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Recently, the European Commission identified the goal to achieve a double transition—ecological and digital—as one of the greatest challenges on the areas of the planet across various sectors of the society
Antonio Ruiz-Canales; Manuel García. Sustainable Applications in Agriculture. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4136 .
AMA StyleAntonio Ruiz-Canales, Manuel García. Sustainable Applications in Agriculture. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (8):4136.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAntonio Ruiz-Canales; Manuel García. 2021. "Sustainable Applications in Agriculture." Sustainability 13, no. 8: 4136.
Agriculture is an activity linked to the environment and has a great influence on climate change. As more and more crops are producing in less time, agricultural production is intensified and water consumption and energy demand is increasing. Since the energy consumed is not renewable, greenhouse gases (GHG) are emitted and their concentration in the atmosphere increases. The objective of this article is to apply various methodologies for the precise quantification of the carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-eq) and GHG emissions in the management of irrigation water and energy in ten water user’s associations (WUAs) in the southeast of Spain. All the studied WUAs include irrigation facilities. This paper is based on obtained data in different water and energy audits during 2017. The concept of “irrigation water management” considered in the article covers the process from its extraction through management data to its transport and application to crops through irrigation systems, as well as the reception of water. The way in which water and energy is used to irrigate crops is taken into account. Moreover, the type of energy used for irrigation and at what moment energy is demanded influence the total amount of generated GHG emissions. The tariff periods for electricity and the water needs of the crops planted also has to be taken into account, as well as the economic emissions valuation.
Amparo Melián-Navarro; Antonio Ruiz-Canales. Evaluation in Carbon Dioxide Equivalent and CHG Emissions for Water and Energy Management in Water Users Associations. A Case Study in the Southeast of Spain. Water 2020, 12, 3536 .
AMA StyleAmparo Melián-Navarro, Antonio Ruiz-Canales. Evaluation in Carbon Dioxide Equivalent and CHG Emissions for Water and Energy Management in Water Users Associations. A Case Study in the Southeast of Spain. Water. 2020; 12 (12):3536.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmparo Melián-Navarro; Antonio Ruiz-Canales. 2020. "Evaluation in Carbon Dioxide Equivalent and CHG Emissions for Water and Energy Management in Water Users Associations. A Case Study in the Southeast of Spain." Water 12, no. 12: 3536.
Lethal Bronzing Disease (LB) is a disease of palms caused by the 16SrIV-D phytoplasma. A low-cost electronic nose (eNose) prototype was trialed for its detection. It includes an array of eight Taguchi-type (MQ) sensors (MQ135, MQ2, MQ3, MQ4, MQ5, MQ9, MQ7, and MQ8) controlled by an Arduino NANO® microcontroller, using heater voltages that vary sinusoidally over a 2.5 min cycle. Samples of uninfected, early symptomatic, moderate symptomatic, and late symptomatic infected palm leaves of the cabbage palm were processed and analyzed. MQ sensor responses were subjected to a 256 element discrete Fourier transform (DFT), and harmonic component amplitudes were reviewed by principal component analysis (PCA). The experiment was repeated three times, each showing clear evidence of differences in sensor responses between the samples of uninfected leaves and those in the early stages of infection. Within each experiment, four groups of responses were identified, demonstrating the ability of the unit to repeatedly distinguish healthy leaves from diseased ones; however, detection of the severity of infection has not been demonstrated. By selecting appropriate coefficients (here demonstrated with plots of MQ5 Cos1 vs. MQ8 Sin3), it should be possible to build a ruleset classifier to identify healthy and unhealthy samples.
Martin Oates; Nawaf Abu-Khalaf; Carlos Molina-Cabrera; Antonio Ruiz-Canales; Jose Ramos; Brian Bahder. Detection of Lethal Bronzing Disease in Cabbage Palms (Sabal palmetto) Using a Low-Cost Electronic Nose. Biosensors 2020, 10, 188 .
AMA StyleMartin Oates, Nawaf Abu-Khalaf, Carlos Molina-Cabrera, Antonio Ruiz-Canales, Jose Ramos, Brian Bahder. Detection of Lethal Bronzing Disease in Cabbage Palms (Sabal palmetto) Using a Low-Cost Electronic Nose. Biosensors. 2020; 10 (11):188.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartin Oates; Nawaf Abu-Khalaf; Carlos Molina-Cabrera; Antonio Ruiz-Canales; Jose Ramos; Brian Bahder. 2020. "Detection of Lethal Bronzing Disease in Cabbage Palms (Sabal palmetto) Using a Low-Cost Electronic Nose." Biosensors 10, no. 11: 188.
This paper reveals reductions of up to 485 t CO2 eq (CO2 equivalent) of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of energy origin associated with the water-energy binomial which can be achieved after modernizing and automating a Water User Association (WUA) of over 1780 users with microplots in a total area of 775 ha in southeastern Spain. This case study aims to show how the latest advances in information and communication technologies (ICTs) for precision agriculture are being applied efficiently with the implementation of a Smart Agri system, capable of making improvements through the use of renewable energies (64.49% of the total CO2e- avoided), automation in irrigation water management, by applying adequate governance, use of ICTs (731,014 m3 per water footprint reduction with 20.41% of total CO2 eq of associated electrical origin), hydraulic improvements (283,995 m3 per water footprint reduction, 13.77% of the total CO2 eq of associated electrical origin) and reduction of evaporation in reservoirs (26,022 m3 of water by water footprint reduction with 1.33% of the total CO2 eq electrical origin avoided) that act as batteries to accumulate the daily solar energy and enable watering at night, when irrigation is most efficient. It is important to consider the valuable contribution of these artificial green lungs, not only in terms of food for the European Union, but also as a CO2 eq sink that supports the planet’s GHGs. As shown in this study, this is made possible by the joint governance led by the Water Users Association (WUA) and co-led by different management organizations with the support of ICT.
Jesús Chazarra-Zapata; Dolores Parras-Burgos; Francisco-Javier Pérez-De-La-Cruz; Antonio Ruíz-Canales; José Miguel Molina-Martínez. Reducing the Carbon Footprint of the Water-Energy Binomial through Governance and ICT. A Case Study. Water 2020, 12, 3187 .
AMA StyleJesús Chazarra-Zapata, Dolores Parras-Burgos, Francisco-Javier Pérez-De-La-Cruz, Antonio Ruíz-Canales, José Miguel Molina-Martínez. Reducing the Carbon Footprint of the Water-Energy Binomial through Governance and ICT. A Case Study. Water. 2020; 12 (11):3187.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJesús Chazarra-Zapata; Dolores Parras-Burgos; Francisco-Javier Pérez-De-La-Cruz; Antonio Ruíz-Canales; José Miguel Molina-Martínez. 2020. "Reducing the Carbon Footprint of the Water-Energy Binomial through Governance and ICT. A Case Study." Water 12, no. 11: 3187.
Irrigation is one of the most important activities in crop management. The aim of irrigation scheduling is to supply the correct amount of water to the crops and define appropriate irrigation times. The rational behavior of intelligent agents added to internet of things technologies could be a strategy for improving the performance of automatic irrigation systems. This paper presents the design and implementation of a cyber-physical crop irrigation system, based on the intelligent agent concept. The system allows the acquisition of field information through sensors, the application of water according to a decision system and the activation of solenoid valves. Communication capabilities and the performance measurement, the environment, the actuation and sensing systems (PEAS) are explained. Monitoring in the farm or remotely from other locations is achieved with a central station and its internet connectivity. The performance evaluation of the system was made using crop modelling software and an experimental crop in a field located in the large-scale irrigation and drainage district of Chicamocha and Firavitoba (Usochicamocha) in Boyacá – Colombia. The developed system allowed maintaining soil moisture close to field capacity with several irrigation strategies, and avoiding losses and excesses in the use of water resources.
Andres-F Jimenez; Pedro-F Cardenas; Fabian Jimenez; Antonio Ruiz-Canales; Angel López. A cyber-physical intelligent agent for irrigation scheduling in horticultural crops. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 2020, 178, 105777 .
AMA StyleAndres-F Jimenez, Pedro-F Cardenas, Fabian Jimenez, Antonio Ruiz-Canales, Angel López. A cyber-physical intelligent agent for irrigation scheduling in horticultural crops. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 2020; 178 ():105777.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndres-F Jimenez; Pedro-F Cardenas; Fabian Jimenez; Antonio Ruiz-Canales; Angel López. 2020. "A cyber-physical intelligent agent for irrigation scheduling in horticultural crops." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 178, no. : 105777.
Currently, water users associations (WUAs) in semi-arid areas of southeastern Spain (Murcia region) send a multitude of data supplied by sensors in the field to the cloud. The constant technological revolution offers opportunities for small farms not to be abandoned, thanks to the Internet of Things (IoT). This technology allows them to continue to manage remotely using smartphones/tablets/laptops. This new system contributes to the mitigation of climate change from several aspects: reduction of water footprint and energy consumption (in the pumps that pressurize the grid, such as in the optimization of the proposed solution, by using batteries that communicate in low radiation of electric and magnetic alternating fields (LoRad), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), or narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), or clean energy). The analysis of these data and the incorporation of new IoT technologies facilitate the maintenance of green roofs and ensure the continuity of these farms. The direct benefit obtained is remarkable CO2 removal that prevents desertification by the abandonment of arable land. This communication shows the implementation of a Smart Agri system in areas with micro-plots (surface less than 0.5 ha) with low-cost technology based on long-range (LoRa) systems, easily maintainable by personnel with basic knowledge of automation, which transforms into a very interesting solution for regions with development roads. In addition, complex orography and difficult access are added in both physical and technological environments. The main technical limitations found in such plots are poor coverage for mobile phones and unworkable and expensive implementation by wiring or WiFi/radio systems. Currently, thanks to the Smart Agri system implemented in this WUA in Murcia, farmers can manage and control the irrigation systems in their plots from home. Then, they cannot lose their crops and respect the isolation conditions imposed by the Spanish government as a result of the alarm caused by COVID-19.
Jesús Chazarra-Zapata; Dolores Parras-Burgos; Carlos Arteaga; Antonio Ruiz-Canales; José Miguel Molina-Martínez. Adaptation of a Traditional Irrigation System of Micro-Plots to Smart Agri Development: A Case Study in Murcia (Spain). Agronomy 2020, 10, 1365 .
AMA StyleJesús Chazarra-Zapata, Dolores Parras-Burgos, Carlos Arteaga, Antonio Ruiz-Canales, José Miguel Molina-Martínez. Adaptation of a Traditional Irrigation System of Micro-Plots to Smart Agri Development: A Case Study in Murcia (Spain). Agronomy. 2020; 10 (9):1365.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJesús Chazarra-Zapata; Dolores Parras-Burgos; Carlos Arteaga; Antonio Ruiz-Canales; José Miguel Molina-Martínez. 2020. "Adaptation of a Traditional Irrigation System of Micro-Plots to Smart Agri Development: A Case Study in Murcia (Spain)." Agronomy 10, no. 9: 1365.
Water resources management is a priority issue in agriculture, especially in areas with water supply problems. Recently, one of the most widespread technologies for measuring crop water requirements are weighing lysimeters. Nevertheless, this type of lysimeters are of large dimensions and require a civil work for their installation. In this article, we present a weighing lysimeter prototype (1000 × 600 mm2 and 350 mm depth) designed to be used in agricultural farming of horticultural crops. We described the design details that includes ease of assembly, carriage and minimum soil alteration. Structural design results and construction process are also provided showing their performance under different tractors scenarios. The measurements accuracy results show the outcomes of the prototype after being tested. Finally, we discuss our design and measurements results by comparing them with other weighing lysimeters. In comparison, the prototype designed is an accurate and reliable device which reduces the surface and depth of the current weighing lysimeters.
Juan Antonio Nicolás-Cuevas; Dolores Parras-Burgos; Manuel Soler-Méndez; Antonio Ruiz-Canales; José Miguel Molina-Martínez. Removable Weighing Lysimeter for Use in Horticultural Crops. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 4865 .
AMA StyleJuan Antonio Nicolás-Cuevas, Dolores Parras-Burgos, Manuel Soler-Méndez, Antonio Ruiz-Canales, José Miguel Molina-Martínez. Removable Weighing Lysimeter for Use in Horticultural Crops. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (14):4865.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJuan Antonio Nicolás-Cuevas; Dolores Parras-Burgos; Manuel Soler-Méndez; Antonio Ruiz-Canales; José Miguel Molina-Martínez. 2020. "Removable Weighing Lysimeter for Use in Horticultural Crops." Applied Sciences 10, no. 14: 4865.
The climate change that plagues the world is causing extended periods of water shortage. This situation is forcing farmers in the region of Murcia in Spain to modernize their irrigation systems to optimize use of the scarce water they have and seek a circular water economy using the recovered water. Moreover, an associated problem is the need for energy that these facilities require in order to pressurize the required water. The use of photovoltaic generation contributes to the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Food produced in this region tends to have guaranteed markets in Europe and, geographically, due to the high quality of phytosanitary controls and traceability during their marketing, their optimal cultivation, and selection and labelling is verified, specifying valuable information such as: collection date, origin, the use of organic fertilizers among others. To maintain market access, it is important to continue implementing other environmental improvements, i.e., reductions in either hydro or carbon footprints. Previous studies have failed to include the prospect of environmental use of isolated facilities to replace existing consumption, seeking the monetarization of the facility as well as prioritizing the reduction of GHG. Previous studies have failed to include the perspective of environmental use of isolated photovoltaic installations, based on existing consumption, thus, going beyond the monetarization of the facility, to prioritize the reduction of GHG applied in practice by environmentally sensitized farmers. This study was conducted in an existing facility with great technical complexity and three different sources of water supply, over 1500 plots and an altitude range in plots and reservoirs of more than 400 m.
Jesús Chazarra-Zapata; José Miguel Molina-Martínez; Francisco-Javier Pérez De La Cruz; Dolores Parras-Burgos; Antonio Ruíz Canales. How to Reduce the Carbon Footprint of an Irrigation Community in the South-East of Spain by Use of Solar Energy. Energies 2020, 13, 2848 .
AMA StyleJesús Chazarra-Zapata, José Miguel Molina-Martínez, Francisco-Javier Pérez De La Cruz, Dolores Parras-Burgos, Antonio Ruíz Canales. How to Reduce the Carbon Footprint of an Irrigation Community in the South-East of Spain by Use of Solar Energy. Energies. 2020; 13 (11):2848.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJesús Chazarra-Zapata; José Miguel Molina-Martínez; Francisco-Javier Pérez De La Cruz; Dolores Parras-Burgos; Antonio Ruíz Canales. 2020. "How to Reduce the Carbon Footprint of an Irrigation Community in the South-East of Spain by Use of Solar Energy." Energies 13, no. 11: 2848.
The proposed approach for estimating reference evapotranspiration allows obtaining accurate approximations of this important crop parameter in an inexpensive way by using moisture sensors, which can be translated to an optimization of water resources.
Antonio Fernández-López; Daniel Marín-Sánchez; Ginés García-Mateos; Antonio Ruiz-Canales; Manuel Ferrández-Villena-García; José Miguel Molina-Martínez. A Machine Learning Method to Estimate Reference Evapotranspiration Using Soil Moisture Sensors. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 1912 .
AMA StyleAntonio Fernández-López, Daniel Marín-Sánchez, Ginés García-Mateos, Antonio Ruiz-Canales, Manuel Ferrández-Villena-García, José Miguel Molina-Martínez. A Machine Learning Method to Estimate Reference Evapotranspiration Using Soil Moisture Sensors. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (6):1912.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAntonio Fernández-López; Daniel Marín-Sánchez; Ginés García-Mateos; Antonio Ruiz-Canales; Manuel Ferrández-Villena-García; José Miguel Molina-Martínez. 2020. "A Machine Learning Method to Estimate Reference Evapotranspiration Using Soil Moisture Sensors." Applied Sciences 10, no. 6: 1912.
Olive pitting, slicing and stuffing machines (DRR in Spanish) are characterized by the fact that their optimal functioning is based on appropriate adjustments. Traditional systems are not completely reliable because their minimum error rate is 1–2%, which can result in fruit loss, since the pitting process is not infallible, and food safety issues can arise. Such minimum errors are impossible to remove through mechanical adjustments. In order to achieve this objective, an innovative solution must be provided in order to remove errors at operating speed rates over 2500 olives/min. This work analyzes the appropriate placement of olives in the pockets of the feed chain by using the following items: (1) An IoT System to control the DRR machine and the data analysis. (2) A computer vision system with an external shot camera and a LED lighting system, which takes a picture of every pocket passing in front of the camera. (3) A chip with a neural network for classification that, once trained, classifies between four possible pocket cases: empty, normal, incorrectly de-stoned olives at any angles (also known as a “boat”), and an anomalous case (foreign elements such as leafs, small branches or stones, two olives or small parts of olives in the same pocket). The main objective of this paper is to illustrate how with the use of a system based on IoT and a physical chip (NeuroMem CM1K, General Vision Inc.) with neural networks for sorting purposes, it is possible to optimize the functionality of this type of machine by remotely analyzing the data obtained. The use of classifying hardware allows it to work at the nominal operating speed for these machines. This would be limited if other classifying techniques based on software were used.
Alberto Lucas Pascual; Antonio Madueño Luna; Manuel De Jódar Lázaro; José Miguel Molina Martínez; Antonio Ruiz Canales; José Miguel Madueño Luna; Meritxell Justicia Segovia. Analysis of the Functionality of the Feed Chain in Olive Pitting, Slicing and Stuffing Machines by IoT, Computer Vision and Neural Network Diagnosis. Sensors 2020, 20, 1541 .
AMA StyleAlberto Lucas Pascual, Antonio Madueño Luna, Manuel De Jódar Lázaro, José Miguel Molina Martínez, Antonio Ruiz Canales, José Miguel Madueño Luna, Meritxell Justicia Segovia. Analysis of the Functionality of the Feed Chain in Olive Pitting, Slicing and Stuffing Machines by IoT, Computer Vision and Neural Network Diagnosis. Sensors. 2020; 20 (5):1541.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlberto Lucas Pascual; Antonio Madueño Luna; Manuel De Jódar Lázaro; José Miguel Molina Martínez; Antonio Ruiz Canales; José Miguel Madueño Luna; Meritxell Justicia Segovia. 2020. "Analysis of the Functionality of the Feed Chain in Olive Pitting, Slicing and Stuffing Machines by IoT, Computer Vision and Neural Network Diagnosis." Sensors 20, no. 5: 1541.
There are about 90 different varieties of chickpeas around the world. In Iran, where this study takes place, there are five species that are the most popular (Adel, Arman, Azad, Bevanij and Hashem), with different properties and prices. However, distinguishing them manually is difficult because they have very similar morphological characteristics. In this research, two different computer vision methods for the classification of the variety of chickpeas are proposed and compared. The images were captured with an industrial camera in Kermanshah, Iran. The first method is based on color and texture features extraction, followed by a selection of the most effective features, and classification with a hybrid of artificial neural networks and particle swarm optimization (ANN-PSO). The second method is not based on an explicit extraction of features; instead, image patches (RGB pixel values) are directly used as input for a three-layered backpropagation ANN. The first method achieved a correct classification rate (CCR) of 97.0%, while the second approach achieved a CCR of 99.3%. These results prove that visual classification of fruit varieties in agriculture can be done in a very precise way using a suitable method. Although both techniques are feasible, the second method is generic and more easily applicable to other types of crops, since it is not based on a set of given features.
Razieh Pourdarbani; Sajad Sabzi; Víctor Manuel García-Amicis; Ginés García-Mateos; José Miguel Molina-Martínez; Antonio Ruiz-Canales. Automatic Classification of Chickpea Varieties Using Computer Vision Techniques. Agronomy 2019, 9, 672 .
AMA StyleRazieh Pourdarbani, Sajad Sabzi, Víctor Manuel García-Amicis, Ginés García-Mateos, José Miguel Molina-Martínez, Antonio Ruiz-Canales. Automatic Classification of Chickpea Varieties Using Computer Vision Techniques. Agronomy. 2019; 9 (11):672.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRazieh Pourdarbani; Sajad Sabzi; Víctor Manuel García-Amicis; Ginés García-Mateos; José Miguel Molina-Martínez; Antonio Ruiz-Canales. 2019. "Automatic Classification of Chickpea Varieties Using Computer Vision Techniques." Agronomy 9, no. 11: 672.
The estimation of the ripening state in orchards helps improve post-harvest processes. Picking fruits based on their stage of maturity can reduce the cost of storage and increase market outcomes. Moreover, aerial images and the estimated ripeness can be used as indicators for detecting water stress and determining the water applied during irrigation. Additionally, they can also be related to the crop coefficient (Kc) of seasonal water needs. The purpose of this research is to develop a new computer vision algorithm to detect the existing fruits in aerial images of an apple cultivar (of Red Delicious variety) and estimate their ripeness stage among four possible classes: unripe, half-ripe, ripe, and overripe. The proposed method is based on a combination of the most effective color features and a classifier based on artificial neural networks optimized with genetic algorithms. The obtained results indicate an average classification accuracy of 97.88%, over a dataset of 8390 images and 27,687 apples, and values of the area under the ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve near or above 0.99 for all classes. We believe this is a remarkable performance that allows a proper non-intrusive estimation of ripening that will help to improve harvesting strategies.
Sajad Sabzi; Yousef Abbaspour-Gilandeh; Ginés García-Mateos; Antonio Ruiz-Canales; José Miguel Molina-Martínez; Juan Ignacio Arribas. An Automatic Non-Destructive Method for the Classification of the Ripeness Stage of Red Delicious Apples in Orchards Using Aerial Video. Agronomy 2019, 9, 84 .
AMA StyleSajad Sabzi, Yousef Abbaspour-Gilandeh, Ginés García-Mateos, Antonio Ruiz-Canales, José Miguel Molina-Martínez, Juan Ignacio Arribas. An Automatic Non-Destructive Method for the Classification of the Ripeness Stage of Red Delicious Apples in Orchards Using Aerial Video. Agronomy. 2019; 9 (2):84.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSajad Sabzi; Yousef Abbaspour-Gilandeh; Ginés García-Mateos; Antonio Ruiz-Canales; José Miguel Molina-Martínez; Juan Ignacio Arribas. 2019. "An Automatic Non-Destructive Method for the Classification of the Ripeness Stage of Red Delicious Apples in Orchards Using Aerial Video." Agronomy 9, no. 2: 84.
Due to the limitations of drones and satellites to obtain aerial images of the crops in real time, the time to flight delay, the problems caused by adverse weather conditions and other issues, the use of fixed cameras placed on the regions of interest is essential to get closer, periodic and on-demand images. Water management in agriculture is one of the most important applications of these images. Top view images of a crop can be processed for determining the percentage of green cover (PGC), and 2D images from different viewing angles can be applied for obtaining 3D models of the crops. In both cases, the obtained data can be managed for calculating several parameters such as crop evapotranspiration, water demand, detection of water deficit and indicators about solute transport of fertilizers in the plant. For this purpose, a remote image capture system has been developed for an application in lettuce crops. The system consists of several capture nodes and a local processing base station which includes image processing algorithms to obtain key features for decision-making in irrigation and harvesting strategies. Placing multiple image capture nodes allows obtaining different observation zones that are representative of the entire crop. The nodes have been designed to have autonomous power supply and wireless connection with the base station. This station carries out irrigation and harvesting decisions using the results of the processing of the images captured by the nodes and the information of other local sensors. The wireless connection is made using the ZigBee communication architecture, supported by XBee hardware. The two main benefits of this choice are its low energy consumption and the long range of the connection.
Antonio Mateo-Aroca; Ginés García-Mateos; Antonio Ruiz-Canales; José María Molina-García-Pardo; José Miguel Molina-Martínez. Remote Image Capture System to Improve Aerial Supervision for Precision Irrigation in Agriculture. Water 2019, 11, 255 .
AMA StyleAntonio Mateo-Aroca, Ginés García-Mateos, Antonio Ruiz-Canales, José María Molina-García-Pardo, José Miguel Molina-Martínez. Remote Image Capture System to Improve Aerial Supervision for Precision Irrigation in Agriculture. Water. 2019; 11 (2):255.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAntonio Mateo-Aroca; Ginés García-Mateos; Antonio Ruiz-Canales; José María Molina-García-Pardo; José Miguel Molina-Martínez. 2019. "Remote Image Capture System to Improve Aerial Supervision for Precision Irrigation in Agriculture." Water 11, no. 2: 255.
Due to the changes in the lighting intensity and conditions throughout the day, machine vision systems used in precision agriculture for irrigation management should be prepared for all possible conditions. For this purpose, a complete segmentation algorithm has been developed for a case study on apple fruit segmentation in outdoor conditions using aerial images. This algorithm has been trained and tested using videos with 16 different light intensities from apple orchards during the day. The proposed segmentation algorithm consists of five main steps: (1) transforming frames in RGB to CIE L*u*v* color space and applying thresholds on image pixels; (2) computing texture features of local standard deviation; (3) using intensity transformation to remove background pixels; (4) color segmentation applying different thresholds in RGB space; and (5) applying morphological operators to refine the results. During the training process of this algorithm, it was observed that frames in different light conditions had more than 58% color sharing. Results showed that the accuracy of the proposed segmentation algorithm is higher than 99.12%, outperforming other methods in the state of the art that were compared. The processed images are aerial photographs like those obtained from a camera installed in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). This accurate result will enable more efficient support in the decision making for irrigation and harvesting strategies.
Sajad Sabzi; Yousef Abbaspour-Gilandeh; Ginés García-Mateos; Antonio Ruiz-Canales; José Miguel Molina-Martínez. Segmentation of Apples in Aerial Images under Sixteen Different Lighting Conditions Using Color and Texture for Optimal Irrigation. Water 2018, 10, 1634 .
AMA StyleSajad Sabzi, Yousef Abbaspour-Gilandeh, Ginés García-Mateos, Antonio Ruiz-Canales, José Miguel Molina-Martínez. Segmentation of Apples in Aerial Images under Sixteen Different Lighting Conditions Using Color and Texture for Optimal Irrigation. Water. 2018; 10 (11):1634.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSajad Sabzi; Yousef Abbaspour-Gilandeh; Ginés García-Mateos; Antonio Ruiz-Canales; José Miguel Molina-Martínez. 2018. "Segmentation of Apples in Aerial Images under Sixteen Different Lighting Conditions Using Color and Texture for Optimal Irrigation." Water 10, no. 11: 1634.
Low-cost electronic noses, i.e. arrays of non-specific gas sensors, have many applications for quality assessment in the food production, storage and retail industries. Classifying properties of natural products by analysing their volatile organic compound (VOC) patterns allows fraudulent and mis-represented goods to be identified and removed, before they enter the consumer market. Early results from a small study performed on olive oils demonstrate that a low cost electronic nose device based on an array of MQ-series SnO2 gas sensors has the potential to correctly classify differing qualities of olive oils, with accuracies in the range 67–77%. Results confirm that use of sinusoidally varying heater voltage cycles on some MQ sensors improves their sensitivity, selectivity and susceptibility to drift. By using discrete Fourier transform analysis of the sensor responses, the unit discriminates between virgin/extra virgin and blended/chemically extracted pomace oils with prediction accuracies in the range 88–91%. There is also evidence that, with refinement, the unit may be capable of distinguishing among certain olive varieties. The unit can be assembled for around 30 euro.
Martin J. Oates; Patrick Fox; Lucia Sanchez-Rodriguez; Ángel A. Carbonell-Barrachina; Antonio Ruiz-Canales. DFT based classification of olive oil type using a sinusoidally heated, low cost electronic nose. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 2018, 155, 348 -358.
AMA StyleMartin J. Oates, Patrick Fox, Lucia Sanchez-Rodriguez, Ángel A. Carbonell-Barrachina, Antonio Ruiz-Canales. DFT based classification of olive oil type using a sinusoidally heated, low cost electronic nose. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 2018; 155 ():348-358.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartin J. Oates; Patrick Fox; Lucia Sanchez-Rodriguez; Ángel A. Carbonell-Barrachina; Antonio Ruiz-Canales. 2018. "DFT based classification of olive oil type using a sinusoidally heated, low cost electronic nose." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 155, no. : 348-358.
Waste water is widely used for irrigation purposes in agriculture and in the case of rice it is not only a normal but a frequent practice, due to the large water demands of this crop. However, this highly beneficial system, due to its use of such a valuable resource, is not entirely free from risks, one of which is that recycled water may contain small quantities of heavy metals whose accumulation could prove toxic to the environment, animals and humans. Heavy metals are usually found in higher concentrations in recycled urban and industrial waste water than in normal surface or ground irrigation water. They may not only cause toxicity problems in plants, but also in animals and in the people that consume them, or in the people that consume the animals that feed on the plants, with the associated risk of bioaccumulation, as in the case of boron, which can cause blindness. Elements that can have toxic effects on plants and animals in small concentrations include: boron, cadmium, copper, nickel, molybdenum, zinc and iron. Recycled irrigation water from urban areas does not usually contain an alarming amount of metals, except in cases in which waste water is collected from certain industries. This study focuses on the evolution along an irrigation line of the effects of using recycled urban waste water (with secondary treatment) on rice crops and on the cultivation medium. Its novel contribution as regards previous research on the use of urban waste water in agriculture and its effects on crops and the environment lies in the fact that we not only followed the time evolution throughout various crop cycles, but also the linear (spatial) evolution of concentrations in specific chemical parameters of the land flooded to grow rice, mapping the changes with the help of geographical information systems. The study included the analysis of the evolution of five heavy metals (B, Cu, Cr, Ni and Zn) in soils and rice crops on five farms along an irrigation line throughout three crop cycles. In alkaline soils such as that involved in this study, the metals are in general retained in the soil and do not pass into the plants to cause toxicity problems, but even so, with continuous long-term irrigation heavy metals can accumulate, and in the case of rice this situation is likely to arise. In the study we always considered the possibility that this crop is a heavy metal filter that prevents toxic elements from reaching the consumer.
J. Martínez-Cortijo; A. Ruiz-Canales. Effect of heavy metals on rice irrigated fields with waste water in high pH Mediterranean soils: The particular case of the Valencia area in Spain. Agricultural Water Management 2018, 210, 108 -123.
AMA StyleJ. Martínez-Cortijo, A. Ruiz-Canales. Effect of heavy metals on rice irrigated fields with waste water in high pH Mediterranean soils: The particular case of the Valencia area in Spain. Agricultural Water Management. 2018; 210 ():108-123.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ. Martínez-Cortijo; A. Ruiz-Canales. 2018. "Effect of heavy metals on rice irrigated fields with waste water in high pH Mediterranean soils: The particular case of the Valencia area in Spain." Agricultural Water Management 210, no. : 108-123.
Frequency Domain Analysis (FDA), as an approach, has been developed for the measurement of soil dielectric constants. As it stands, the standard dielectric of dry soil is much less than the dielectric of soil exposed to water, and the volume of water present significantly affects the propagation of electromagnetic waves. With this in mind, this paper proposes a plan for the design and implementation of two distinct isolated probe structures for the measurement of water contents within the soil at different levels. Accordingly, Probe A is used to determine the water level present in soil at four different depths. Probe A does this by utilizing pairs of parabolic copper sections fixed horizontally and isolated over the outer surface of an access tube. Probe B, on the other hand, makes use of two steel rings buried vertically inside of an access tube, and is used to determine the water contents of soil on two levels. To do so, a fixed frequency square-wave is transmitted to measure the soil capacitance in which the probe sensors are connected to an Arduino microcontroller which also included air humidity, air temperature, and soil temperature sensors. During the experimental assessment of both probes, the results are loaded onto an SD memory card and are then compared with the results of other commercial sensors installed in the same irrigated plot. The soil moisture monitoring station used is powered by a photovoltaic (PV) module of 10 W 12 V and a storage battery of 12 Ah. The experimental monitoring station used to assess the efficiency of both probe designs was set up in a Mediterranean semiarid zone in the Southeast of Spain.
Khaled Mohamed Ramadan; Martin John Oates; José Miguel Molina-Martinez; Antonio Ruiz-Canales. Design and implementation of a low cost photovoltaic soil moisture monitoring station for irrigation scheduling with different frequency domain analysis probe structures. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 2018, 148, 148 -159.
AMA StyleKhaled Mohamed Ramadan, Martin John Oates, José Miguel Molina-Martinez, Antonio Ruiz-Canales. Design and implementation of a low cost photovoltaic soil moisture monitoring station for irrigation scheduling with different frequency domain analysis probe structures. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 2018; 148 ():148-159.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhaled Mohamed Ramadan; Martin John Oates; José Miguel Molina-Martinez; Antonio Ruiz-Canales. 2018. "Design and implementation of a low cost photovoltaic soil moisture monitoring station for irrigation scheduling with different frequency domain analysis probe structures." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 148, no. : 148-159.
Resumen El agua no es sólo química ni física. También es cultura e ideología, por lo que, aparte de ser una necesidad biológica perentoria, puede transmutarse, no precisamente por alquimia, en ‘agua bendita’ o en ‘oro azul’. La relevancia del agua consiste, pues, no sólo en satisfacer una función orgánica de importancia vital, sino en su capacidad para adoptar un valor simbólico añadido que trascienda lo puramente biológico. Partiendo de esta premisa y desde la perspectiva teórica de la economía política, el agua es susceptible de ser transformada en ‘capital social’, en ‘capital político’ o en ‘capital económico’, en función de que sus valores antropológicos se traduzcan en clave de ‘solidaridad’, de ‘autoridad’ o de ‘rentabilidad’. Se transmuta simbólicamente en ‘solidaridad’, cuando el líquido elemento se convierte en un derecho humano socialmente garantizado para todos sus usuarios sin distinción dentro de una comunidad dada; se traduce en autoridad, cuando se torna en una fuente de poder político desde el cual se regula el acceso de su disfrute a un mayor o menor número de beneficiarios; se interpreta en clave de rentabilidad, cuando se trasluce en una oportunidad de negocio dependiendo de la ganancia económica obtenida de su uso.Palabras clave: gestión hídrica, reciprocidad, redistribución, mercado, capital social, capital político, capital económico, trasvases, agua envasada.
Rafael Ángel Cuesta Ávila; Antonio Ruíz Canales; Joan Miquel Tomás I Tomás. Del agua y sus economías: Sobre tres modelos de gestión de los recursos hídricos. Otra Economía 2015, 9, 1 .
AMA StyleRafael Ángel Cuesta Ávila, Antonio Ruíz Canales, Joan Miquel Tomás I Tomás. Del agua y sus economías: Sobre tres modelos de gestión de los recursos hídricos. Otra Economía. 2015; 9 (16):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRafael Ángel Cuesta Ávila; Antonio Ruíz Canales; Joan Miquel Tomás I Tomás. 2015. "Del agua y sus economías: Sobre tres modelos de gestión de los recursos hídricos." Otra Economía 9, no. 16: 1.
Agricultural weather stations are normally utilized to register weather variables (e.g., temperature, relative air humidity, solar radiation and wind speed). These data can be used to estimate daily and hourly reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo), which can provide important information for water resources optimization in irrigation scheduling. However, data captured by actual agricultural weather stations are not filtered, which may lead to a bad estimation of the parameters and consequently a deficient water management, endangering the horticultural crops. This paper presents the validation and filtering process for automagic agricultural weather stations (VIPMET), a new station that is endowed with a real-time data filtering process to ensure validation of the acquired data. In addition, the station can be remotely controlled for automatic data collection and management tasks through a 3G mobile router. A comparison between data registered by the station and data supplied by the nearest Murcian Agricultural Information Service (Spain) was carried out for evaluation purposes.
J. M. Molina-Martinez; P. J. Navarro; M. Jimenez; F. Soto; A. Ruiz-Canales; Daniel García Fernández-Pacheco. VIPMET: New Real-Time Data Filtering–Based Automatic Agricultural Weather Station. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 2012, 138, 823 -829.
AMA StyleJ. M. Molina-Martinez, P. J. Navarro, M. Jimenez, F. Soto, A. Ruiz-Canales, Daniel García Fernández-Pacheco. VIPMET: New Real-Time Data Filtering–Based Automatic Agricultural Weather Station. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering. 2012; 138 (9):823-829.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ. M. Molina-Martinez; P. J. Navarro; M. Jimenez; F. Soto; A. Ruiz-Canales; Daniel García Fernández-Pacheco. 2012. "VIPMET: New Real-Time Data Filtering–Based Automatic Agricultural Weather Station." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 138, no. 9: 823-829.
This communication presents the development of a freeware for mobile devices (Smartphone and pocket PC). It was developed with a LabVIEW PDA® program, and enables engineers and installers to calculate commercial diameters to be used in laterals of drip irrigation, without the need for being at the personal computer. Specifically, this freeware allows users to immediately evaluate the sensibility to changing demands (e.g. crop, water needs, spacing, etc.) in all the range of commercial diameters for drip lines with on-line drippers. Input data required are: drippers flow rates, number of drippers, spacing between the drippers, medium pressure in the lateral and pressure tolerance. As results, it shows with a figure with light emitting diodes (LED), the commercial diameters that can be used. Other results implemented in this tool are the maximum and minimum pressures for each diameter and a table that shows, on a comparative basis, whether the pressure tolerance of every diameter is exceeded or not.
José Miguel Molina-Martínez; Antonio Ruiz-Canales. Pocket PC software to evaluate drip irrigation lateral diameters with on-line emitters. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 2009, 69, 112 -115.
AMA StyleJosé Miguel Molina-Martínez, Antonio Ruiz-Canales. Pocket PC software to evaluate drip irrigation lateral diameters with on-line emitters. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 2009; 69 (1):112-115.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJosé Miguel Molina-Martínez; Antonio Ruiz-Canales. 2009. "Pocket PC software to evaluate drip irrigation lateral diameters with on-line emitters." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 69, no. 1: 112-115.