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Pía Hernández
Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Procesos de Minerales, Universidad de Antofagasta, Av. Angamos 601, Antofagasta 1240000, Chile

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Journal article
Published: 26 May 2021 in Metals
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A study of the pretreatment stage and subsequent leaching of a mixed copper ore with different chloride solutions containing iron was carried out. The first stage considered pretreatment tests to decide the best conditions. Two levels of each factor were analyzed, 20 and 50 kg/t of NaCl, 17 and 25 kg/t of H2SO4, 0 and 25 kg/t of Fe2(SO4)3·9.2H2O, 0 and 25 kg/t of Fe2SO4·7H2O, and a curing time of 15 and 30 days. The results showed a significant effect of NaCl and curing time on the extraction, and less effect was found with the variation of acid and iron salts. The second stage included column leaching using a solution with 0.5 g/L of Cu+2, 80 g/L of Cl, 10 g/L of H2SO4, and variable concentrations of ferric and ferrous ions (0 and 2 g/L). The best copper extraction of 80.2% was found considering a pretreatment of 30 days, 25 kg/t of H2SO4, 50 kg/t of NaCl, and a leaching solution concentration described previously with 2 g/L of Fe+2. The results showed the leaching of all copper oxide species and 20% of the copper sulfide species. In addition, there was a reduction in the acid consumption as the resting time increases. Furthermore, to evaluate a possible decrease in time and acid in pretreatment and chloride in leaching, tests including 10 and 25 kg/t of H2SO4 and 1, 15, and 30 days of curing and a diminution of the NaCl concentration to 20 g/L (content from seawater) were executed. The results showed a significant effect on curing time below 15 days. Furthermore, the slight influence of the decrease of acid on copper extraction gives cost reduction opportunities. The diminution of chloride concentration (80 to 20 g/L) in leaching solution decreases the extraction from 79% to 66.5%. Finally, the Mellado leaching kinetic model was successfully implemented.

ACS Style

María Taboada; Pía Hernández; Aldo Padilla; Nathalie Jamett; Teófilo Graber. Effects of Fe+2 and Fe+3 in Pretreatment and Leaching on a Mixed Copper Ore in Chloride Media. Metals 2021, 11, 866 .

AMA Style

María Taboada, Pía Hernández, Aldo Padilla, Nathalie Jamett, Teófilo Graber. Effects of Fe+2 and Fe+3 in Pretreatment and Leaching on a Mixed Copper Ore in Chloride Media. Metals. 2021; 11 (6):866.

Chicago/Turabian Style

María Taboada; Pía Hernández; Aldo Padilla; Nathalie Jamett; Teófilo Graber. 2021. "Effects of Fe+2 and Fe+3 in Pretreatment and Leaching on a Mixed Copper Ore in Chloride Media." Metals 11, no. 6: 866.

Journal article
Published: 23 May 2020 in Minerals
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A less harmful approach for the environment regarding chalcopyrite concentrate leaching, using seawater/brine and caliche’s salts as a source of chloride and nitrate ions, was investigated. Different variables were evaluated: sulfuric acid concentration, sodium nitrate concentration, chloride concentration, source of water (distilled water, seawater, and brine), temperature, concentrate sample type, nitrate source (analytical grade and industrial salt), and pre-treatment methods in order to obtain maximum copper extraction. All tests were performed at moderate temperatures (≤45 °C) and atmospheric pressure. The leaching system using distilled water, seawater, and brine base media resulted in copper extraction of 70.9%, 90.6%, and 86.6% respectively. The leaching media, with a concentration of 20 g/L Cl−, obtained a maximum Cu extraction of 93.5%. An increase in the concentration of H2SO4 and NaNO3 from 0.5 to 0.7 M, led to an increase in the copper extraction. The use of an industrial salt compared to the analytical salt did not show great variations in the percentage of extraction achieved, which would be a good and cost effective alternative. The increase in temperature from 25 to 45 °C showed a great effect on the copper leaching (of 60% until 90.6%, respectively). The pre-treatment is suggested to increase copper extraction from 60.0% to 71.4%.

ACS Style

Pía Hernández; Alexis Dorador; Monserrat Martínez; Norman Toro; Jonathan Castillo; Yousef Ghorbani. Use of Seawater/Brine and Caliche’s Salts as Clean and Environmentally Friendly Sources of Chloride and Nitrate Ions for Chalcopyrite Concentrate Leaching. Minerals 2020, 10, 477 .

AMA Style

Pía Hernández, Alexis Dorador, Monserrat Martínez, Norman Toro, Jonathan Castillo, Yousef Ghorbani. Use of Seawater/Brine and Caliche’s Salts as Clean and Environmentally Friendly Sources of Chloride and Nitrate Ions for Chalcopyrite Concentrate Leaching. Minerals. 2020; 10 (5):477.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pía Hernández; Alexis Dorador; Monserrat Martínez; Norman Toro; Jonathan Castillo; Yousef Ghorbani. 2020. "Use of Seawater/Brine and Caliche’s Salts as Clean and Environmentally Friendly Sources of Chloride and Nitrate Ions for Chalcopyrite Concentrate Leaching." Minerals 10, no. 5: 477.

Journal article
Published: 11 May 2020 in Metals
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In this study, weak acid in the curing and leaching stages of copper ore was incorporated, and we analyzed its effect on the dissolution of copper and final impurities. The weak acid corresponds to a wastewater effluent from sulfuric acid plants produced in the gas treatment of copper smelting processes. This effluent is basically water with high acidity (pH-value low at 1), which contains several toxic elements and some valuable metals. The results indicated that there is no positive or negative effect on the incorporation of the weak acid in the curing stage, while the case of the leaching stage is favored. Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) and synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP) toxicity tests were performed on the solid leaching residues, determining that they accomplish the stability ranges of the impurities (Pb, Cd, Hg, Cr, Ba, Se, As, and Ag).

ACS Style

Giselle Araya; Norman Toro; Jonathan Castillo; Danny Guzmán; Alexis Guzmán; Pía Hernández; Ricardo I. Jeldres; Rossana Sepúlveda. Leaching of Oxide Copper Ores by Addition of Weak Acid from Copper Smelters. Metals 2020, 10, 627 .

AMA Style

Giselle Araya, Norman Toro, Jonathan Castillo, Danny Guzmán, Alexis Guzmán, Pía Hernández, Ricardo I. Jeldres, Rossana Sepúlveda. Leaching of Oxide Copper Ores by Addition of Weak Acid from Copper Smelters. Metals. 2020; 10 (5):627.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Giselle Araya; Norman Toro; Jonathan Castillo; Danny Guzmán; Alexis Guzmán; Pía Hernández; Ricardo I. Jeldres; Rossana Sepúlveda. 2020. "Leaching of Oxide Copper Ores by Addition of Weak Acid from Copper Smelters." Metals 10, no. 5: 627.

Journal article
Published: 24 April 2020 in Metals
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Hydrometallurgical processing of chalcopyrite is of great interest today due to the depletion of oxidized copper minerals. This will also enable existing plants to continue operation. The objective of this work is to study the behavior of chalcopyrite leaching by stirring in an acid-nitrate-chloride media where seawater and brines provide chloride ions and nitrate ions can be provided from the caliche industry. The variables studied were sulfuric acid, nitrate and chloride concentration, source of water (dissolvent), temperature, solid/liquid ratio, particle size, mineral sample, and pretreatment before the leaching process. Despite being a refractory mineral, chalcopyrite can be leached in this system obtaining favorable recoveries at the conditions studied. It was possible to obtain 50% Cu in 0.7 M of H2SO4 and NaNO3, using brine at 45 °C. The nitrate-chloride-acid system was highly temperature dependent, with an activation energy of 82.6 kJ/mol, indicative of chemical reaction control of leaching kinetics. SEM/EDS indicated the presence of sulfur on the surface of the mineral after leaching. This study demonstrates that sources such as seawater or discard brines (such as from the reverse osmosis process) and waste (solid or solutions) from the caliche industry can provide a highly oxidative system for the dissolution of chalcopyrite.

ACS Style

Pía Hernández; Giovanni Gahona; Monserrat Martínez; Norman Toro; Jonathan Castillo. Caliche and Seawater, Sources of Nitrate and Chloride Ions to Chalcopyrite Leaching in Acid Media. Metals 2020, 10, 551 .

AMA Style

Pía Hernández, Giovanni Gahona, Monserrat Martínez, Norman Toro, Jonathan Castillo. Caliche and Seawater, Sources of Nitrate and Chloride Ions to Chalcopyrite Leaching in Acid Media. Metals. 2020; 10 (4):551.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pía Hernández; Giovanni Gahona; Monserrat Martínez; Norman Toro; Jonathan Castillo. 2020. "Caliche and Seawater, Sources of Nitrate and Chloride Ions to Chalcopyrite Leaching in Acid Media." Metals 10, no. 4: 551.

Journal article
Published: 17 April 2020 in Metals
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An alternative copper concentrate leaching process using sodium nitrate and sulfuric acid diluted in seawater followed by gas scrubbing to recover the sodium nitrate has been evaluated. The work involved leaching test carried out under various condition by varying temperature, leaching time, particle size, and concentrations of NaNO3 and H2SO4. The amount of copper extracted from the chalcopyrite concentrate leached with seawater, 0.5 M of H2SO4 and 0.5 M of NaNO3 increased from 78% at room temperature to 91% at 45 °C in 96 h and 46 h of leaching, respectively. Gas scrubbing with the alkaline solution of NaOH was explored to recover part of the sodium nitrate. The dissolved salts were recovered by evaporation as sodium nitrate and sodium nitrite crystals.

ACS Style

César I. Castellón; Pía C. Hernández; Lilian Velásquez-Yévenes; María E. Taboada. An Alternative Process for Leaching Chalcopyrite Concentrate in Nitrate-Acid-Seawater Media with Oxidant Recovery. Metals 2020, 10, 518 .

AMA Style

César I. Castellón, Pía C. Hernández, Lilian Velásquez-Yévenes, María E. Taboada. An Alternative Process for Leaching Chalcopyrite Concentrate in Nitrate-Acid-Seawater Media with Oxidant Recovery. Metals. 2020; 10 (4):518.

Chicago/Turabian Style

César I. Castellón; Pía C. Hernández; Lilian Velásquez-Yévenes; María E. Taboada. 2020. "An Alternative Process for Leaching Chalcopyrite Concentrate in Nitrate-Acid-Seawater Media with Oxidant Recovery." Metals 10, no. 4: 518.

Journal article
Published: 18 October 2019 in Minerals
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In this paper, the effect of the cupric and chloride ions concentrations on copper dissolution from chalcopyrite concentrate was studied in acidified media. Variables included three different concentrations of Cu2+ (0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 g L−1), four different concentrations of Cl− (0, 5, 7, and 10 g L−1), two different pH values of 1 and 2, and a constant temperature of 60 °C. Results indicated that addition of Cl− to the system improves copper extractions, especially at higher concentrations of Cu2+. Initial copper concentrations in the leaching solution did not significantly affect the copper extraction when Cl− was not present. Better copper extractions were obtained at pH 1 as compared with pH 2. As the Cu2+ and Cl− concentrations were increased, higher values of redox potential were obtained. According to the formation constants of the chloro-complexes, the predominant species in the Cu2+/Cl− system in the studied interval were CuCl+ and Cu2+. Using a model of copper speciation in the experimental range predicted for a single copper concentration with increasing Cl− concentration, the Cu2+ concentration decreased significantly while the concentration of the chloro-complex species CuCl+ increased. In the leached residue, evidence of sulfur formation was found using SEM and corroborated by XRD analysis. When chloride is present in the medium, the amounts of copper and iron in the residue decrease, confirming a positive effect of chloride on the extraction of copper from concentrate for the studied conditions.

ACS Style

Cynthia M. Torres; Yousef Ghorbani; Pía C. Hernández; Francisca Justel; Matías I. Aravena; Osvaldo O. Herreros. Cupric and Chloride Ions: Leaching of Chalcopyrite Concentrate with Low Chloride Concentration Media. Minerals 2019, 9, 639 .

AMA Style

Cynthia M. Torres, Yousef Ghorbani, Pía C. Hernández, Francisca Justel, Matías I. Aravena, Osvaldo O. Herreros. Cupric and Chloride Ions: Leaching of Chalcopyrite Concentrate with Low Chloride Concentration Media. Minerals. 2019; 9 (10):639.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cynthia M. Torres; Yousef Ghorbani; Pía C. Hernández; Francisca Justel; Matías I. Aravena; Osvaldo O. Herreros. 2019. "Cupric and Chloride Ions: Leaching of Chalcopyrite Concentrate with Low Chloride Concentration Media." Minerals 9, no. 10: 639.

Journal article
Published: 17 August 2019 in Metals
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Multivariable analytical models provide a descriptive (albeit approximate) mathematical relationship between a set of independent variables and one or more dependent variables. The current work develops an analytical model that extends a design of experiments for the leaching of manganese from marine nodules, using sulfuric acid (H2SO4) in the presence of iron-containing tailings, which are both by-products of conventional copper extraction. The experiments are configured to address the effect of time, particle size, acid concentration, Fe2O3/MnO2 ratio, stirring speed and temperature, under typical industrial conditions. The recovery of manganese has been modeled using a first order differential equation that accurately fits experimental results, noting that Fe2O3/MnO2 and temperature are the most critical independent variables, while the particle size is the least influential (under typical conditions). This study obtains representative fitting parameters, that can be used to explore the incorporation of Mn recovery from marine nodules, as part of the extended value chain of copper sulfide processing.

ACS Style

Manuel Saldaña; Norman Toro; Jonathan Castillo; Pía Hernández; Emilio Trigueros; Alessandro Navarra; Toro. Development of an Analytical Model for the Extraction of Manganese from Marine Nodules. Metals 2019, 9, 903 .

AMA Style

Manuel Saldaña, Norman Toro, Jonathan Castillo, Pía Hernández, Emilio Trigueros, Alessandro Navarra, Toro. Development of an Analytical Model for the Extraction of Manganese from Marine Nodules. Metals. 2019; 9 (8):903.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Manuel Saldaña; Norman Toro; Jonathan Castillo; Pía Hernández; Emilio Trigueros; Alessandro Navarra; Toro. 2019. "Development of an Analytical Model for the Extraction of Manganese from Marine Nodules." Metals 9, no. 8: 903.

Journal article
Published: 12 July 2019 in Metals
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Chalcocite is the most important and abundant secondary copper ore in the world with a rapid dissolution of copper in an acid-chloride environment. In this investigation, the methodology of surface optimization will be applied to evaluate the effect of three independent variables (time, concentration of sulfuric acid and chloride concentration) in the leaching of pure chalcocite to extract the copper with the objective of obtaining a quadratic model that allows us to predict the extraction of copper. The kinetics of copper dissolution in regard to the function of temperature is also analyzed. An ANOVA indicates that the linear variables with the greatest influence are time and the chloride concentration. Also, the concentration of chloride-time exerts a significant synergic effect in the quadratic model. The ANOVA indicates that the quadratic model is representative and the R2 value of 0.92 is valid. The highest copper extraction (67.75%) was obtained at 48 h leaching under conditions of 2 mol/L H2SO4 and 100 g/L chloride. The XRD analysis shows the formation of a stable and non-polluting residue; such as elemental sulfur (S0). This residue was obtained in a leaching time of 4 h at room temperature under conditions of 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 and 50 g/L Cl−.

ACS Style

Norman Toro; Williams Briceño; Kevin Pérez; Manuel Cánovas; Emilio Trigueros; Rossana Sepúlveda; Pía Hernández. Leaching of Pure Chalcocite in a Chloride Media Using Sea Water and Waste Water. Metals 2019, 9, 780 .

AMA Style

Norman Toro, Williams Briceño, Kevin Pérez, Manuel Cánovas, Emilio Trigueros, Rossana Sepúlveda, Pía Hernández. Leaching of Pure Chalcocite in a Chloride Media Using Sea Water and Waste Water. Metals. 2019; 9 (7):780.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Norman Toro; Williams Briceño; Kevin Pérez; Manuel Cánovas; Emilio Trigueros; Rossana Sepúlveda; Pía Hernández. 2019. "Leaching of Pure Chalcocite in a Chloride Media Using Sea Water and Waste Water." Metals 9, no. 7: 780.

Journal article
Published: 10 July 2019 in Minerals
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The importance of mine planning is often underestimated. Nonetheless, it is essential in achieving high performance by identifying the potential value of mineral resources and providing an optimal, practical, and realistic strategy for extraction, which considers the greatest quantity of options, materials, and scenarios. Conventional mine planning is based on a mostly deterministic approach, ignoring part of the uncertainty presented in the input data, such as the mineralogical composition of the feed. This work develops a methodology to optimize the mineral recovery of the heap leaching phase by addressing the mineralogical variation of the feed, by alternating the mode of operation depending on the type of ore in the feed. The operational changes considered in the analysis include the leaching of oxide ores by adding only sulfuric acid (H2SO4) as reagent and adding chloride in the case of sulfide ores (secondary sulfides). The incorporation of uncertainty allows the creation of models that maximize the productivity, while confronting the geological uncertainty, as the extraction program progresses. The model seeks to increase the expected recovery from leaching, considering a set of equiprobable geological scenarios. The modeling and simulation of this productive phase is developed through a discrete event simulation (DES) framework. The results of the simulation indicate the potential to address the dynamics of feed variation through the implementation of alternating modes of operation.

ACS Style

Manuel Saldaña; Norman Toro; Jonathan Castillo; Pía Hernández; Alessandro Navarra. Optimization of the Heap Leaching Process through Changes in Modes of Operation and Discrete Event Simulation. Minerals 2019, 9, 421 .

AMA Style

Manuel Saldaña, Norman Toro, Jonathan Castillo, Pía Hernández, Alessandro Navarra. Optimization of the Heap Leaching Process through Changes in Modes of Operation and Discrete Event Simulation. Minerals. 2019; 9 (7):421.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Manuel Saldaña; Norman Toro; Jonathan Castillo; Pía Hernández; Alessandro Navarra. 2019. "Optimization of the Heap Leaching Process through Changes in Modes of Operation and Discrete Event Simulation." Minerals 9, no. 7: 421.

Journal article
Published: 26 June 2019 in Minerals
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Manganese nodules are an attractive source of base metals and critical and rare elements and are required to meet a high demand of today’s industry. In previous studies, it has been shown that high concentrations of reducing agent (Fe) in the system are beneficial for the rapid extraction of manganese. However, it is necessary to optimize the operational parameters in order to maximize Mn recovery. In this study, a statistical analysis was carried out using factorial experimental design for the main parameters, including time, MnO2/Fe2O3 ratio, and H2SO4 concentration. After this, Mn recovery tests were carried out over time at different ratios of MnO2/Fe2O3 and H2SO4 concentrations, where the potential and pH of the system were measured. Finally, it is concluded that high concentrations of FeSO4 in the system allow operating in potential and pH ranges (−0.2 to 1.2 V and −1.8 to 0.1) that favor the formation of Fe2+ and Fe3+, which enable high extractions of Mn (73%) in short periods of time (5 to 20 min) operating with an optimum MnO2/Fe2O3 ratio of 1:3 and a concentration of 0.1 mol/L of H2SO4.

ACS Style

Norman Toro; Manuel Saldaña; Edelmira Galvez; Manuel Cánovas; Emilio Trigueros; Jonathan Castillo; Pía C. Hernández. Optimization of Parameters for the Dissolution of Mn from Manganese Nodules with the Use of Tailings in An Acid Medium. Minerals 2019, 9, 387 .

AMA Style

Norman Toro, Manuel Saldaña, Edelmira Galvez, Manuel Cánovas, Emilio Trigueros, Jonathan Castillo, Pía C. Hernández. Optimization of Parameters for the Dissolution of Mn from Manganese Nodules with the Use of Tailings in An Acid Medium. Minerals. 2019; 9 (7):387.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Norman Toro; Manuel Saldaña; Edelmira Galvez; Manuel Cánovas; Emilio Trigueros; Jonathan Castillo; Pía C. Hernández. 2019. "Optimization of Parameters for the Dissolution of Mn from Manganese Nodules with the Use of Tailings in An Acid Medium." Minerals 9, no. 7: 387.

Journal article
Published: 25 April 2019 in Minerals
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This work investigates the effect of an agglomeration and curing pretreatment on leaching of a copper sulfide ore, mainly chalcopyrite, using mini-columns in acid-nitrate-chloride media. Ten pretreatment tests were conducted to evaluate different variables, namely the addition of nitrate as NaNO3 (11.7 and 23.3 kg/ton), chloride as NaCl (2.1 and 19.8 kg/ton), curing time (20 and 30 days) and repose temperature (25 and 45 °C). The optimum copper extraction of 58.6% was achieved with the addition of 23.3 kg of NaNO3/ton, 19.8 kg of NaCl/ton, and after 30 days of curing at 45 °C. Under these pretreatment conditions, three samples of ore were leached in mini-columns. The studied parameters were temperature (25 and 45 °C) and chloride concentration (20 and 40 g/L). The optimum copper extraction of 63.9% was obtained in the mini-column leaching test at 25 °C, with the use of 20 g/L of chloride. A higher temperature (45 °C) and a higher chloride concentration (40 g/L) negatively affected the extraction. The pretreatment stage had favorable effects, in terms of accelerating copper dissolution and improving leaching of copper sulfide ore in acid-nitrate-chloride media. Waste salts from caliche industry and waste brine from reverse osmosis can be used for providing the nitrate and chloride media.

ACS Style

Pía C. Hernández; Junior Dupont; Osvaldo O. Herreros; Yecid P. Jimenez; Cynthia M. Torres. Accelerating Copper Leaching from Sulfide Ores in Acid-Nitrate-Chloride Media Using Agglomeration and Curing as Pretreatment. Minerals 2019, 9, 250 .

AMA Style

Pía C. Hernández, Junior Dupont, Osvaldo O. Herreros, Yecid P. Jimenez, Cynthia M. Torres. Accelerating Copper Leaching from Sulfide Ores in Acid-Nitrate-Chloride Media Using Agglomeration and Curing as Pretreatment. Minerals. 2019; 9 (4):250.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pía C. Hernández; Junior Dupont; Osvaldo O. Herreros; Yecid P. Jimenez; Cynthia M. Torres. 2019. "Accelerating Copper Leaching from Sulfide Ores in Acid-Nitrate-Chloride Media Using Agglomeration and Curing as Pretreatment." Minerals 9, no. 4: 250.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2018 in Minerals
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The leaching of copper from industrial copper ore with 4.8 wt % chalcopyrite by acidified nitrate with seawater based media was investigated. Water quality (pure water and seawater), temperature (25–70 °C), reagent concentration, and nitrate type (sodium and potassium) were studied variables. Leaching conditions were: 100 g ore/1 L solution; P80 of 62.5 µm; 400 rpm and leaching time, varying between 3 and 7 days. Nitrates in sulfuric acid are known to be good oxidants for sulfide ores. This study showed that up to 80 wt % copper could be extracted at 45 °C in 7 days. In the absence of nitrate, under the same leaching conditions, only a 28 wt % copper extraction was achievable. The extraction rate increased to 97.2 wt % when leach temperature was increased to 70 °C in nitrate-chloride-acid media. The presence of chloride ions also increased the copper extraction rate. The copper extraction achieved in seawater systems were higher than in water systems under the same leaching conditions (increased by an average of 18 wt %). This effect can be attributable to the contribution of chloride that increases proton (H+) activity.

ACS Style

Pía C. Hernández; María E. Taboada; Osvaldo O. Herreros; Teófilo A. Graber; Yousef Ghorbani. Leaching of Chalcopyrite in Acidified Nitrate Using Seawater-Based Media. Minerals 2018, 8, 238 .

AMA Style

Pía C. Hernández, María E. Taboada, Osvaldo O. Herreros, Teófilo A. Graber, Yousef Ghorbani. Leaching of Chalcopyrite in Acidified Nitrate Using Seawater-Based Media. Minerals. 2018; 8 (6):238.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pía C. Hernández; María E. Taboada; Osvaldo O. Herreros; Teófilo A. Graber; Yousef Ghorbani. 2018. "Leaching of Chalcopyrite in Acidified Nitrate Using Seawater-Based Media." Minerals 8, no. 6: 238.

Journal article
Published: 21 December 2017 in Minerals
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The aim of this study was to improve the dissolution of copper sulfide ore composed mainly of chalcopyrite (1.21 wt %) and bornite (0.54 wt %) using a pretreatment before leaching. The effect of the pretreatment on copper sulfide dissolution was investigated using different types of leaching. Three sets of experimental tests were performed (flask, reactor and mini-column). Using experimental design, three operational variables in the ore pretreatment were evaluated: chloride concentration (20, 50 and 90 kg/t), repose time (7, 20 and 40 days) and repose temperature (20 and 50 °C). A maximum of 93% copper dissolution was obtained when the ore was treated with 90 kg Cl−/t ore, 40 d of repose time and 50 °C in flask leaching. Without any ore pretreatment, 53% copper dissolution was achieved. Using reactor leaching, an 85% copper dissolution was obtained using pretreatment stage. Without this pretreatment, only 55% copper dissolution was obtained. The final test, which involved leaching a pretreated ore in a mini-column at room temperature, yielded 49% copper dissolution. The data showed that repose time and temperature were the most important variables affecting copper extraction in the pretreatment stage. This study indicates that pretreatment has a positive effect on copper dissolution from primary copper sulfide ore in an acid-chloride medium. It also provides a feasible alternative for treating primary copper sulfide ores at the industrial level.

ACS Style

Cecilia P. Cerda; María E. Taboada; Nathalie E. Jamett; Yousef Ghorbani; Pía C. Hernández. Effect of Pretreatment on Leaching Primary Copper Sulfide in Acid-Chloride Media. Minerals 2017, 8, 1 .

AMA Style

Cecilia P. Cerda, María E. Taboada, Nathalie E. Jamett, Yousef Ghorbani, Pía C. Hernández. Effect of Pretreatment on Leaching Primary Copper Sulfide in Acid-Chloride Media. Minerals. 2017; 8 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cecilia P. Cerda; María E. Taboada; Nathalie E. Jamett; Yousef Ghorbani; Pía C. Hernández. 2017. "Effect of Pretreatment on Leaching Primary Copper Sulfide in Acid-Chloride Media." Minerals 8, no. 1: 1.

Article
Published: 06 November 2017 in Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A
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This article presents the results on speciation of ferric iron generated by the dissolution of chemical reagent hydromolysite (ferric chloride hexahydrate, FeCl3:6H2O) in water at 298.15 K, 313.15 K, and 333.15 K (25 °C, 40 °C, and 60 °C). Experiments were performed with a thermoregulated system up to the equilibrium point, as manifested by solution pH. Solution samples were analyzed in terms of concentration, pH, and electrical conductivity. Measurements of density and refractive index were obtained at different temperatures and iron concentrations. A decrease of pH was observed with the increase in the amount of dissolved iron, indicating that ferric chloride is a strong electrolyte that reacts readily with water. Experimental results were modeled using the hydrogeochemical code PHREEQC in order to obtain solution speciation. Cations and neutral and anion complexes were simultaneously present in the system at the studied conditions according to model simulations, where dominant species included Cl−, FeCl2+, FeCl2 +, FeOHCl 02 , and H+. A decrease in the concentration of Cl− and Fe3+ ions took place with increasing temperature due to the association of Fe-Cl species. Standard equilibrium constants for the formation of FeOHCl 02 obtained in this study were log \( K_{f}^{0} \) = −0.8 ± 0.01 at 298.15 K (25 °C), −0.94 ± 0.02 at 313.15 K (40 °C), and −1.03 ± 0.01 at 333.15 K (60 °C).

ACS Style

Nathalie E. Jamett; Pía C. Hernández; Jesús M. Casas; María E. Taboada. Speciation in the Fe(III)-Cl(I)-H2O System at 298.15 K, 313.15 K, and 333.15 K (25 °C, 40 °C, and 60 °C). Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 2017, 49, 451 -459.

AMA Style

Nathalie E. Jamett, Pía C. Hernández, Jesús M. Casas, María E. Taboada. Speciation in the Fe(III)-Cl(I)-H2O System at 298.15 K, 313.15 K, and 333.15 K (25 °C, 40 °C, and 60 °C). Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 2017; 49 (1):451-459.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nathalie E. Jamett; Pía C. Hernández; Jesús M. Casas; María E. Taboada. 2017. "Speciation in the Fe(III)-Cl(I)-H2O System at 298.15 K, 313.15 K, and 333.15 K (25 °C, 40 °C, and 60 °C)." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 49, no. 1: 451-459.

Journal article
Published: 11 September 2015 in Hydrometallurgy
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Due to water shortages and depletion of both surface water and underground aquifers, seawater is now used increasingly in the mining industry in northern Chile as a main alternative water resource. In this paper, the use of seawater in leaching of the chalcopyrite ore samples with copper grade of 1.6% in acidic media is investigated. Different leach solutions were prepared using different acids (H2SO4, HCl and HNO3) with and without seawater. Cupric chloride and ferric chloride were added as oxidant in the leaching process. Leaching tests were conducted in the agitated leaching reactors with 400 RPM using 100 g of the representative ore sample and 1 L of leach solution at 45 °C, with duration of 7 days. The ore was ground to P80 of 62.5 μm. The maximum copper extraction of 37.7% was obtained in the test performed using hydrochloric acid in the seawater-based media and in the presence of cupric chloride. In the leaching test conducted using sulfuric acid in the seawater-based media and in the presence of sodium chloride and cupric chloride, the maximum copper recovery of 34.2% obtained. In all of the different designed leaching approaches, the highest copper extraction was obtained in the tests performed with addition of the cupric ions (Cu2 +). In general, copper extraction in the leaching tests performed using seawater-based acidic media, were higher than those conducted in the pure water-based leaching media. Only exceptions observed when chloride ions (sodium chloride) were added externally. This indicated the importance of chloride ions presence in the leach solution.

ACS Style

P.C. Hernández; M.E. Taboada; O.O. Herreros; C.M. Torres; Y. Ghorbani. Chalcopyrite dissolution using seawater-based acidic media in the presence of oxidants. Hydrometallurgy 2015, 157, 325 -332.

AMA Style

P.C. Hernández, M.E. Taboada, O.O. Herreros, C.M. Torres, Y. Ghorbani. Chalcopyrite dissolution using seawater-based acidic media in the presence of oxidants. Hydrometallurgy. 2015; 157 ():325-332.

Chicago/Turabian Style

P.C. Hernández; M.E. Taboada; O.O. Herreros; C.M. Torres; Y. Ghorbani. 2015. "Chalcopyrite dissolution using seawater-based acidic media in the presence of oxidants." Hydrometallurgy 157, no. : 325-332.

Research article
Published: 29 August 2012 in Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data
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ACS Style

Pía C. Hernández; Héctor R. Galleguillos; Teófilo A. Graber; Elsa K. Flores; María E. Taboada. Effect of Seawater on the Solubility and Physicochemical Properties of Acidic Copper Sulfate Solutions. Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 2012, 57, 2430 -2436.

AMA Style

Pía C. Hernández, Héctor R. Galleguillos, Teófilo A. Graber, Elsa K. Flores, María E. Taboada. Effect of Seawater on the Solubility and Physicochemical Properties of Acidic Copper Sulfate Solutions. Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data. 2012; 57 (9):2430-2436.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pía C. Hernández; Héctor R. Galleguillos; Teófilo A. Graber; Elsa K. Flores; María E. Taboada. 2012. "Effect of Seawater on the Solubility and Physicochemical Properties of Acidic Copper Sulfate Solutions." Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 57, no. 9: 2430-2436.