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Dr. Marzena Smol
Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institut Polish Academy of Science

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0 Raw Materials
0 Waste Management
0 Phosphorus
0 recovery
0 Circula economy

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recovery
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Journal article
Published: 17 July 2021 in Energies
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Circular economy (CE) is an economic model, in which raw materials remain in circulation as long as possible and the generation of waste is minimized. In the fertilizer sector, waste rich in nutrients should be directed to agriculture purposes. This paper presents an analysis of recommended directions for the use of nutrient-rich waste in fertilizer sector and an evaluation of possible interest in this kind of fertilizer by a selected group of end-users (nurseries). The scope of research includes the state-of-the-art analysis on circular aspects and recommended directions in the CE implementation in the fertilizer sector (with focus on sewage-based waste), and survey analysis on the potential interest of nurseries in the use of waste-based fertilizers in Poland. There are more and more recommendations for the use of waste for agriculture purposes at European and national levels. The waste-based products have to meet certain requirements in order to put such products on the marker. Nurserymen are interested in contributing to the process of transformation towards the CE model in Poland; however, they are not fully convinced due to a lack of experience in the use of waste-based products and a lack of social acceptance and health risk in this regard. Further actions to build the social acceptance of waste-based fertilizers, and the education of end-users themselves in their application is required.

ACS Style

Marzena Smol. Transition to Circular Economy in the Fertilizer Sector—Analysis of Recommended Directions and End-Users’ Perception of Waste-Based Products in Poland. Energies 2021, 14, 4312 .

AMA Style

Marzena Smol. Transition to Circular Economy in the Fertilizer Sector—Analysis of Recommended Directions and End-Users’ Perception of Waste-Based Products in Poland. Energies. 2021; 14 (14):4312.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marzena Smol. 2021. "Transition to Circular Economy in the Fertilizer Sector—Analysis of Recommended Directions and End-Users’ Perception of Waste-Based Products in Poland." Energies 14, no. 14: 4312.

Journal article
Published: 16 April 2021 in Energies
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Mobilizing industry and transforming industrial sectors to a circular economy (CE) is one of the key areas of activities in the European Green Deal (EGD)—the newest strategy of economic growth in European Union (EU). In the CE, the raw materials that can be recovered from various waste streams play a key role, therefore, recommendations for their management were developed, both at the European and national level. In Poland, the raw material recovery sector is one of the strategic sectors (key industries) described in several documents determining the further directions of economic growth in the country. This paper presents the revision of these documents and guidelines for the implementation of the CE in the raw material recovery sector. The scope of the paper also includes a description of the current state of the raw materials recovery sector and its return, supported by the analysis of drivers and barriers in its further development. In previous years, a dynamic development of the recovery industry was observed, followed by formation of new companies (dominated by medium-sized companies comprising ~50% of entities in the sector) and increasing amount of people employed (~70,700 people). A growing level of processing of secondary raw materials with the use of more and more innovative technologies has been observed, which could contribute to the improvement of the level of innovation of the national economy. There also some barriers, such as the lack of sufficiently developed industrial symbiosis (IS) and long-term support for the implementation of recovery technologies. The growing ecological awareness of society and enterprises themselves, as well as the growing belief in the importance of resource recovery for environmental protection, suggest the possibility of subsequent development of the raw materials recovery sector. Further actions in this field will be taken to strengthen the implementation of the CE in the country.

ACS Style

Marzena Smol; Paulina Marcinek; Eugeniusz Koda. Drivers and Barriers for a Circular Economy (CE) Implementation in Poland—A Case Study of Raw Materials Recovery Sector. Energies 2021, 14, 2219 .

AMA Style

Marzena Smol, Paulina Marcinek, Eugeniusz Koda. Drivers and Barriers for a Circular Economy (CE) Implementation in Poland—A Case Study of Raw Materials Recovery Sector. Energies. 2021; 14 (8):2219.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marzena Smol; Paulina Marcinek; Eugeniusz Koda. 2021. "Drivers and Barriers for a Circular Economy (CE) Implementation in Poland—A Case Study of Raw Materials Recovery Sector." Energies 14, no. 8: 2219.

Journal article
Published: 19 October 2020 in Energies
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Phosphorus (P) recovery from sewage sludge ash (SSA) is one of the most promising approaches of phosphate rock substitution in mineral fertilizers and might be a sustainable way to secure supply of this raw material in the future. In the current investigation, the process of thermochemical treatment of SSA was applied to SSA coming from selected mono-incineration plants of municipal sewage sludge in Poland (Cracow, Gdansk, Gdynia, Lodz, Kielce and Szczecin). The Polish SSA was thermochemically converted in the presence of sodium (Na) additives and a reducing agent (dried sewage sludge) to obtain secondary raw materials for the production of marketable P fertilizers. The process had a positive impact on the bioavailability of phosphorus and reduced the content of heavy metals in the obtained products. The P solubility in neutral ammonium citrate, an indicator of its bioavailability, was significantly raised from 19.7–45.7% in the raw ashes and 76.5–100% in the thermochemically treated SSA. The content of nutrients in the recyclates was in the range of 15.7–19.2% P2O5, 10.8–14.2% CaO, 3.5–5.4% Na2O, 2.6–3.6% MgO and 0.9–1.3% K2O. The produced fertilizer raw materials meet the Polish norms for trace elements covered by the legislation: the content of lead was in the range 10.2–73.1 mg/kg, arsenic 4.8–22.7 mg/kg, cadmium 0.9–2.8 mg/kg and mercury <0.05 mg/kg. Thus, these products could be potentially directly used for fertilizer production. This work also includes an analysis of the possibilities of using ashes for fertilizer purposes in Poland, based on the assumptions indicated in the adopted strategic and planning documents regarding waste management and fertilizer production.

ACS Style

Marzena Smol; Christian Adam; Stefan Anton Kugler. Thermochemical Treatment of Sewage Sludge Ash (SSA)—Potential and Perspective in Poland. Energies 2020, 13, 5461 .

AMA Style

Marzena Smol, Christian Adam, Stefan Anton Kugler. Thermochemical Treatment of Sewage Sludge Ash (SSA)—Potential and Perspective in Poland. Energies. 2020; 13 (20):5461.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marzena Smol; Christian Adam; Stefan Anton Kugler. 2020. "Thermochemical Treatment of Sewage Sludge Ash (SSA)—Potential and Perspective in Poland." Energies 13, no. 20: 5461.

Journal article
Published: 09 August 2020 in Waste Management
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This paper presents an inventory of sewage sludge ashes (SSA) generated in the mono-incineration plants for municipal sewage sludge in Poland. This research focused on the detailed study of mass flows, chemical composition, and phosphorus recovery potential. There are currently 11 sludge mono-incineration plants operated with a total capacity of 160,300 Mg dry weight (d.w.) of sludge annually. Recently, a significant increase in the amount of SSA generated in these plants has been observed, reaching 26,756 Mg in 2018. Chemical composition of SSA showed significant amounts of the main nutrients: calcium (~14%), phosphorus (~13%), magnesium (~3%), and potassium (~1%). Additional main elements were iron (~14.5%), silicon (~13%), and aluminium (~6%). The main trace elements in the SSA were zinc (~3750 mg/kg) and copper (~899 mg/kg). Pollutants, according to fertilizer regulations of different countries, present in Polish SSA were chromium (~703 mg/kg), nickel (~260 mg/kg), lead (~94 mg/kg), and cadmium (~9 mg/kg). The radionuclides, uranium, and thorium often present in higher amounts in commercial phosphate rock-based fertilizers, were only detected in SSA at low levels of 4–9 mg/kg and 2–3 mg/kg, respectively. Theoretical phosphorus recovery potential from the SSA (from plants in Cracow, Lodz, Gdansk, Gdynia, Szczecin, and Kielce) was estimated at 1613.8 Mg, of which 33.9% is bioavailable. Currently, in Poland, the recommended approach is the production of fertilizers as a result of the extraction of phosphorus from the SSA with its use in the production of secondary mineral fertilizers. Further research in this area is required considering Polish conditions and legislation.

ACS Style

Marzena Smol; Christian Adam; Stefan Anton Kugler. Inventory of Polish municipal sewage sludge ash (SSA) – Mass flows, chemical composition, and phosphorus recovery potential. Waste Management 2020, 116, 31 -39.

AMA Style

Marzena Smol, Christian Adam, Stefan Anton Kugler. Inventory of Polish municipal sewage sludge ash (SSA) – Mass flows, chemical composition, and phosphorus recovery potential. Waste Management. 2020; 116 ():31-39.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marzena Smol; Christian Adam; Stefan Anton Kugler. 2020. "Inventory of Polish municipal sewage sludge ash (SSA) – Mass flows, chemical composition, and phosphorus recovery potential." Waste Management 116, no. : 31-39.

Journal article
Published: 28 July 2020 in Resources
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A dynamic development of sewer networks and municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) leads to the formation a large amounts of municipal sewage sludges (MSSs) which have to be disposed. One of the MSS disposal practices is thermal conversion in mono-incineration plants. Nowadays, there are 11 such installations in Poland, with the total capacity 160,300 Mg d.w. of MSSs per year. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of wastes generated in Polish MSS mono-incineration plants. As a consequence of MSSs incineration, various types of waste are generated including, for example, bottom and fly ash, dust or solid waste. The most valuable waste is sewage sludge ash (SSA), which can be used in other industries, as fertilizer or construction sectors. In the circular economy (CE) model, SSA should be treated as a secondary source of raw materials, such as phosphates (replacement of nutrients by P-rich ashes in fertilizers) or sand (replacement of sand by ashes in construction materials). Current practices of SSA management include landfilling, recovery at WWTPs or management by external companies (recovery, disposal or collection). To preserve the utility value of SSA, it should be stored selectively, and then directed to raw materials recovery. This creates the possibility of turning waste into a secondary resource, after meeting certain conditions which depend on which product the waste is directed to. Moreover, this waste management practice is recommended in the Polish documents regarding the usage of SSA, and it can strengthen the accomplishment of the European Green Deal, which is the newest roadmap for making the EU’s economy sustainable and circular.

ACS Style

Marzena Smol. Inventory of Wastes Generated in Polish Sewage Sludge Incineration Plants and Their Possible Circular Management Directions. Resources 2020, 9, 91 .

AMA Style

Marzena Smol. Inventory of Wastes Generated in Polish Sewage Sludge Incineration Plants and Their Possible Circular Management Directions. Resources. 2020; 9 (8):91.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marzena Smol. 2020. "Inventory of Wastes Generated in Polish Sewage Sludge Incineration Plants and Their Possible Circular Management Directions." Resources 9, no. 8: 91.

Correction
Published: 23 June 2020 in Resources
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Note: In lieu of an abstract, this is an excerpt from the first page. In the published article

ACS Style

Marzena Smol; Paulina Marcinek; Joanna Duda; Dominika Szołdrowska. Correction: Smol, M., et al. Importance of Sustainable Mineral Resource Management in Implementing the Circular Economy (CE) Model and the European Green Deal Strategy. Resource 2020, 9, 55. Resources 2020, 9, 78 .

AMA Style

Marzena Smol, Paulina Marcinek, Joanna Duda, Dominika Szołdrowska. Correction: Smol, M., et al. Importance of Sustainable Mineral Resource Management in Implementing the Circular Economy (CE) Model and the European Green Deal Strategy. Resource 2020, 9, 55. Resources. 2020; 9 (6):78.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marzena Smol; Paulina Marcinek; Joanna Duda; Dominika Szołdrowska. 2020. "Correction: Smol, M., et al. Importance of Sustainable Mineral Resource Management in Implementing the Circular Economy (CE) Model and the European Green Deal Strategy. Resource 2020, 9, 55." Resources 9, no. 6: 78.

Journal article
Published: 03 June 2020 in Sustainability
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Municipal waste management has been an area of special interest for the European Commission (EC) for many years, especially in the transformation process towards a circular economy (CE), which is a priority of the European Union’s (EU’s) economic policy. This paper presents the overview of the Polish waste management system (WMS) and the CE-related tasks indicated in the Polish CE Roadmap. Despite the fact that Poland is one of the countries that generates the least waste per capita (329 kg in 2018) in the EU (489 kg), it still has problems with adapting the levels of municipal waste recycling to European requirements (34.3% in 2018, EU average 47%), which result from the lack of sufficient infrastructure for waste management and the insufficiently developed public awareness and behaviors. The current paper presents an inventory of the recommended actions, which support transformation towards CE in municipal waste management. These actions have been grouped into six core principles of circularity, indicated in the ReSOLVE framework: Regenerate, Share, Optimize, Loop, Virtualize, and Exchange. In each of presented areas, recommended tasks and actions were identified that should be taken by governments and residents themselves, such as landfill remediation, use of selected municipal waste fractions for economic purposes, sharing products with co-users, waste recovery, remanufacturing products or components, virtual solutions in everyday life to reduce the amount of generated waste, or replacement of household appliances by items with a higher energy class. An implementation of specific actions indicated in the paper could positively influence transformation towards CE in Poland. Because the presented examples of actions are model solutions, they can also be used in other countries and regions.

ACS Style

Marzena Smol; Joanna Duda; Agnieszka Czaplicka-Kotas; Dominika Szołdrowska. Transformation towards Circular Economy (CE) in Municipal Waste Management System: Model Solutions for Poland. Sustainability 2020, 12, 4561 .

AMA Style

Marzena Smol, Joanna Duda, Agnieszka Czaplicka-Kotas, Dominika Szołdrowska. Transformation towards Circular Economy (CE) in Municipal Waste Management System: Model Solutions for Poland. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (11):4561.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marzena Smol; Joanna Duda; Agnieszka Czaplicka-Kotas; Dominika Szołdrowska. 2020. "Transformation towards Circular Economy (CE) in Municipal Waste Management System: Model Solutions for Poland." Sustainability 12, no. 11: 4561.

Journal article
Published: 05 May 2020 in Resources
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The European Green Deal is the new strategy for economic growth adopted by the European Commission (EC) in late 2019. One of the most important tasks in the realisation of this strategy is the mobilisation of the industry for a clean and circular economy (CE). Currently, the European Union (EU) is in the process of transformation towards a CE model, which was announced in 2014. The CE assumes a transition from a linear model based on take–make–dispose to a circular model, in which waste, if it arises, becomes a valuable resource. At the same time, it is recommended to use raw materials (RMs) more efficiently and to recycle them. The EC underlines that both changes in the management of mineral resources in individual member states and their effects should be monitored. Therefore, in 2018, the EC pointed out issues related to RM management as important elements of the monitoring framework in transformation process towards CE. The paper presents strategic directions aimed at sustainable and circular RM management in the EU, with a strong emphasis on the key elements of sustainable development—environmental, economic and social. Moreover, the importance of mineral resources management in the EC in the context of transformation towards the European Green Deal and CE is presented, and the results of selected CE indicators related to the RMs, and indicators that present sustainable RMs management are discussed. The core of the paper is presentation of a set of recommended actions which should be taken in coming years with strong emphasis on the implementation of the sustainable development (SD) principles. RM management faces a number of challenges, primarily in achieving increased levels of critical raw materials (CRMs) recycling, as well as the greater involvement of stakeholders themselves and awareness raising in the field of SD and CE among enterprises operating in the RMs sector. Currently, all member states are working together to accelerate the transformation process in the area of CE and the European Green Deal, e.g., by implementing national CE programs. A great opportunity to accelerate the transformation process is the new financial perspective for projects under the balanced and circular management of RMs—Horizon Europe, which plans to finance the new projects on RMs management and recycling.

ACS Style

Marzena Smol; Paulina Marcinek; Joanna Duda; Dominika Szołdrowska. Importance of Sustainable Mineral Resource Management in Implementing the Circular Economy (CE) Model and the European Green Deal Strategy. Resources 2020, 9, 55 .

AMA Style

Marzena Smol, Paulina Marcinek, Joanna Duda, Dominika Szołdrowska. Importance of Sustainable Mineral Resource Management in Implementing the Circular Economy (CE) Model and the European Green Deal Strategy. Resources. 2020; 9 (5):55.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marzena Smol; Paulina Marcinek; Joanna Duda; Dominika Szołdrowska. 2020. "Importance of Sustainable Mineral Resource Management in Implementing the Circular Economy (CE) Model and the European Green Deal Strategy." Resources 9, no. 5: 55.

Journal article
Published: 24 March 2020 in Sustainability
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Despite the significant reduction of phosphorus (P) discharge in the Baltic Sea in the last decades, obtained through the implementation of some approaches within the Helsinki Convention, eutrophication is still considered the biggest problem for the Baltic Sea environment. Consequently, the reduction of P load is an urgent need to solve, but the complexity of both the environmental and legislative context of the area makes this process difficult (more than in the past). Eutrophication is an intricate issue requiring a proper framework of governance that is not easy to determine in the Baltic Sea Region where the needs of several different countries converge. To identify the most suitable strategy to reduce the eutrophication in the Baltic Sea, the InPhos project (no. 17022, 2018–2019, funded by the European Institute of Innovation & Technology (EIT) Raw Materials) adopted a holistic approach considering technical, political, economic, environmental and social aspects of P management. With the aims to raise awareness about the P challenge, foster the dialogue among all the stakeholders, and find solutions already developed in other countries (such as Germany and Switzerland) to be transferred in the Baltic Sea Region, the InPhos project consortium applied the methodology proposed in this paper, consisting of three main phases: (i) analysis of the available technologies to remove P from waste streams that contribute to eutrophication; (ii) analysis of the main streams involving P in Baltic Sea countries to highlight the potential of more sustainable and circular P management; (iii) study of the current context (e.g., already-existing initiatives and issues). This approach allowed us to identify four categories of recommendations and practical actions proposed to improve P management in the Baltic Sea region. During the project, the consortium mainly addressed social aspects. Following steps beyond the project will be more quantitative to determine the techno-economic feasibility of circular P management in selected demo cases in the region.

ACS Style

Marzena Smol; Michał Preisner; Augusto Bianchini; Jessica Rossi; Ludwig Hermann; Tanja Schaaf; Jolita Kruopienė; Kastytis Pamakštys; Maris Klavins; Ruta Ozola-Davidane; Daina Kalnina; Elina Strade; Viktoria Voronova; Karin Pachel; Xiaosheng Yang; Britt-Marie Steenari; Magdalena Svanström. Strategies for Sustainable and Circular Management of Phosphorus in the Baltic Sea Region: The Holistic Approach of the InPhos Project. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2567 .

AMA Style

Marzena Smol, Michał Preisner, Augusto Bianchini, Jessica Rossi, Ludwig Hermann, Tanja Schaaf, Jolita Kruopienė, Kastytis Pamakštys, Maris Klavins, Ruta Ozola-Davidane, Daina Kalnina, Elina Strade, Viktoria Voronova, Karin Pachel, Xiaosheng Yang, Britt-Marie Steenari, Magdalena Svanström. Strategies for Sustainable and Circular Management of Phosphorus in the Baltic Sea Region: The Holistic Approach of the InPhos Project. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (6):2567.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marzena Smol; Michał Preisner; Augusto Bianchini; Jessica Rossi; Ludwig Hermann; Tanja Schaaf; Jolita Kruopienė; Kastytis Pamakštys; Maris Klavins; Ruta Ozola-Davidane; Daina Kalnina; Elina Strade; Viktoria Voronova; Karin Pachel; Xiaosheng Yang; Britt-Marie Steenari; Magdalena Svanström. 2020. "Strategies for Sustainable and Circular Management of Phosphorus in the Baltic Sea Region: The Holistic Approach of the InPhos Project." Sustainability 12, no. 6: 2567.

Original article
Published: 16 January 2020 in Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management
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One of the key elements in the transformation towards a circular economy (CE) is providing more sustainable practices for resources and waste management. Improvement actions focused on transformation towards a CE should be targeted at all groups of materials and waste. As water is essential for human survival and well-being and plays a significant role in sustainable development (SD), the actions related to the reuse of water and the recovery of raw materials from wastewater and other water-based waste should be taken. The paper presents a proposition for a new CE model framework in the water and wastewater sector, which includes the six following actions: reduction—prevent wastewater generation in the first place by the reduction of water usage and pollution reduction at source; reclamation (removal)—an application of effective technologies for the removal of pollutants from water and wastewater; reuse—reuse of wastewater as an alternative source of water supply (non-potable usage), recycling—recovery of water from wastewater for potable usage; recovery—recovery of resources such as nutrients and energy from water-based waste, and rethink—rethinking how to use resources to create a sustainable economy, which is `free` of waste and emissions. The novelty of the proposed CE model framework is that it presents possible ways of implementing CE principles in the water and wastewater sector, with a strong emphasis not only technological but also organisational and societal changes. Application of the proposed model may help to further transform the European economy to the CE model. Moreover, the indicated model can be significant tool supporting an assessment of local or regional progress towards CE in the water and wastewater sector and further environmental management and planning.

ACS Style

Marzena Smol; Christian Adam; Michał Preisner. Circular economy model framework in the European water and wastewater sector. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 2020, 22, 682 -697.

AMA Style

Marzena Smol, Christian Adam, Michał Preisner. Circular economy model framework in the European water and wastewater sector. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management. 2020; 22 (3):682-697.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marzena Smol; Christian Adam; Michał Preisner. 2020. "Circular economy model framework in the European water and wastewater sector." Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 22, no. 3: 682-697.

Journal article
Published: 27 September 2019 in Polityka Energetyczna – Energy Policy Journal
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ACS Style

Dariusz Włóka; Marzena Smol; Małgorzata Kacprzak. Energy efficiency of the phytoremediation process supported with the use of energy crops – P. arundinacea L. and Brassica napus L. Polityka Energetyczna – Energy Policy Journal 2019, 22, 119 -136.

AMA Style

Dariusz Włóka, Marzena Smol, Małgorzata Kacprzak. Energy efficiency of the phytoremediation process supported with the use of energy crops – P. arundinacea L. and Brassica napus L. Polityka Energetyczna – Energy Policy Journal. 2019; 22 (3):119-136.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dariusz Włóka; Marzena Smol; Małgorzata Kacprzak. 2019. "Energy efficiency of the phytoremediation process supported with the use of energy crops – P. arundinacea L. and Brassica napus L." Polityka Energetyczna – Energy Policy Journal 22, no. 3: 119-136.

Journal article
Published: 14 August 2019 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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The paper presents an application of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method to compare the environmental impacts of the various methods of the feed phosphates (FPs) production. The three Scenarios of the FPs production technologies were compared - modified thermal method (one installation) and low-temperature endothermic methods (two different installations). A functional unit of the system was defined as 1 Mg of P2O5 contained in the obtained each feed phosphates – defluorinated phosphate (DFP) and dicalcium phosphate (DCP). The overall results show that the production process of FPs affects the environment primarily through the use of the phosphorous raw materials and electricity consumption. Production of FPs causes the highest values in the impact category freshwater eco-toxicity. The comparative LCA analysis showed that the highest impact on the environment was associated with the use of the low-temperature method on the modified the DFP installation. The DFP production with the use of the modified thermal method showed 52% lower impact and the DCP production with the use of the low-temperature endothermic method on the new installation was associated with 6% lower impact. From the environmental point of view, the recommended solution is the basic DFP technology. Development of new or modification of existing FPs production methods with the better environmental performance could be considered as the clean technologies.

ACS Style

Marzena Smol; Zygmunt Kowalski; Agnieszka Makara; Anna Henclik. Comparative LCA study of different methods of the feed phosphates (FPs) production. Journal of Cleaner Production 2019, 239, 117963 .

AMA Style

Marzena Smol, Zygmunt Kowalski, Agnieszka Makara, Anna Henclik. Comparative LCA study of different methods of the feed phosphates (FPs) production. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019; 239 ():117963.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marzena Smol; Zygmunt Kowalski; Agnieszka Makara; Anna Henclik. 2019. "Comparative LCA study of different methods of the feed phosphates (FPs) production." Journal of Cleaner Production 239, no. : 117963.

Journal article
Published: 04 June 2019 in Resources Policy
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The current study presents the importance of collaboration in the knowledge triangle – KT (business, higher education and research) because innovation networks and collaboration are identified in the European Innovation Scoreboard (EIS) as one of the determinants of innovation development in European countries. Moreover, the importance of KT cooperation in the RMs sector is identified as one of the most important factors affecting the development of new innovative solutions (technologies, policies, finance methods, organisation and society). It was also noted that the evolution of the KT in the RMs sector plays an important role in the transition to a circular economy (CE) model in the European Union (EU). Based on a comprehensive review of the available sources and assessment of the tools required for effective collaboration in the KT, a model framework is proposed showing the portfolio of tools supporting the development of KT cooperation in the RMs sector. The model framework includes a specially dedicated platform divided into three main areas of collaboration activity: information, promotion and dissemination, which take into account specified sub-areas. Special attention is paid to the ‘inventory of the RM actors’ sub-area which presents the innovation performance in the RMs sector, and which should be monitored based on the information collected from internal and external bodies operating in the RMs sector in compliance with the indicators provided in the EIS. The transformation of operating platforms based on the model framework presented could support the development of KT collaboration and the further development of innovation in the European RMs sector.

ACS Style

Marzena Smol; Joanna Kulczycka. Towards innovations development in the European raw material sector by evolution of the knowledge triangle. Resources Policy 2019, 62, 453 -462.

AMA Style

Marzena Smol, Joanna Kulczycka. Towards innovations development in the European raw material sector by evolution of the knowledge triangle. Resources Policy. 2019; 62 ():453-462.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marzena Smol; Joanna Kulczycka. 2019. "Towards innovations development in the European raw material sector by evolution of the knowledge triangle." Resources Policy 62, no. : 453-462.

Journal article
Published: 08 January 2019 in Journal of Environmental Management
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The paper presents an evaluation of efficiency and economic potential of the phytoremediation technology, based on the use of energy crops (P. arundinacea L. and B. Napus L.), combined with the fertilization with compost, supported by the addition of nano SiO2. The experiment was conducted in in-situ conditions, using two experimental blocks, divided according to used plant species. Each block included four types of plots with different fertilization treatments (control plots; treatment with nano SiO2; treatment with compost; treatment with mixture of compost and nano SiO2). During the studied period (three vegetation seasons), a cyclic analysis of 16 PAH's content were conducted. Furthermore, a quantitative determination of biomass production was performed as well as assessment of economic potential of different strategies. Data collected during research, shows that method based on energy crops use, due to the join effect of the dangerous pollutants removal and the production of removable energy resource, can be considered as sustainable and should be recommended for use during heavy polluted soil remediation. Moreover, it should be also noted, that the best results for both PAH's removal efficiency and biomass production, were acquired on plots with P. arundinacea L. cultivation, fertilized with mix of compost and nano SiO2.

ACS Style

Dariusz Włóka; Agnieszka Placek; Marzena Smol; Agnieszka Rorat; Dylan Hutchison; Małgorzata Kacprzak. The efficiency and economic aspects of phytoremediation technology using Phalaris arundinacea L. and Brassica napus L. combined with compost and nano SiO2 fertilization for the removal of PAH's from soil. Journal of Environmental Management 2019, 234, 311 -319.

AMA Style

Dariusz Włóka, Agnieszka Placek, Marzena Smol, Agnieszka Rorat, Dylan Hutchison, Małgorzata Kacprzak. The efficiency and economic aspects of phytoremediation technology using Phalaris arundinacea L. and Brassica napus L. combined with compost and nano SiO2 fertilization for the removal of PAH's from soil. Journal of Environmental Management. 2019; 234 ():311-319.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dariusz Włóka; Agnieszka Placek; Marzena Smol; Agnieszka Rorat; Dylan Hutchison; Małgorzata Kacprzak. 2019. "The efficiency and economic aspects of phytoremediation technology using Phalaris arundinacea L. and Brassica napus L. combined with compost and nano SiO2 fertilization for the removal of PAH's from soil." Journal of Environmental Management 234, no. : 311-319.

Journal article
Published: 31 December 2018 in Economics. Ecology. Socium
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Introduction. The existing state of the use of natural resources by recreational management subjects showed problems in the legislative framework regarding methodical explanations of the calculation of rental payments for extraction and use of recreation resources of the recreation management subjects have been identified. The directions of management of the recreation management subjects with attraction of recreational resources on the basis of an inclusive approach are offered. Tax liabilities of the recreation management subjects using natural resources fall into the state budget, and they have to local with them further provision in the form of privileges for improving the ecological situation of recreational and tourist territory. Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to provide suggestions for improving management in the field of recreation and tourist use of nature, for example, the use of natural resources of the recreation management subjects on the basis of inclusive. The goal is to fulfill the following tasks: to generalize the existing state of management in the field of the recreation management subjects; provide suggestions on how to improve the management of recreation management subjects, which use recreation resources on an inclusive basis. Results. The article substantiates the necessity of administrative management in the recreational and tourist nature management on the basis of inclusive, namely, it is necessary to transfer the rights of state control over the extraction of medical resources to the local level, to improve the system of fiscal and tax control over the recreation management subjects with using recreation resources, etc. Recommendations of improvement financial regulation due to attraction of private entrepreneurship in compliance with requirements of environmental quality standards, standards of environmental impact, technological standards; product quality standards; environmental certification, etc. It is proved that the distribution of taxes from economic activity should come not only to the state budget, but also to the local. At the same time, taxes that come to the local budget should be used as subsidies to improve the ecological state of the same territory. Conclusions. The general conclusion is that integrated management of recreational resources and the recreational management subjects should provide implementation horizontal functions that are specific to the type of administrative activity that affects the using by recreational management subjects national natural resources of various forms of ownership. Need a clear economic justification and calculation of tax and rent income from the recreational management subjects using of natural resources. So it is necessary to amend the calculation of rent payments for the use of medical resources to increase them and prescribe methodical recommendations for their determination. It have to ensure simultaneous, common, in one economic-ecological plane for all administrative subjects horizontal and vertical branches of compliance with the principles of inclusiveness in nature management.

ACS Style

Katerina Kostetska; Marzena Smol; Krzysztof Gaska. Rational nature use of recreational management subjects on the basis of inclusive. Economics. Ecology. Socium 2018, 2, 31 -40.

AMA Style

Katerina Kostetska, Marzena Smol, Krzysztof Gaska. Rational nature use of recreational management subjects on the basis of inclusive. Economics. Ecology. Socium. 2018; 2 (4):31-40.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Katerina Kostetska; Marzena Smol; Krzysztof Gaska. 2018. "Rational nature use of recreational management subjects on the basis of inclusive." Economics. Ecology. Socium 2, no. 4: 31-40.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2018 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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In the transition to the circular economy (CE) model in Europe, increasing public awareness is one of the major driving forces. This paper presents the results of an evaluation of public awareness and attitudes about CE in the Malopolska region of southern Poland. The data used in this study was collected by random distribution of questionnaires in the Malopolska region and interviews with 430 respondents. Malopolska was chosen for research because the region has significant economic and social potential, but features serious environmental problems – primarily air pollution. As environmental protection has become an important aspect for regional and local policy, the CE concept has already begun to be promoted. The questionnaires distributed to residents were divided into three areas: (1) knowledge and attitudes about CE, (2) CE-related behaviour, and (3) future development of CE in the region. The results show that the CE concept was well recognized mainly by the younger generation, which is more familiar with CE-related behaviours like waste segregation and buying recycled and remanufactured goods. The findings additionally indicate that sharing and collaborative economy practices are becoming popular among residents due to the belief that such services create more economic, environmental, and social benefits for users. People's awareness of the CE concept also has a positive correlation with their educational level, such individuals believing that the CE model could, in the future, be implemented in the region. However, this requires time and additional economic and educational resources.

ACS Style

Marzena Smol; Anna Avdiushchenko; Joanna Kulczycka; Agnieszka Nowaczek. Public awareness of circular economy in southern Poland: Case of the Malopolska region. Journal of Cleaner Production 2018, 197, 1035 -1045.

AMA Style

Marzena Smol, Anna Avdiushchenko, Joanna Kulczycka, Agnieszka Nowaczek. Public awareness of circular economy in southern Poland: Case of the Malopolska region. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2018; 197 ():1035-1045.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marzena Smol; Anna Avdiushchenko; Joanna Kulczycka; Agnieszka Nowaczek. 2018. "Public awareness of circular economy in southern Poland: Case of the Malopolska region." Journal of Cleaner Production 197, no. : 1035-1045.

Review
Published: 29 September 2018 in Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management
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In the transition to the circular economy (CE) model, the sustainable management of raw materials plays a key role in the whole value chain. One of the most important critical raw materials (CRM) for the European economy is Phosphorus (P), which cannot be replaced by any other element. This paper presents the current P management structure in Poland taking into account the sources of P, its consumption and recycling. At present, no phosphates are produced in Poland and the demand for P-bearing raw materials is satisfied entirely by imports. There is high potential for recovery of P from selected secondary sources due to an increase in the generation of P-rich waste, such as municipal and industrial sludges (947.2 thous. Mg of dry solid waste in 2016), sewage sludge ash (45 thous.Mg /year) or biomass ash (4.2 million Mg/year); however, P recycling is not commonly undertaken in Poland. In order to transfer the Polish economy to the CE model, the government is working on strategies and programmes that take into account the sustainable management of raw materials. The most promising sources of P are municipal and industrial wastewater, sewage sludge and sewage sludge ash and, therefore, basic legal recommendations for nutrient recovery in the wastewater sector were proposed by Polish organisations dealing with environmental concerns. The paper also presents the basic action thatis recommended to be undertaken with the objective of improving the sustainable management of this CRM in the Polish economy.

ACS Style

Marzena Smol. The importance of sustainable phosphorus management in the circular economy (CE) model: the Polish case study. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 2018, 21, 227 -238.

AMA Style

Marzena Smol. The importance of sustainable phosphorus management in the circular economy (CE) model: the Polish case study. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management. 2018; 21 (2):227-238.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marzena Smol. 2018. "The importance of sustainable phosphorus management in the circular economy (CE) model: the Polish case study." Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 21, no. 2: 227-238.

Article
Published: 30 April 2018 in Water, Air, & Soil Pollution
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In this paper, coke wastewater that had passed through biological and integrated membrane processes (filtration on sand bed—reverse osmosis) was chosen to assess the phytotoxicity of selected industrial wastewater with regard to the test plant—Vicia faba. An innovative research technique in vitro test was conducted in a large scale phytothrone chamber on two matrices: cotton and Murashige and Skoog Basal Medium (MSBM). The toxicity of wastewater was evaluated for samples: (1) treated in the treatment plant by biological processes, (2) filtrated through a sand bed and filtrated (3) reverse osmosis (RO) membrane. The results showed that there is a noticeable correlation between increasing concentrations of wastewater and seed germination of the test plant. Although the wastewater collected from the coke plant was treated biologically, it showed very high levels of germination inhibition (90–98% for cotton matrix and 92–100% for MSBM matrix) and strong toxic effects. The wastewater collected from the coke plant showed a significantly greater phytotoxic effect compared with those obtained from the effluent treated on a sand bed and in RO. However, wastewater, even after treatment on a sand bed (reduction of COD—39%, TN—46%, TOC—42%, TC—47%, SS—50%, 16PAHs—53%), was still toxic and germination inhibition was in the range of 24–48% for the cotton matrix and 14–54% for the MSBM matrix. The toxicity of wastewater treated in the membrane process was the lowest (reduction of COD—85%, TN—95%, TOC—85%, TC—86%, SS—98%, 16PAHs—67%). The germination inhibition was in the range of 4–10% for the cotton matrix and 2–12% for the MSBM matrix. These samples are classified as non-toxic or slightly toxic to the model plant. The present study highlights the necessity of monitoring not only the basic physical and chemical indicators (including the level of toxic substances as PAHs), but also their effect on the test organisms in wastewater samples.

ACS Style

Marzena Smol; Dariusz Włóka; Maria Włodarczyk-Makuła. Influence of Integrated Membrane Treatment on the Phytotoxicity of Wastewater from the Coke Industry. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 2018, 229, 1 -14.

AMA Style

Marzena Smol, Dariusz Włóka, Maria Włodarczyk-Makuła. Influence of Integrated Membrane Treatment on the Phytotoxicity of Wastewater from the Coke Industry. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 2018; 229 (5):1-14.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marzena Smol; Dariusz Włóka; Maria Włodarczyk-Makuła. 2018. "Influence of Integrated Membrane Treatment on the Phytotoxicity of Wastewater from the Coke Industry." Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 229, no. 5: 1-14.

Journal article
Published: 31 March 2018 in Economic and Environmental Studies
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ACS Style

Agnieszka Bielecka; Anna Avdiushchenko; Joanna Kulczycka; Marzena Smol. Application of the circular economy in the power sector of Małopolska Region – benefits and challenges. Economic and Environmental Studies 2018, 18, 75 -92.

AMA Style

Agnieszka Bielecka, Anna Avdiushchenko, Joanna Kulczycka, Marzena Smol. Application of the circular economy in the power sector of Małopolska Region – benefits and challenges. Economic and Environmental Studies. 2018; 18 (45):75-92.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Agnieszka Bielecka; Anna Avdiushchenko; Joanna Kulczycka; Marzena Smol. 2018. "Application of the circular economy in the power sector of Małopolska Region – benefits and challenges." Economic and Environmental Studies 18, no. 45: 75-92.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2018 in Desalination and Water Treatment
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ACS Style

Marzena Smol; Agnieszka Generowicz. Treatment of the municipal landfill leachate including selection of the best management solution. Desalination and Water Treatment 2018, 117, 229 -238.

AMA Style

Marzena Smol, Agnieszka Generowicz. Treatment of the municipal landfill leachate including selection of the best management solution. Desalination and Water Treatment. 2018; 117 ():229-238.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marzena Smol; Agnieszka Generowicz. 2018. "Treatment of the municipal landfill leachate including selection of the best management solution." Desalination and Water Treatment 117, no. : 229-238.