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Johan Colding
The Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Box 50005, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden

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Book chapter
Published: 10 March 2021 in Urban Transition - Perspectives on Urban Systems and Environments [Working Title]
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A closer partnership between urban design and urban ecology can yield new knowledge with the predictive advancement of both fields. However, achieving such partnership is not always a straight-forward process due to different epistemological departures. This chapter provides a rudimentary background of the fields of urban design and urban ecology and familiarizes readers with some epistemological characteristics that are useful to consider in all forms of partnership activities between designers and ecologists. Social-ecological resilience offers a useful framework for inquiry of particular relevance for urban transition at a time when global societal challenges of massive biodiversity loss and climate change require urgent attention and where wicked environmental problems require creative urban tinkering. Such a framework could open up for more dynamic research approaches with a greater potential to bridge the gap between design and ecology that has tended to be dominated by relatively static design approaches in the past, ignoring a more non-linear understanding of the interconnectedness of social and ecological systems. The chapter ends by focusing on some important determinants for cooperation and dealing with ‘Research Through Design(ing)’ as a viable methodology for transition to urban sustainability.

ACS Style

Johan Colding; Lars Marcus; Stephan Barthel. Promoting Partnership between Urban Design and Urban Ecology through Social-Ecological Resilience Building. Urban Transition - Perspectives on Urban Systems and Environments [Working Title] 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Johan Colding, Lars Marcus, Stephan Barthel. Promoting Partnership between Urban Design and Urban Ecology through Social-Ecological Resilience Building. Urban Transition - Perspectives on Urban Systems and Environments [Working Title]. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Johan Colding; Lars Marcus; Stephan Barthel. 2021. "Promoting Partnership between Urban Design and Urban Ecology through Social-Ecological Resilience Building." Urban Transition - Perspectives on Urban Systems and Environments [Working Title] , no. : 1.

Commentary
Published: 01 October 2020 in One Earth
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The metric focus of sustainability thinking is at risk of downplaying the role of climate-change adaptation as a strategy complementary to climate-change mitigation. The upcoming 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP26) needs to explore how adaptation based on human agency could contribute to dealing with climate change.

ACS Style

Johan Colding; Stephan Barthel; Karl Samuelsson. Supporting Bottom-Up Human Agency for Adapting to Climate Change. One Earth 2020, 3, 392 -395.

AMA Style

Johan Colding, Stephan Barthel, Karl Samuelsson. Supporting Bottom-Up Human Agency for Adapting to Climate Change. One Earth. 2020; 3 (4):392-395.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Johan Colding; Stephan Barthel; Karl Samuelsson. 2020. "Supporting Bottom-Up Human Agency for Adapting to Climate Change." One Earth 3, no. 4: 392-395.

Journal article
Published: 27 May 2020 in Sustainability
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Limited exposure to direct nature experiences is a worrying sign of urbanization, particularly for children. Experiencing nature during childhood shapes aspects of a personal relationship with nature, crucial for sustainable decision-making processes in adulthood. Scholars often stress the need to ‘reconnect’ urban dwellers with nature; however, few elaborate on how this can be achieved. Here, we argue that nature reconnection requires urban ecosystems, with a capacity to enable environmental learning in the cognitive, affective and psychomotor domains, i.e., learning that occurs in the head, heart and hands of individuals. Drawing on environmental psychology, urban ecology, institutional analysis and urban planning, we present a theoretical framework for Human–Nature Connection (HNC), discuss the importance of nurturing HNC for children, elaborate on the role of property-rights and the importance of creating collective action arenas in cities for the promotion of urban resilience building. As values and environmental preconceptions underly environmental behavior, there are limits to achieving HNC in cities, as presumptive sentiments toward nature not always are positive. We end by discussing the role of new digital technologies in relation to HNC, and conclude by summarizing the major points brought forward herein, offering policy recommendations for HNC as a resilience strategy that can be adopted in cities throughout the world.

ACS Style

Johan Colding; Matteo Giusti; Andreas Haga; Marita Wallhagen; Stephan Barthel. Enabling Relationships with Nature in Cities. Sustainability 2020, 12, 4394 .

AMA Style

Johan Colding, Matteo Giusti, Andreas Haga, Marita Wallhagen, Stephan Barthel. Enabling Relationships with Nature in Cities. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (11):4394.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Johan Colding; Matteo Giusti; Andreas Haga; Marita Wallhagen; Stephan Barthel. 2020. "Enabling Relationships with Nature in Cities." Sustainability 12, no. 11: 4394.

Communication
Published: 20 May 2020 in Smart Cities
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This paper focuses on the need for a widened definition of the notion of technology within the smart city discourse, with a particular focus on the “built environment”. The first part of the paper describes how current tendencies in urban design and architecture are inclined to prioritize high tech-solutions at the expense of low-tech functionalities and omits that information and communication technology (ICT) contrasts the art of building cities as an adaptable and habitually smart technology in itself. It continues with an elaboration on the need for expanding the limits of system boundaries for a better understanding of the energy and material telecouplings that are linked to ICT solutions and account for some perils inherent in smart technologies, such as rebound effects and the difficulty of measuring the environmental impacts of ICT solutions on a city level. The second part of the paper highlights how low-tech technologies and nature-based solutions can make cities smarter, representing a new technology portfolio in national and international policies for safeguarding biodiversity and the delivery of a range of ecosystem services, promoting the necessary climate-change adaption that cities need to prioritize to confer resilience.

ACS Style

Johan Colding; Marita Wallhagen; Patrik Sörqvist; Lars Marcus; Karl Hillman; Karl Samuelsson; Stephan Barthel. Applying a Systems Perspective on the Notion of the Smart City. Smart Cities 2020, 3, 420 -429.

AMA Style

Johan Colding, Marita Wallhagen, Patrik Sörqvist, Lars Marcus, Karl Hillman, Karl Samuelsson, Stephan Barthel. Applying a Systems Perspective on the Notion of the Smart City. Smart Cities. 2020; 3 (2):420-429.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Johan Colding; Marita Wallhagen; Patrik Sörqvist; Lars Marcus; Karl Hillman; Karl Samuelsson; Stephan Barthel. 2020. "Applying a Systems Perspective on the Notion of the Smart City." Smart Cities 3, no. 2: 420-429.

Communication
Published: 20 May 2020 in Land
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More precise explanations are needed to better understand why public green spaces are diminishing in cities, leading to the loss of ecosystem services that humans receive from natural systems. This paper is devoted to the incremental change of green spaces—a fate that is largely undetectable by urban residents. The paper elucidates a set of drivers resulting in the subtle loss of urban green spaces and elaborates on the consequences of this for resilience planning of ecosystem services. Incremental changes of greenspace trigger baseline shifts, where each generation of humans tends to take the current condition of an ecosystem as the normal state, disregarding its previous states. Even well-intended political land-use decisions, such as current privatization schemes, can cumulatively result in undesirable societal outcomes, leading to a gradual loss of opportunities for nature experience. Alfred E. Kahn referred to such decision making as ‘the tyranny of small decisions.’ This is mirrored in urban planning as problems that are dealt with in an ad hoc manner with no officially formulated vision for long-term spatial planning. Urban common property systems could provide interim solutions for local governments to survive periods of fiscal shortfalls. Transfer of proprietor rights to civil society groups can enhance the resilience of ecosystem services in cities.

ACS Style

Johan Colding; Åsa Gren; Stephan Barthel. The Incremental Demise of Urban Green Spaces. Land 2020, 9, 162 .

AMA Style

Johan Colding, Åsa Gren, Stephan Barthel. The Incremental Demise of Urban Green Spaces. Land. 2020; 9 (5):162.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Johan Colding; Åsa Gren; Stephan Barthel. 2020. "The Incremental Demise of Urban Green Spaces." Land 9, no. 5: 162.

Journal article
Published: 16 March 2020 in Sustainability
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In the midst of the epoch of the Urban Anthropocene, citizen engagement is an important step on the path of creating local and global sustainability. However, the factors that motivate civic urban dwellers to become voluntary stewards of nature environments inside cities need research. This is an empirical study based on deep interviews and a grounded theory approach focused on the “inner world” of people in Warsaw, Poland, that engage in green area stewardship. Our approach reveals a commonly shared vision as the prime motivator powering agency in green area stewardship. This vision was articulated as creating a countryside within the city characterized by a stronger sense of community, a shared sense of place and an enhanced connection with nature. While other studies have found inner values or direct benefits as motivating factors for engaging in urban stewardship, we instead found a green vision for re-designing what the “urban” could be like as the prime motivator for transformation—a vision with potential global sustainability implications.

ACS Style

Joanna Sanecka; Stephan Barthel; Johan Colding. Countryside within the City: A Motivating Vision behind Civic Green Area Stewardship in Warsaw, Poland. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2313 .

AMA Style

Joanna Sanecka, Stephan Barthel, Johan Colding. Countryside within the City: A Motivating Vision behind Civic Green Area Stewardship in Warsaw, Poland. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (6):2313.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Joanna Sanecka; Stephan Barthel; Johan Colding. 2020. "Countryside within the City: A Motivating Vision behind Civic Green Area Stewardship in Warsaw, Poland." Sustainability 12, no. 6: 2313.

Journal article
Published: 07 November 2019 in Smart Cities
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It is often uncritically assumed that, when digital technologies are integrated into the operation of city functions, they inevitably contribute to sustainable urban development. Such a notion rests largely on the belief that Information and Communication Technology (ICT) solutions pave the way for more democratic forms of planning, and that ‘smart’ technological devices result in a range of environmental benefits, e.g., energy efficiency and the mitigation of global warming. Drawing on the scientific literature that deals with ‘smart cities’, we here elaborate on how both propositions fail to consider drawbacks that could be characterized as ‘wicked’, i.e., problems that lack simplistic solutions and straightforward planning responses, and which often come about as ‘management surprises’, as a byproduct of achieving sustainability. We here deal with problems related to public choice constraints, ‘non-choice default technologies’ and the costs of automation for human learning and resilience. To avoid undemocratic forms of planning and too strong a dependence on non-choice default technologies, e.g., smart phones, we recommend that planners and policy makers safeguard redundancy in public-choice options by maintaining a wide range of alternative choices, including analog ones. Resilience thinking could help planners deal more effectively with the ‘wickedness’ of an increasingly hyper-connected society.

ACS Style

Johan Colding; Stephan Barthel; Patrik Sörqvist. Wicked Problems of Smart Cities. Smart Cities 2019, 2, 512 -521.

AMA Style

Johan Colding, Stephan Barthel, Patrik Sörqvist. Wicked Problems of Smart Cities. Smart Cities. 2019; 2 (4):512-521.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Johan Colding; Stephan Barthel; Patrik Sörqvist. 2019. "Wicked Problems of Smart Cities." Smart Cities 2, no. 4: 512-521.

Journal article
Published: 17 May 2019 in Journal of Environmental Psychology
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People’s beliefs in the actions necessary to reduce anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are important to public policy acceptability. The current paper addressed beliefs concerning how periods of small emission cuts contribute to the total CO2 concentration in the atmosphere, by asking participants to rate the atmospheric CO2 concentration for various time periods and emission rates. The participants thought that a time period with higher emission rates combined with a period of lower emission rates generates less atmospheric CO2 in total, compared to the period with high emission rates alone – demonstrating a negative footprint illusion (Study 1). The participants appeared to base their CO2 estimates on the average, rather than on the accumulated sum, of the two periods’ emissions – i.e. an averaging bias (Study 2). Moreover, the effect was robust to the wordings of the problem presented to the participants (Study 3). Together, these studies suggest that the averaging bias makes people exaggerate the benefits of small emission cuts. The averaging bias could make people willing to accept policies that reduce emission rates although insufficiently to alleviate global warming.

ACS Style

Mattias Holmgren; Alan Kabanshi; Linda Langeborg; Stephan Barthel; Johan Colding; Ola Eriksson; Patrik Sörqvist. Deceptive sustainability: Cognitive bias in people's judgment of the benefits of CO2 emission cuts. Journal of Environmental Psychology 2019, 64, 48 -55.

AMA Style

Mattias Holmgren, Alan Kabanshi, Linda Langeborg, Stephan Barthel, Johan Colding, Ola Eriksson, Patrik Sörqvist. Deceptive sustainability: Cognitive bias in people's judgment of the benefits of CO2 emission cuts. Journal of Environmental Psychology. 2019; 64 ():48-55.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mattias Holmgren; Alan Kabanshi; Linda Langeborg; Stephan Barthel; Johan Colding; Ola Eriksson; Patrik Sörqvist. 2019. "Deceptive sustainability: Cognitive bias in people's judgment of the benefits of CO2 emission cuts." Journal of Environmental Psychology 64, no. : 48-55.

Journal article
Published: 06 April 2019 in Landscape and Urban Planning
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An unresolved issue in creating resilient cities is how to obtain sustainability benefits from densification while not eroding the capacity of social-ecological systems to generate wellbeing for urban dwellers. To understand how different relationships between urban form and wellbeing together play out, we analysed geocoded experiential data (1460 experiences from 780 respondents) together with variables of the physical environment. Through statistical and spatial analysis, we operationalised resilience principles to assess what urban environments provide “resilience at eye level” – a diversity of experiences and a level of connectivity between them that limit adverse outcomes. We found 8 typologies of experiential landscapes – distinct compositions of 11 categories of experiences. Our analysis shows that typologies with experiences supportive of wellbeing are diverse and exist in environments that balance residents and workplaces, avoid extreme spatial integration and/or density and have accessible nature. Typologies with many experiences hindering wellbeing fail in one or several of these respects. Our findings suggest that resilience principles can act as a guiding heuristic for urban densification that does not compromise human wellbeing.

ACS Style

Karl Samuelsson; Johan Colding; Stephan Barthel. Urban resilience at eye level: Spatial analysis of empirically defined experiential landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning 2019, 187, 70 -80.

AMA Style

Karl Samuelsson, Johan Colding, Stephan Barthel. Urban resilience at eye level: Spatial analysis of empirically defined experiential landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2019; 187 ():70-80.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Karl Samuelsson; Johan Colding; Stephan Barthel. 2019. "Urban resilience at eye level: Spatial analysis of empirically defined experiential landscapes." Landscape and Urban Planning 187, no. : 70-80.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2019 in Ecology and Society
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ACS Style

Johan Colding; Stephan Barthel. Exploring the social-ecological systems discourse 20 years later. Ecology and Society 2019, 24, 1 .

AMA Style

Johan Colding, Stephan Barthel. Exploring the social-ecological systems discourse 20 years later. Ecology and Society. 2019; 24 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Johan Colding; Stephan Barthel. 2019. "Exploring the social-ecological systems discourse 20 years later." Ecology and Society 24, no. 1: 1.

Review
Published: 31 August 2018 in Ambio
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Smart growth (SG) is widely adopted by planners and policy makers as an environmentally friendly way of building cities. In this paper, we analyze the environmental validity of the SG-approach based on a review of the scientific literature. We found a lack of proof of environmental gains, in combination with a great inconsistency in the measurements of different SG attributes. We found that a surprisingly limited number of studies have actually examined the environmental rationales behind SG, with 34% of those studies displaying negative environmental outcomes of SG. Based on the insights from the review, we propose that research within this context must first be founded in more advanced and consistent knowledge of geographic and spatial analyses. Second, it needs to a greater degree be based on a system’s understanding of urban processes. Third, it needs to aim at making cities more resilient, e.g., against climate-change effects.

ACS Style

Åsa Gren; Johan Colding; Meta Berghauser-Pont; Lars Marcus. How smart is smart growth? Examining the environmental validation behind city compaction. Ambio 2018, 48, 580 -589.

AMA Style

Åsa Gren, Johan Colding, Meta Berghauser-Pont, Lars Marcus. How smart is smart growth? Examining the environmental validation behind city compaction. Ambio. 2018; 48 (6):580-589.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Åsa Gren; Johan Colding; Meta Berghauser-Pont; Lars Marcus. 2018. "How smart is smart growth? Examining the environmental validation behind city compaction." Ambio 48, no. 6: 580-589.

Article commentary
Published: 21 March 2018 in Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science
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Despite several calls in this journal of debating the rapid growth of the literature on “smart cities”, such a debate has in large been absent. Smart cities are often un-critically launched as a sustainable way of developing cities. When cities become increasingly complex as its features are wired into the Internet, theories for their understanding is lagging behind. As it is prospected that a greater number of people and things will become connected by Information and Computer Technology, the complexity of urban systems will over time increase. Historical insights reveal that as complexity in societies increase, growth in energy consumption tends to follow. In this paper, we discuss whether complexity carried too far could lead to diminishing returns of energy saving and create unmanageable urban systems. As part of initiating such a debate, this commentary asks whether the smart cities development has a bearing on the issue whether a society can erode its capacity of sustaining itself? We pose this question against the backdrop that no one actually knows what type of society the smart cities model in the end will generate.

ACS Style

Johan Colding; Magnus Colding; Stephan Barthel. The smart city model: A new panacea for urban sustainability or unmanageable complexity? Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 2018, 47, 179 -187.

AMA Style

Johan Colding, Magnus Colding, Stephan Barthel. The smart city model: A new panacea for urban sustainability or unmanageable complexity? Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science. 2018; 47 (1):179-187.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Johan Colding; Magnus Colding; Stephan Barthel. 2018. "The smart city model: A new panacea for urban sustainability or unmanageable complexity?" Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 47, no. 1: 179-187.

Journal article
Published: 19 December 2017 in Sustainability
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In this paper, we explore the potential for integrating university campuses in a global sustainability agenda for a closer reconnection of urban residents to the biosphere. This calls for a socio-cultural transition that allows universities and colleges to reconnect to the biosphere and become active stewards of the Earth System. Recognizing their pivotal role of fostering coming generations of humans, university campuses represent a unique socio-cultural setting to promote sustainable development in practice. Among others, this involves the nurturing of biodiversity and ecosystem services in the Antropocene era, which is characterized by ongoing climate change and massive loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services. We explore the traditional campus setting, its role as a community for rejuvenating town planning and its role as a governance authority that may promote or retard sustainable development with an ecological focus. We explore the “sustainable” university and describe the campus as an ecosystem and how a resilient campus can be designed to meet the novel and critical challenges of the Anthropocene. We conclude by providing some policy recommendations for higher educational institutes to speed up their ambitions in the area of sustainable biosphere management.

ACS Style

Johan Colding; Stephan Barthel. The Role of University Campuses in Reconnecting Humans to the Biosphere. Sustainability 2017, 9, 2349 .

AMA Style

Johan Colding, Stephan Barthel. The Role of University Campuses in Reconnecting Humans to the Biosphere. Sustainability. 2017; 9 (12):2349.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Johan Colding; Stephan Barthel. 2017. "The Role of University Campuses in Reconnecting Humans to the Biosphere." Sustainability 9, no. 12: 2349.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2017 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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ACS Style

Johan Colding; Stephan Barthel. An urban ecology critique on the “Smart City” model. Journal of Cleaner Production 2017, 164, 95 -101.

AMA Style

Johan Colding, Stephan Barthel. An urban ecology critique on the “Smart City” model. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2017; 164 ():95-101.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Johan Colding; Stephan Barthel. 2017. "An urban ecology critique on the “Smart City” model." Journal of Cleaner Production 164, no. : 95-101.

Article
Published: 17 April 2014 in Ambio
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Within-city green infrastructure can offer opportunities and new contexts for people to become stewards of ecosystem services. We analyze cities as social–ecological systems, synthesize the literature, and provide examples from more than 15 years of research in the Stockholm urban region, Sweden. The social–ecological approach spans from investigating ecosystem properties to the social frameworks and personal values that drive and shape human interactions with nature. Key findings demonstrate that urban ecosystem services are generated by social–ecological systems and that local stewards are critically important. However, land-use planning and management seldom account for their role in the generation of urban ecosystem services. While the small scale patchwork of land uses in cities stimulates intense interactions across borders much focus is still on individual patches. The results highlight the importance and complexity of stewardship of urban biodiversity and ecosystem services and of the planning and governance of urban green infrastructure.

ACS Style

Erik Andersson; Stephan Barthel; Sara Borgström; Johan Colding; Thomas Elmqvist; Carl Folke; Åsa Gren. Reconnecting Cities to the Biosphere: Stewardship of Green Infrastructure and Urban Ecosystem Services. Ambio 2014, 43, 445 -453.

AMA Style

Erik Andersson, Stephan Barthel, Sara Borgström, Johan Colding, Thomas Elmqvist, Carl Folke, Åsa Gren. Reconnecting Cities to the Biosphere: Stewardship of Green Infrastructure and Urban Ecosystem Services. Ambio. 2014; 43 (4):445-453.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Erik Andersson; Stephan Barthel; Sara Borgström; Johan Colding; Thomas Elmqvist; Carl Folke; Åsa Gren. 2014. "Reconnecting Cities to the Biosphere: Stewardship of Green Infrastructure and Urban Ecosystem Services." Ambio 43, no. 4: 445-453.

Journal article
Published: 07 January 2014 in Urban Forestry & Urban Greening
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This study seeks to contribute to a more complete understanding of how urban form influences biodiversity by investigating the effects of green area distribution and that of built form. We investigated breeding bird diversity in three types of housing development with approximately the same amount of tree cover. No significant differences in terms of bird communities were found between housing types in any of the survey periods. However, detached housing, especially with interspersed trees, had more neotropical insectivores and higher overall diversity of insectivores. Based on our results and theory we suggest a complementary approach to managing biodiversity in urban landscapes – instead of maximising the value and quality of individual patches efforts could go into enhancing over-all landscape quality at the neighbourhood scale by splitting up part of the green infrastructure. The relatively small differences in bird communities also suggest that different stakeholder groups may be engaged in management.

ACS Style

Erik Andersson; Johan Colding. Understanding how built urban form influences biodiversity. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 2014, 13, 221 -226.

AMA Style

Erik Andersson, Johan Colding. Understanding how built urban form influences biodiversity. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2014; 13 (2):221-226.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Erik Andersson; Johan Colding. 2014. "Understanding how built urban form influences biodiversity." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 13, no. 2: 221-226.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2014 in Ecology and Society
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ACS Style

Lars Marcus; Johan Colding. Toward an integrated theory of spatial morphology and resilient urban systems. Ecology and Society 2014, 19, 1 .

AMA Style

Lars Marcus, Johan Colding. Toward an integrated theory of spatial morphology and resilient urban systems. Ecology and Society. 2014; 19 (4):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lars Marcus; Johan Colding. 2014. "Toward an integrated theory of spatial morphology and resilient urban systems." Ecology and Society 19, no. 4: 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2013 in Global Environmental Change
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ACS Style

Johan Colding; Stephan Barthel; Pim Bendt; Robbert Snep; Wim van der Knaap; Henrik Ernstson. Urban green commons: Insights on urban common property systems. Global Environmental Change 2013, 23, 1039 -1051.

AMA Style

Johan Colding, Stephan Barthel, Pim Bendt, Robbert Snep, Wim van der Knaap, Henrik Ernstson. Urban green commons: Insights on urban common property systems. Global Environmental Change. 2013; 23 (5):1039-1051.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Johan Colding; Stephan Barthel; Pim Bendt; Robbert Snep; Wim van der Knaap; Henrik Ernstson. 2013. "Urban green commons: Insights on urban common property systems." Global Environmental Change 23, no. 5: 1039-1051.

Book chapter
Published: 05 September 2013 in Urbanization, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Challenges and Opportunities
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In the year 2003, the Stockholm Urban Assessment (SUA) was selected as a sub-global assessment within the global Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA, Ecosystems and human well-being: synthesis. Island Press, Washington, DC, 2005). This chapter revisits SUA and fills in important knowledge gaps in the assessment as well as provides insights on urban resilience building. The chapter applies a critical perspective on the present urban development trajectory of the Stockholm metropolitan area. It emphasizes the need to understand ways in which informally managed green spaces contribute to ecological functions in urban settings. The chapter provides a background of the Stockholm region and the current challenges it faces, followed by a synthesis of the major insights conveyed in SUA related to informal ecosystem management. The chapter concludes by proposing policy recommendations of general implications for urban resilience building.

ACS Style

Johan Colding. Local Assessment of Stockholm: Revisiting the Stockholm Urban Assessment. Urbanization, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Challenges and Opportunities 2013, 313 -335.

AMA Style

Johan Colding. Local Assessment of Stockholm: Revisiting the Stockholm Urban Assessment. Urbanization, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Challenges and Opportunities. 2013; ():313-335.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Johan Colding. 2013. "Local Assessment of Stockholm: Revisiting the Stockholm Urban Assessment." Urbanization, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Challenges and Opportunities , no. : 313-335.

Book chapter
Published: 05 September 2013 in Urbanization, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Challenges and Opportunities
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In many of the areas presently occupied by European cities, settlements were formed already in Neolithic times, when the continent was colonized by agriculturalists (9500 B.C. onwards). The re-colonization of European plants and animals after the last Ice Age, which covered large areas of Europe, was not completed before human influence began to cause local disturbances, meaning that the native biodiversity has evolved under human influence. The long history of urban development in Europe, and the location of cities in fertile river valleys, are at least two reasons of why many European cities are often characterized by higher species richness of plants and animals than some of the surrounding rural areas. The long history of co-evolution may be a particular factor explaining why European plants and animals worldwide tend to successfully establish in areas with dense human population.

ACS Style

Jakub Kronenberg; Azime Tezer; Dagmar Haase; Johan Colding. Regional Assessment of Europe. Urbanization, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Challenges and Opportunities 2013, 275 -278.

AMA Style

Jakub Kronenberg, Azime Tezer, Dagmar Haase, Johan Colding. Regional Assessment of Europe. Urbanization, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Challenges and Opportunities. 2013; ():275-278.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jakub Kronenberg; Azime Tezer; Dagmar Haase; Johan Colding. 2013. "Regional Assessment of Europe." Urbanization, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Challenges and Opportunities , no. : 275-278.