange in semi-arid grassland ecosystem in Loess Plateau. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 2018, 272, 218 -229.

AMA Style

Fulin Yang, Qiang Zhang, Jing Zhou, Ping Yue, Runyuan Wang, Sheng Wang. East Asian summer monsoon substantially affects the inter-annual variation of carbon dioxide exchange in semi-arid grassland ecosystem in Loess Plateau. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 2018; 272 ():218-229.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fulin Yang; Qiang Zhang; Jing Zhou; Ping Yue; Runyuan Wang; Sheng Wang. 2018. "East Asian summer monsoon substantially affects the inter-annual variation of carbon dioxide exchange in semi-arid grassland ecosystem in Loess Plateau." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 272, no. : 218-229.

Journal article
Published: 07 September 2018 in Atmosphere
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Due to the complex terrain, sparse precipitation observation sites, and uneven distribution of precipitation in the northeastern slope of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, it is necessary to establish a precipitation estimation method with strong applicability. In this study, the precipitation observation data from meteorological stations in the northeast slope of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau and 11 geographical and topographic factors related to precipitation distribution were used to analyze the main factors affecting precipitation distribution. Based on the above, a multivariate linear regression precipitation estimation model was established. The results revealed that precipitation is negatively related to latitude and elevation, but positively related to longitude and slope for stations with an elevation below 1700 m. Meanwhile, precipitation shows positive correlations with both latitude and longitude, and negative correlations with elevation for stations with elevations above 1700 m. The established multivariate regression precipitation estimating model performs better at estimating the mean annual precipitation in autumn, summer, and spring, and is less accurate in winter. In contrast, the multivariate regression mode combined with the residual error correction method can effectively improve the precipitation forecast ability. The model is applicable to the unique natural geographical features of the northeast slope of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. The research results are of great significance for analyzing the temporal and spatial distribution pattern of precipitation in complex terrain areas.

ACS Style

Weicheng Liu; Qiang Zhang; Zhao Fu; Xiaoyan Chen; Hong Li. Analysis and Estimation of Geographical and Topographic Influencing Factors for Precipitation Distribution over Complex Terrains: A Case of the Northeast Slope of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Atmosphere 2018, 9, 349 .

AMA Style

Weicheng Liu, Qiang Zhang, Zhao Fu, Xiaoyan Chen, Hong Li. Analysis and Estimation of Geographical and Topographic Influencing Factors for Precipitation Distribution over Complex Terrains: A Case of the Northeast Slope of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Atmosphere. 2018; 9 (9):349.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Weicheng Liu; Qiang Zhang; Zhao Fu; Xiaoyan Chen; Hong Li. 2018. "Analysis and Estimation of Geographical and Topographic Influencing Factors for Precipitation Distribution over Complex Terrains: A Case of the Northeast Slope of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau." Atmosphere 9, no. 9: 349.

Original paper
Published: 29 June 2018 in Theoretical and Applied Climatology
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The temporal and spatial characteristics of drought disasters in Southern China were analyzed by using the daily observation data from 252 meteorological stations and drought disaster data in 14 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities of Southern China during 1961–2015. The characteristics of drought disaster risk were determined, and the countermeasures for prevention and control were also suggested. The results showed that the annual precipitation fluctuated and has no obvious linear trend in Southern China in the past 55 years. However, the average annual precipitation decreased significantly and its oscillation amplitude is increasing in the early twenty-first century. The annual average temperature exhibited a significant upward trend in these years in the research area. The increasing rate was even higher than the global means. The temperature has increased since 1976, and an abrupt change was occurred in 1997. Area with high risk of drought was concentrated mainly in Southwest China. With the climatic warming, the drought frequency and intensity and the drought-affected areas have been increasing, as well as the risk of drought disaster. The risk area of secondary highest drought disaster expanded dramatically after 1997. In the future, the occurrence of droughts may increase in Southern China. Therefore, it is necessary to enhance risk management for drought disasters by implementing eco-environmental modifications in the vulnerable areas, as well as ensuring food security in the agricultural production areas, addressing the uneven spatial and temporal distributions of water resources and the discrepancy between supply and demand, and enhancing the prevention and control of drought disaster risk.

ACS Style

Qiang Zhang; Yubi Yao; Ying Wang; Suping Wang; Jinsong Wang; Jinhu Yang; Jing Wang; Yiping Li; Junlin Shang; Wenju Li. Characteristics of drought in Southern China under climatic warming, the risk, and countermeasures for prevention and control. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 2018, 136, 1157 -1173.

AMA Style

Qiang Zhang, Yubi Yao, Ying Wang, Suping Wang, Jinsong Wang, Jinhu Yang, Jing Wang, Yiping Li, Junlin Shang, Wenju Li. Characteristics of drought in Southern China under climatic warming, the risk, and countermeasures for prevention and control. Theoretical and Applied Climatology. 2018; 136 (3-4):1157-1173.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qiang Zhang; Yubi Yao; Ying Wang; Suping Wang; Jinsong Wang; Jinhu Yang; Jing Wang; Yiping Li; Junlin Shang; Wenju Li. 2018. "Characteristics of drought in Southern China under climatic warming, the risk, and countermeasures for prevention and control." Theoretical and Applied Climatology 136, no. 3-4: 1157-1173.