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Dr. Chang teaches and directs the ‘Healthy Landscape and Healthy People Laboratory’ at the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture at National Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei, Taiwan. He devotes himself to the research of the relationships between landscapes, human health, and wellbeing, including landscape ecology, physical and psychological benefits, and brain activations. He also developed the HealthCloud app (supported by the Council of Agricultural of Taiwan) to collect real-time data and build the theoretical to evidence-based and application. Dr. Chang is also the Chairman of the Committee on the education of the International Federation of Landscape Architects, Asia Pacific Region, and the chairman of the horticulture therapy working group of the International Society for Horticultural Science.
Chun-Yen Chang. Special issue: Local landscape planning and management in rural areas. Landscape and Ecological Engineering 2021, 1 -4.
AMA StyleChun-Yen Chang. Special issue: Local landscape planning and management in rural areas. Landscape and Ecological Engineering. 2021; ():1-4.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChun-Yen Chang. 2021. "Special issue: Local landscape planning and management in rural areas." Landscape and Ecological Engineering , no. : 1-4.
Shih-Han Hung; Chun-Yen Chang. Health benefits of evidence-based biophilic-designed environments: A review. Journal of People, Plants, and Environment 2021, 24, 1 -16.
AMA StyleShih-Han Hung, Chun-Yen Chang. Health benefits of evidence-based biophilic-designed environments: A review. Journal of People, Plants, and Environment. 2021; 24 (1):1-16.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShih-Han Hung; Chun-Yen Chang. 2021. "Health benefits of evidence-based biophilic-designed environments: A review." Journal of People, Plants, and Environment 24, no. 1: 1-16.
In natural spaces, people experience traditional environmental Qi (TEQ), which supports healthy environmental energy flow, and helps them gain an overall improved Qi experience from practicing Qigong. However, what kind of urban green spaces support Qigong? This study provides an analysis that measures TEQ, Qi experience, flow experience, restorative experience, and preference when practicing Qigong in different urban green spaces. A total of 654 valid data points were collected. The results indicate that subjects practicing “breathing” among trees, meadows, and waterscapes perceived higher TEQ, Qi experience, flow experience, and restorative experience, and preferred it to the environment of plazas. In addition, practicing Qigong in environments featuring biophilic elements, such as plants (meadows and trees), elicits flow experience and Qi experience in the built environment. Water, an important biophilic element, also produces better TEQ and restorative experiences, and is preferred by human beings. These results make a connection between Qigong, experiences, and biophilic urban green spaces, and offer suggestions for users to gain health benefits while exercising in urban areas.
Shih-Han Hung; Wan-Yu Chou; Chun-Yen Chang. A Study on Practicing Qigong and Getting Better Health Benefits in Biophilic Urban Green Spaces. Sustainability 2021, 13, 1692 .
AMA StyleShih-Han Hung, Wan-Yu Chou, Chun-Yen Chang. A Study on Practicing Qigong and Getting Better Health Benefits in Biophilic Urban Green Spaces. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (4):1692.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShih-Han Hung; Wan-Yu Chou; Chun-Yen Chang. 2021. "A Study on Practicing Qigong and Getting Better Health Benefits in Biophilic Urban Green Spaces." Sustainability 13, no. 4: 1692.
People experience a healthy energy gained from the environment and an inner feeling, called the Qi experience. The flow experience has been a popular topic in Western studies, especially within the fields of psychology and health, and in all kinds of activities. Our current study used quantitative and qualitative methods to analyze the relationship between the Qi experience and the flow experience. After collecting data using open-ended questions, we integrated and connected the Qi experience into five orientations: (1) the feeling of Qi; (2) the mind; (3) Qi and consciousness; (4) physical, mental, and spiritual benefits; and (5) the feeling of Tao. The results revealed a high level of consistency between the flow experience and the Qi experience (r = 0.90, p
Shih-Han Hung; Ching-Yung Hwang; Chun-Yen Chang. Is the Qi experience related to the flow experience? Practicing qigong in urban green spaces. PLOS ONE 2021, 16, e0240180 .
AMA StyleShih-Han Hung, Ching-Yung Hwang, Chun-Yen Chang. Is the Qi experience related to the flow experience? Practicing qigong in urban green spaces. PLOS ONE. 2021; 16 (1):e0240180.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShih-Han Hung; Ching-Yung Hwang; Chun-Yen Chang. 2021. "Is the Qi experience related to the flow experience? Practicing qigong in urban green spaces." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1: e0240180.
Green Stormwater Infrastructure (GSI) is being implemented in cities around the globe. Although we know that GSI improves urban ecosystems in a variety of ways, we know little about the extent to which the characteristics of GSI impact human perception and preference. This gap in knowledge necessitates a greater understanding of the relationship between GSI perceptions and preference. Without this knowledge, designers and planners risk creating landscapes that people dislike, and from which they reap few health benefits. To address this gap, we deployed four sets of similar questionnaires globally in Amazon Turk. Each had 54 urban street photographs from US cities with varying levels of tree and bioretention planting density that were photomanipulated from six original images. In three questionnaires, participants rated how natural, safe, or messy they perceived the landscapes to be on a five-point Likert scale. The other questionnaire asked participants to rate their preference for each image. The researchers then examined the relationships between vegetation density, perceptions, and preference (n = 427). The results demonstrate that vegetation density levels significantly influenced people’s preference, perceived safety, and perceived naturalness. Furthermore, perceived safety and naturalness strongly correlated with preference while the three landscape characteristics predicted preference. These findings can be used to improve the design of urban GSI and help people reap the benefits of nature. Future studies should investigate the effects of seasons, the influences of cues of care, and international applications.
Pongsakorn Suppakittpaisarn; Chun-Yen Chang; Brian Deal; Linda Larsen; William C. Sullivan. Does vegetation density and perceptions predict green stormwater infrastructure preference? Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 2020, 55, 126842 .
AMA StylePongsakorn Suppakittpaisarn, Chun-Yen Chang, Brian Deal, Linda Larsen, William C. Sullivan. Does vegetation density and perceptions predict green stormwater infrastructure preference? Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2020; 55 ():126842.
Chicago/Turabian StylePongsakorn Suppakittpaisarn; Chun-Yen Chang; Brian Deal; Linda Larsen; William C. Sullivan. 2020. "Does vegetation density and perceptions predict green stormwater infrastructure preference?" Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 55, no. : 126842.
Studies have suggested that the heterogeneity and arrangement of landscape structures are influential to the faunal biodiversity of environments. How does the landscape structure in agricultural landscape arrangements improve the functions of the natural ecosystem? Previous research has uncovered a great amount of information on the relationships between landscape structure and wildlife; however, for landscape designers and planners, such information is site-specific and has limited utilization. Hence, this study aimed to organize and categorize the relationships between environments and biodiversity and transfer this information into design principles in agricultural landscapes. This study attempted to integrate aspects of previous research into a systematic framework. The current study searched literature between 2007 and 2016 from the following journals: Landscape Ecology, Landscape and Urban Planning, and Journal of Applied Ecology. In all, this study collected 58 empirical studies of agricultural environments similar to that of Taiwan and revealed the valuable relationship between wildlife and agricultural environments. The outcomes reviewed from the literature were categorized by semi-natural elements and divided into six sub-categories: forests, hedgerows, grasslands, flowers, water, and heterogeneity of the natural landscape. The landscape attributes that were frequently discussed included patch number, patch area, connectivity, species richness, edge area, distance from semi-natural elements, and complexity. The landscape attributes formed by these elements were organized into a table as a checklist for designers’ convenience. The checklist will help landscape planners and designers to create agricultural landscapes with integral ecosystems.
Chia-Ching Wu; Chun-Yen Chang. Establishing the ecological planning principles from empirical studies in agricultural environments of Taiwan. Landscape and Ecological Engineering 2020, 16, 233 -247.
AMA StyleChia-Ching Wu, Chun-Yen Chang. Establishing the ecological planning principles from empirical studies in agricultural environments of Taiwan. Landscape and Ecological Engineering. 2020; 16 (3):233-247.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChia-Ching Wu; Chun-Yen Chang. 2020. "Establishing the ecological planning principles from empirical studies in agricultural environments of Taiwan." Landscape and Ecological Engineering 16, no. 3: 233-247.
Note: In lieu of an abstract, this is an excerpt from the first page.Excerpt As urbanization increases around the world and fewer and fewer people have easy access to completely natural places, there is a growing need to understand how the landscapes we design and inhabit impact our health and wellbeing.
William C. Sullivan; Chun-Yen Chang. Landscapes and Human Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2017, 14, 1212 .
AMA StyleWilliam C. Sullivan, Chun-Yen Chang. Landscapes and Human Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14 (10):1212.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWilliam C. Sullivan; Chun-Yen Chang. 2017. "Landscapes and Human Health." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 10: 1212.
The easy availability and widespread use of remotely-sensed imagery, especially Google Earth satellite imagery, makes it simple for urban forestry professionals to assess a site and measure tree cover density without visiting the site. Remotely-sensed tree cover density has become the dominant criterion for urban forestry regulations in many countries, but it is unclear how much such measures match the eye-level tree cover density that people experience; or the information gained through site visits, eye-level photography, or from consulting with citizens. To address this uncertainty, we assessed associations among two remotely-sensed and three eye-level tree cover density measures for 140 community street sites across the Midwestern United States with low, medium, or high tree cover coverage by using linear regression analysis. We found significant associations among the two remotely-sensed measures and the three eye-level measures across the three levels of tree cover. The associations between any pair of remotely-sensed and eye-level measures, however, diminish dramatically as canopy cover increased. At high levels of canopy cover, all associations between the remotely-sensed measures and the eye-level measures became statistically insignificant. These findings suggest that measures from remotely-sensed imagery fail to represent the amount of tree cover people perceive at eye-level when canopy cover is medium or high at the site scale. Therefore, the current urban forestry planning regulations, which rely heavily on remotely-sensed tree cover density measurements, need to be revised. We suggest strategic spots where eye-level measures of tree cover density should be emphasized
Bin Jiang; Brian Deal; Haozhi Pan; Linda Larsen; Chung-Heng Hsieh; Chun-Yen Chang; William Sullivan. Remotely-sensed imagery vs. eye-level photography: Evaluating associations among measurements of tree cover density. Landscape and Urban Planning 2017, 157, 270 -281.
AMA StyleBin Jiang, Brian Deal, Haozhi Pan, Linda Larsen, Chung-Heng Hsieh, Chun-Yen Chang, William Sullivan. Remotely-sensed imagery vs. eye-level photography: Evaluating associations among measurements of tree cover density. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2017; 157 ():270-281.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBin Jiang; Brian Deal; Haozhi Pan; Linda Larsen; Chung-Heng Hsieh; Chun-Yen Chang; William Sullivan. 2017. "Remotely-sensed imagery vs. eye-level photography: Evaluating associations among measurements of tree cover density." Landscape and Urban Planning 157, no. : 270-281.
Promoting ecological health and human wellbeing are two fundamental goals in landscape sustainability. Green spaces are thought to improve users’ psychological and physical wellbeing through the contact with nature. However, the results of some studies that rely on self-reports suggest that when the level of naturalness in a green space reaches a certain point, the beneficial effects diminish and in some cases can cause negative responses. We explored this possibility through an experimental study in which we use physiological measures rather than perceptions to assess people’s wellbeing. We investigate how people are affected by outdoor settings with varying degrees of biodiversity and whether the correlation between biodiversity and physiological wellbeing is negative or positive. We used multiple measures of insect diversity as an indicator for biodiversity, and biofeedback measures as indicators of wellbeing. Our findings suggest that people are equally affected by more biodiverse and less biodiverse settings. Physiological responses remain largely unchanged when biodiversity increases. This suggests that settings rich in biodiversity will not negatively influence people’s physiological wellbeing, and designers and city planners should not hesitate to use ecological best practices in their designs.
Kaowen Grace Chang; William C. Sullivan; Ying-Hsuan Lin; Weichia Su; Chun-Yen Chang. The Effect of Biodiversity on Green Space Users’ Wellbeing—An Empirical Investigation Using Physiological Evidence. Sustainability 2016, 8, 1049 .
AMA StyleKaowen Grace Chang, William C. Sullivan, Ying-Hsuan Lin, Weichia Su, Chun-Yen Chang. The Effect of Biodiversity on Green Space Users’ Wellbeing—An Empirical Investigation Using Physiological Evidence. Sustainability. 2016; 8 (10):1049.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKaowen Grace Chang; William C. Sullivan; Ying-Hsuan Lin; Weichia Su; Chun-Yen Chang. 2016. "The Effect of Biodiversity on Green Space Users’ Wellbeing—An Empirical Investigation Using Physiological Evidence." Sustainability 8, no. 10: 1049.
The rapid increase in urban population worldwide is one among the important global environmental issues. The urban ecological system is made up of human society and environments. We cannot exclude humans from the urban ecosystem since humans are an integral component of landscape ecology. Bridging humans and landscape ecology is important to sustainable landscape planning and management from a holistic point of view. Humans’ responses to landscape structure are crucial to understand the relationships between humans and nature. In current study, we conducted a field experiment in an urban campus to investigate the relationships between urban open spaces and humans’ health benefits. The landscape structure of urban open spaces were derived from land cover maps. The results show that people’s psycho-physiological responses are correlated with selected landscape metrics of different land cover types. Overall, dense trees and large artificial structures likely have negative effects on humans, while large continuous grassland patches or water patches enhance humans’ positive responses. The findings give some insights into the design and management of urban open spaces that are favorable for ecosystems and the health of urban population. The methodology taken to investigate the relationships between landscape structure and human health in this study may be of value to future efforts in establishing healthy and sustainable urban environments.
Wan-Yu Chou; Ching-Hsien Lee; Chun-Yen Chang. Relationships between urban open spaces and humans’ health benefits from an ecological perspective: a study in an urban campus. Landscape and Ecological Engineering 2016, 12, 255 -267.
AMA StyleWan-Yu Chou, Ching-Hsien Lee, Chun-Yen Chang. Relationships between urban open spaces and humans’ health benefits from an ecological perspective: a study in an urban campus. Landscape and Ecological Engineering. 2016; 12 (2):255-267.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWan-Yu Chou; Ching-Hsien Lee; Chun-Yen Chang. 2016. "Relationships between urban open spaces and humans’ health benefits from an ecological perspective: a study in an urban campus." Landscape and Ecological Engineering 12, no. 2: 255-267.
Wei-Chia Su; Jack F. Ahern; Chun-Yen Chang. Why should we pay attention to “inconsistent” land uses? A viewpoint on water quality. Landscape and Ecological Engineering 2016, 12, 247 -254.
AMA StyleWei-Chia Su, Jack F. Ahern, Chun-Yen Chang. Why should we pay attention to “inconsistent” land uses? A viewpoint on water quality. Landscape and Ecological Engineering. 2016; 12 (2):247-254.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWei-Chia Su; Jack F. Ahern; Chun-Yen Chang. 2016. "Why should we pay attention to “inconsistent” land uses? A viewpoint on water quality." Landscape and Ecological Engineering 12, no. 2: 247-254.
Li-Chih Ho; Jinn-Chyi Chen; Chun-Yen Chang. Changes in the visual preference after stream remediation using an image power spectrum: Stone revetment construction in the Nan-Shi-Ken stream, Taiwan. Ecological Engineering 2014, 71, 426 -431.
AMA StyleLi-Chih Ho, Jinn-Chyi Chen, Chun-Yen Chang. Changes in the visual preference after stream remediation using an image power spectrum: Stone revetment construction in the Nan-Shi-Ken stream, Taiwan. Ecological Engineering. 2014; 71 ():426-431.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi-Chih Ho; Jinn-Chyi Chen; Chun-Yen Chang. 2014. "Changes in the visual preference after stream remediation using an image power spectrum: Stone revetment construction in the Nan-Shi-Ken stream, Taiwan." Ecological Engineering 71, no. : 426-431.
Although it is well established that exposure to nearby nature can help reduce stress in individuals, the shape of the dose–response curve is entirely unclear. To establish this dose–response curve, we recruited 160 individuals for a laboratory experiment. Participants engaged in the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) to induce psychological stress, and were then randomly assigned to view one of ten, 6-min, 3-D videos of neighborhood streets. The density of tree cover in the videos varied from 1.7% to 62.0%. We measured their stress reactions by assessing salivary cortisol and skin conductance levels. Results show a clear disparity between women and men. For women, we found no relationship between varying densities of tree cover and stress recovery. For men, the dose–response curve was an inverted-U shape: as tree cover density increased from 1.7% to 24%, stress recovery increased. Tree density between 24% to 34% resulted in no change in stress recovery. Tree densities above 34% were associated with slower recovery times. A quadratic regression using tree cover density as the independent variable and a summary stress index as the dependent variable substantiated these results [R2 = .22, F (2, 68) = 9.70, p < .001]. The implications for our understanding of the impacts of nearby nature, and for the practice of planning and landscape architecture are discussed.
Bin Jiang; Chun-Yen Chang; William C. Sullivan. A dose of nature: Tree cover, stress reduction, and gender differences. Landscape and Urban Planning 2014, 132, 26 -36.
AMA StyleBin Jiang, Chun-Yen Chang, William C. Sullivan. A dose of nature: Tree cover, stress reduction, and gender differences. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2014; 132 ():26-36.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBin Jiang; Chun-Yen Chang; William C. Sullivan. 2014. "A dose of nature: Tree cover, stress reduction, and gender differences." Landscape and Urban Planning 132, no. : 26-36.
Urban streetscapes are outdoor areas in which the general public can appreciate green landscapes and engage in outdoor activities along the street. This study tested the extent to which the degree of awareness of urban street trees impacts attention restoration and perceived restorativeness. We manipulated the degree of awareness of street trees. Participants were placed into four groups and shown different images: (a) streetscapes with absolutely no trees; (b) streetscapes with flashes of trees in which participants had minimal awareness of the content; (c) streetscapes with trees; and (d) streetscapes with trees to which participants were told to pay attention. We compared the performance of 138 individuals on measures of attention and their evaluations of perceived restorativeness. Two main findings emerged. First, streetscapes with trees improved the performance of participants on attentional tests even without their awareness of the trees. Second, participants who had raised awareness of street trees performed best on the attentional test and rated the streetscapes as being more restorative. These findings enhance our knowledge about the role of an individual’s awareness of restorative elements and have implications for designers and individuals who are at risk of attentional fatigue.
Ying-Hsuan Lin; Chih-Chang Tsai; William Sullivan; Po-Ju Chang; Chun-Yen Chang. Does awareness effect the restorative function and perception of street trees? Frontiers in Psychology 2014, 5, 1 .
AMA StyleYing-Hsuan Lin, Chih-Chang Tsai, William Sullivan, Po-Ju Chang, Chun-Yen Chang. Does awareness effect the restorative function and perception of street trees? Frontiers in Psychology. 2014; 5 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYing-Hsuan Lin; Chih-Chang Tsai; William Sullivan; Po-Ju Chang; Chun-Yen Chang. 2014. "Does awareness effect the restorative function and perception of street trees?" Frontiers in Psychology 5, no. : 1.
William Sullivan; Howard Frumkin; Richard J. Jackson; Chun-Yen Chang. Gaia meets Asclepius: Creating healthy places. Landscape and Urban Planning 2014, 127, 182 -184.
AMA StyleWilliam Sullivan, Howard Frumkin, Richard J. Jackson, Chun-Yen Chang. Gaia meets Asclepius: Creating healthy places. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2014; 127 ():182-184.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWilliam Sullivan; Howard Frumkin; Richard J. Jackson; Chun-Yen Chang. 2014. "Gaia meets Asclepius: Creating healthy places." Landscape and Urban Planning 127, no. : 182-184.
Many people do not seem to have interesting perceptual experiences while in contact with nature. To identify potential antecedents of positive perceptual experiences in natural settings, we investigated the role of a personal connection to nature on perceptual evaluation of preference-related environmental information in varying natural settings. The participants ( N = 77) rated three different types of images of rural forest landscapes in terms of perceived environmental information, including sense of safety, coherence, complexity, legibility, mystery, attentional restorativeness, familiarity, and preference. They also reported their personal connection to nature. The results showed that deeper personal connections to nature are associated with greater perceptual evaluations of sense of safety, legibility, mystery, and attentional restorativeness after accounting for landscape type and familiarity. A personal connection to nature is likely to enhance a person’s perceptual experiences of natural landscapes.
I-Chun Tang; William Sullivan; Chun-Yen Chang. Perceptual Evaluation of Natural Landscapes. Environment and Behavior 2014, 47, 595 -617.
AMA StyleI-Chun Tang, William Sullivan, Chun-Yen Chang. Perceptual Evaluation of Natural Landscapes. Environment and Behavior. 2014; 47 (6):595-617.
Chicago/Turabian StyleI-Chun Tang; William Sullivan; Chun-Yen Chang. 2014. "Perceptual Evaluation of Natural Landscapes." Environment and Behavior 47, no. 6: 595-617.
Pei–Yi Weng Weng; Yen–Cheng Chaing; Noriko Sato; Chun-Yen Chang. An Investigation of the Transformed Forestry Sector in Japan and Taiwan. Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University 2013, 58, 475 -483.
AMA StylePei–Yi Weng Weng, Yen–Cheng Chaing, Noriko Sato, Chun-Yen Chang. An Investigation of the Transformed Forestry Sector in Japan and Taiwan. Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University. 2013; 58 (2):475-483.
Chicago/Turabian StylePei–Yi Weng Weng; Yen–Cheng Chaing; Noriko Sato; Chun-Yen Chang. 2013. "An Investigation of the Transformed Forestry Sector in Japan and Taiwan." Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University 58, no. 2: 475-483.
C.Y. Chang; Y.H. Lin; M.T. Chou. EXPERIENCES AND STRESS REDUCTION OF VIEWING NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL SETTINGS. Acta Horticulturae 2008, 139 -146.
AMA StyleC.Y. Chang, Y.H. Lin, M.T. Chou. EXPERIENCES AND STRESS REDUCTION OF VIEWING NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL SETTINGS. Acta Horticulturae. 2008; (775):139-146.
Chicago/Turabian StyleC.Y. Chang; Y.H. Lin; M.T. Chou. 2008. "EXPERIENCES AND STRESS REDUCTION OF VIEWING NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL SETTINGS." Acta Horticulturae , no. 775: 139-146.
Y.C. Chiang; S.J. Ou; C.Y. Chang. EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NATURAL SETTINGS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL RESTORATION. Acta Horticulturae 2008, 123 -130.
AMA StyleY.C. Chiang, S.J. Ou, C.Y. Chang. EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NATURAL SETTINGS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL RESTORATION. Acta Horticulturae. 2008; (775):123-130.
Chicago/Turabian StyleY.C. Chiang; S.J. Ou; C.Y. Chang. 2008. "EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NATURAL SETTINGS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL RESTORATION." Acta Horticulturae , no. 775: 123-130.
Scenes of natural areas were used as stimuli to analyze the psychological and physiological responses of subjects while viewing wildland scenes. Attention Restoration Theory [Kaplan, S., 1995. The restorative benefits of nature: toward an integrative framework, J. Environ. Psychol.15, 241-248.] and theorized components of restorative environments were used as an orientation for selection of the visual stimuli. Conducted in Taiwan, the studies recorded the psychophysiological responses of 110 laboratory participants while viewing 12 images that hypothetically represented the Being Away, Extent or Coherence, Fascination, and Compatibility components of restorative environments. Psychological responses were measured using the perceived restorativeness scale and physiological responses were recorded by electromyography (EMG), electrocephalography (EEG), and blood volume pulse (BVP) measurements. Results revealed a large degree of congruency between the psychological measures of restorativeness and the three physiological responses. Improved scores on the perceived restorativeness scale corresponded to increased EMG and EEG readings and lower BVP measurements. These findings provide some objective evidence toward the psychophysiological values; and perhaps benefits, of wildland-wilderness environments. The potential importance of wildland-wildemess environments for the restoration of human well-being is discussed. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
Chun-Yen Chang; William E. Hammitt; Ping-Kun Chen; Lisa Machnik; Wei-Chia Su. Psychophysiological responses and restorative values of natural environments in Taiwan. Landscape and Urban Planning 2008, 85, 79 -84.
AMA StyleChun-Yen Chang, William E. Hammitt, Ping-Kun Chen, Lisa Machnik, Wei-Chia Su. Psychophysiological responses and restorative values of natural environments in Taiwan. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2008; 85 (2):79-84.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChun-Yen Chang; William E. Hammitt; Ping-Kun Chen; Lisa Machnik; Wei-Chia Su. 2008. "Psychophysiological responses and restorative values of natural environments in Taiwan." Landscape and Urban Planning 85, no. 2: 79-84.