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Mattia Marinelli
Center for Electric Power and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksborgvej 399, Building 776, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark

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Short Biography

Mattia Marinelli was born in Genoa, Italy, in March 1983. He obtained his B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in electrical engineering from the University of Genoa, in February 2005 and November 2007, respectively and a European Ph.D. degree in power systems, from the same university in March 2011 with a dissertation related to wind and storage modeling and integrated control. Since September 2012, he has been with the Technical University of Denmark, where he currently works as associate professor in distributed energy resources driven electric power systems. His research interests include power system integration studies, wind and solar data analysis, demand-side and electric vehicles management, and distributed energy resources modeling.

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Journal article
Published: 06 August 2021 in Electric Power Systems Research
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Converter-connected resources, such as electric vehicles and stationary batteries, are being recognized by grid operators as contributors to frequency stability. Their fast-response potential makes them ideal candidates to provide fast frequency control. In this paper we discuss and present evidence on what kind of dynamics a power system experiences when using electric vehicles to provide frequency control. Initially, we present a method to assess a system balance by deriving so called system residuals, given historical frequency time series and components characteristics. The system residuals consist of the non-controllable, and not explicitly measured, part of generation and load. Afterwards, the Danish island of Bornholm, where vehicles are used on a commercial basis to provide primary frequency control, is used as the test-bed for the investigation. The analysis is supported by validating the described components and system models against real measurements from the islanded power system. The key outcome is that the overall response time needs to be within 1 second. For the considered system scenarios, the share of reserve provided by electric vehicles should be up to 30% to improve the system stability. We finally generalize the results by highlighting key factors needed to replicate the findings in other power systems.

ACS Style

Mattia Marinelli; Kristian Sevdari; Lisa Calearo; Andreas Thingvad; Charalampos Ziras. Frequency stability with converter-connected resources delivering fast frequency control. Electric Power Systems Research 2021, 200, 107473 .

AMA Style

Mattia Marinelli, Kristian Sevdari, Lisa Calearo, Andreas Thingvad, Charalampos Ziras. Frequency stability with converter-connected resources delivering fast frequency control. Electric Power Systems Research. 2021; 200 ():107473.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mattia Marinelli; Kristian Sevdari; Lisa Calearo; Andreas Thingvad; Charalampos Ziras. 2021. "Frequency stability with converter-connected resources delivering fast frequency control." Electric Power Systems Research 200, no. : 107473.

Review
Published: 05 August 2021 in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
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The sales of electric vehicles (EVs) are rapidly increasing and their integration in the power system is becoming a crucial issue. However, there is a scarcity of necessary data to derive charging profiles and analyze their impact on the power system. The purpose of this manuscript is to provide a comprehensive review of published data sources that can be useful for EV studies in the context of smart grids and power systems. The manuscript focuses on the last two decades of published data, as this is more complete and reliable in terms of user and vehicle behavior. Data sources are categorized into three classes: surveys, internal combustion engine vehicles and EVs trials, and charger trials. Data from the different sources are summarized, including information regarding how and what kind of data has been collected and their availability. Based on the reviewed sources, five parameters are identified as essential to derive charging profiles: battery capacity, charging power, plug-in state of charge, plug-in/out time and charged energy. In order to observe individual behavior it is important to consider sets of charging sessions per charger, otherwise important correlations may be neglected. Depending on the source and data availability, in many cases this is not possible. To this end, this manuscript discusses how to use data from various sources to complement missing information and concludes with guidelines and limitations about data usage in EV studies.

ACS Style

Lisa Calearo; Mattia Marinelli; Charalampos Ziras. A review of data sources for electric vehicle integration studies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2021, 151, 111518 .

AMA Style

Lisa Calearo, Mattia Marinelli, Charalampos Ziras. A review of data sources for electric vehicle integration studies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2021; 151 ():111518.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lisa Calearo; Mattia Marinelli; Charalampos Ziras. 2021. "A review of data sources for electric vehicle integration studies." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 151, no. : 111518.

Journal article
Published: 22 July 2021 in Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks
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Net metering is a well-known mechanism, where only energy exchanges of prosumers with the grid are accounted for in settlements. What is less known is the subtleness of the metering practices of energy suppliers behind the reported energy values. This paper discusses the implications of applying different net metering methods on a prosumer’s energy exchanges with the grid, and subsequently the effect on costs and self-consumption. The methods differ on whether netting is based on each individual phase (or on the overall energy flow) and the netting interval used for settlement. Besides describing and illustrating those differences, real data from a Danish household is used to quantify their impact. Results show that self-consumption increases from 38% to 53%, when moving from instantaneous per phase netting to hourly summation netting. The corresponding annual energy imports decrease from 1459 kWh to 1087 kWh. The economic implications of applying different netting methods are quantified and discussed, and we show that annual savings of at least €50 can be achieved by simply switching to a summation smart meter.

ACS Style

Charalampos Ziras; Lisa Calearo; Mattia Marinelli. The effect of net metering methods on prosumer energy settlements. Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks 2021, 27, 100519 .

AMA Style

Charalampos Ziras, Lisa Calearo, Mattia Marinelli. The effect of net metering methods on prosumer energy settlements. Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks. 2021; 27 ():100519.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Charalampos Ziras; Lisa Calearo; Mattia Marinelli. 2021. "The effect of net metering methods on prosumer energy settlements." Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks 27, no. : 100519.

Journal article
Published: 15 July 2021 in eTransportation
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Charging electric vehicles is regarded as trivial with chargers installed on private property, which could accommodate the demand of 78% of the Danish cars. Hence, the owners would rarely need to charge outside the household. Car owners in the cities often do not have this option and must rely on the public charging infrastructure. In this work we quantify the need, in terms of energy demand, for public chargers on a national level and in the largest Danish cities as a function of car ownership, driving distance and household parking condition. We assess the potential of destination charging at existing shared parking facilities next to the household and the workplace to reduce the public charging demand to be up to 87%. EVs with 300 km range are able to complete the daily driving distance without range extending charging in 98.4% of the days. The analysis relies on driving and ownership data based on the Danish national transport survey. Further, we identify suitable/optimal locations for the necessary public chargers based on the total amount of parking time spent by a car at different destinations and the duration of a stay. We generalise the relationship between publicly available information such as population density and city size and the parameters that determine the public charging demand. The systematic approach enables others to estimate the demand in time and space for other cities or countries.

ACS Style

Andreas Thingvad; Peter Bach Andersen; Tim Unterluggauer; Chresten Træholt; Mattia Marinelli. Electrification of personal vehicle travels in cities - Quantifying the public charging demand. eTransportation 2021, 9, 100125 .

AMA Style

Andreas Thingvad, Peter Bach Andersen, Tim Unterluggauer, Chresten Træholt, Mattia Marinelli. Electrification of personal vehicle travels in cities - Quantifying the public charging demand. eTransportation. 2021; 9 ():100125.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andreas Thingvad; Peter Bach Andersen; Tim Unterluggauer; Chresten Træholt; Mattia Marinelli. 2021. "Electrification of personal vehicle travels in cities - Quantifying the public charging demand." eTransportation 9, no. : 100125.

Journal article
Published: 29 June 2021 in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology
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Accelerated battery degradation, resulting in a reduced capacity, is the main concern when discussing vehicle-to-grid (V2G) services. This paper gives a unique empirical insight into the long-term effects on batteries performing an energy demanding V2G service. To this end, an extensive method for measuring the battery capacity of series produced electric vehicles (EVs) via the DC charge port was developed. The reproducibility of the method is demonstrated with repeated tests on new and aged vehicles and the results are compared with the EVs internal estimates, read via the on-board diagnostics port. The method is also validated with a state-of-the-art battery degradation model. The capacity test method is used to evaluate the battery degradation of a fleet of commercially owned EVs which, as a part of the worlds first commercial operation, have been used for V2G services for five years. The EVs have, together with +/- 10 kW V2G chargers, been delivering primary frequency regulation for 15 hours per day with a daily energy throughput of 50.6 kWh. The usable battery capacity, initially found to be 23 kWh, after two years is reduced on average to 20.7 kWh and after five years is reduced to 18.9 kWh.

ACS Style

Andreas Thingvad; Lisa Calearo; Peter Bach Andersen; Mattia Marinelli. Empirical Capacity Measurements of Electric Vehicles Subject to Battery Degradation From V2G Services. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 2021, 70, 7547 -7557.

AMA Style

Andreas Thingvad, Lisa Calearo, Peter Bach Andersen, Mattia Marinelli. Empirical Capacity Measurements of Electric Vehicles Subject to Battery Degradation From V2G Services. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. 2021; 70 (8):7547-7557.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andreas Thingvad; Lisa Calearo; Peter Bach Andersen; Mattia Marinelli. 2021. "Empirical Capacity Measurements of Electric Vehicles Subject to Battery Degradation From V2G Services." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 70, no. 8: 7547-7557.

Journal article
Published: 24 April 2021 in Energies
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Biogas plants may support the transformation towards renewable-based and integrated energy systems by providing dispatchable co-generation as well as opportunities for biogas upgrading or power-to-X conversion. In this paper, a simulation model that comprises the main dynamics of the internal processes of a biogas plant is developed. Based on first-order kinetics of the anaerobic digestion process, the biogas production of an input feeding schedule of raw material can be estimated. The output of the plant in terms of electrical and thermal energy is validated against empirical data from a 3-MW biogas plant on the Danish island of Bornholm. The results show that the model provides an accurate representation of the processes within a biogas plant. The paper further provides insights on the functioning of the biogas plant on Bornholm as well as discusses upgrading potentials of biogas to biomethane at the plant from an energy perspective.

ACS Style

Jan Zepter; Jan Engelhardt; Tatiana Gabderakhmanova; Mattia Marinelli. Empirical Validation of a Biogas Plant Simulation Model and Analysis of Biogas Upgrading Potentials. Energies 2021, 14, 2424 .

AMA Style

Jan Zepter, Jan Engelhardt, Tatiana Gabderakhmanova, Mattia Marinelli. Empirical Validation of a Biogas Plant Simulation Model and Analysis of Biogas Upgrading Potentials. Energies. 2021; 14 (9):2424.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jan Zepter; Jan Engelhardt; Tatiana Gabderakhmanova; Mattia Marinelli. 2021. "Empirical Validation of a Biogas Plant Simulation Model and Analysis of Biogas Upgrading Potentials." Energies 14, no. 9: 2424.

Journal article
Published: 23 April 2021 in Energies
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This paper introduces a novel design of an electric vehicle (EV) fast charging station, consisting of a battery energy storage system (BESS) with reconfigurable cell topology. The BESS comprises two battery strings that decouple the power flow between EV and grid, to enable charging powers above the grid capacity. The reconfigurable design is achieved by equipping the battery cells with semiconductor switches and serves two main purposes. First, it aims at solving cell unbalance issues to increase safety, reliability, and lifetime of the battery. Second, it enables the BESS to actively control the EV charging process by changing its cell configuration in a real-time fashion, making a DC-DC converter redundant. The paper presents a modelling approach that captures the reconfigurable design including the controlling algorithm used for cell engagement. The simulation results show that the BESS is able to fulfil the EV request with sufficient accuracy for most of the fast charging process. However, the switching of cells leads to variations in the charging current that can potentially exceed the tolerance band defined in IEC61851-23. Therefore, complementary measures are suggested to achieve a suitable current control during all phases of the charging process. The estimated BESS efficiency during the EV fast charging process is 93.3%. The losses caused by the reconfigurable design amount to 1.2% of the provided energy. It is demonstrated that the proposed design has a competitive efficiency compared to a battery buffered fast charging station with DC-DC converter.

ACS Style

Jan Engelhardt; Jan Zepter; Tatiana Gabderakhmanova; Gunnar Rohde; Mattia Marinelli. Double-String Battery System with Reconfigurable Cell Topology Operated as a Fast Charging Station for Electric Vehicles. Energies 2021, 14, 2414 .

AMA Style

Jan Engelhardt, Jan Zepter, Tatiana Gabderakhmanova, Gunnar Rohde, Mattia Marinelli. Double-String Battery System with Reconfigurable Cell Topology Operated as a Fast Charging Station for Electric Vehicles. Energies. 2021; 14 (9):2414.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jan Engelhardt; Jan Zepter; Tatiana Gabderakhmanova; Gunnar Rohde; Mattia Marinelli. 2021. "Double-String Battery System with Reconfigurable Cell Topology Operated as a Fast Charging Station for Electric Vehicles." Energies 14, no. 9: 2414.

Journal article
Published: 13 August 2020 in Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks
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A combined delivery of frequency containment reserve (FCR) from a fleet of electric vehicles (EVs) and a large-scale heat pump is proposed to exploit synergies between the fast regulating batteries and the large heat storage capacity of the thermal system. The feasibility of the proposed strategy is assessed with a state of charge model for the EVs delivering FCR, based on one year of system frequency measurements including the conversion losses in the charger and a dynamic model of the heat pump system. Both models were previously validated against experimental data. The proposed operation of the EVs was experimentally validated as part of this study. The heat pump offsets the energy content of the frequency deviations for 25 EVs and thereby enables them to bid a larger power capacity on the FCR market without violating energy constraints of the battery capacity. For the case of 2018 an additional income from capacity and power price payments was obtained that could not be generated by the EVs or the heat pump alone. This synergy effect was shown to be highly dependent on the achievable capacity payments, which were relatively high for the 2018 case.

ACS Style

Wiebke Meesenburg; Andreas Thingvad; Brian Elmegaard; Mattia Marinelli. Combined provision of primary frequency regulation from Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) capable electric vehicles and community-scale heat pump. Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks 2020, 23, 100382 .

AMA Style

Wiebke Meesenburg, Andreas Thingvad, Brian Elmegaard, Mattia Marinelli. Combined provision of primary frequency regulation from Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) capable electric vehicles and community-scale heat pump. Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks. 2020; 23 ():100382.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wiebke Meesenburg; Andreas Thingvad; Brian Elmegaard; Mattia Marinelli. 2020. "Combined provision of primary frequency regulation from Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) capable electric vehicles and community-scale heat pump." Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks 23, no. : 100382.

Journal article
Published: 16 July 2020 in World Electric Vehicle Journal
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This paper determines the profitability of the primary frequency regulation (FR) service considering the wear of the electric vehicle (EV) battery as a cost. To evaluate the profitability of the FR service, the cost of degradation from FR provision is separated from the degradation caused by driving usage. During FR, the power response is proportional to the frequency deviation with full activation power of 9.2 kW, when deviations are larger than 100 mHz. The degradation due to FR is found to be an additional 1–2% to the 7–12% capacity reduction of a 40 kWh Lithium-ion NMC battery pack over 5 years. The overall economic framework is applied in Denmark, both DK1 and DK2, and Japan, by considering historical frequencies. The DK2 FR market framework is taken as reference also for the Japanese and the DK1 cases. Electricity prices and charger efficiency are the two main parameters that affect the profitability of the service. Indeed, with domestic prices there is no profitability, whereas with industrial prices, despite differences between the frequencies, the service is similarly profitable with approx. 3500€ for a five-year period.

ACS Style

Lisa Calearo; Mattia Marinelli. Profitability of Frequency Regulation by Electric Vehicles in Denmark and Japan Considering Battery Degradation Costs. World Electric Vehicle Journal 2020, 11, 48 .

AMA Style

Lisa Calearo, Mattia Marinelli. Profitability of Frequency Regulation by Electric Vehicles in Denmark and Japan Considering Battery Degradation Costs. World Electric Vehicle Journal. 2020; 11 (3):48.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lisa Calearo; Mattia Marinelli. 2020. "Profitability of Frequency Regulation by Electric Vehicles in Denmark and Japan Considering Battery Degradation Costs." World Electric Vehicle Journal 11, no. 3: 48.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2020 in Energy
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ACS Style

Hanmin Cai; Andreas Thingvad; Shi You; Mattia Marinelli. Experimental evaluation of an integrated demand response program using electric heat boosters to provide multi-system services. Energy 2020, 193, 1 .

AMA Style

Hanmin Cai, Andreas Thingvad, Shi You, Mattia Marinelli. Experimental evaluation of an integrated demand response program using electric heat boosters to provide multi-system services. Energy. 2020; 193 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hanmin Cai; Andreas Thingvad; Shi You; Mattia Marinelli. 2020. "Experimental evaluation of an integrated demand response program using electric heat boosters to provide multi-system services." Energy 193, no. : 1.

Conference paper
Published: 01 September 2019 in 2019 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT-Europe)
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Electric Vehicles (EVs) can, when they are not used for driving, create value for the EV owner, by delivering ancillary services to the transmission system operator. Calculating potential earnings from grid services and charging strategies highly depends on the driving time, driving distance, and time spent at different locations. While few datasets describing EV usage exist, this work is based on one of the most extensive datasets gathered from 7,163 Nissan LEAFs. Using the real driving and charging data it was possible to calculate the value of a specific charging strategy for the individual EV. The EV dataset was used in a simulation based on British electricity transmission network operating codes and frequency measurement data. The outcome is the profit from frequency regulation for each EV in the data-set, which is found to range between 50 and 350 £/year, because of the large difference in the EV usage.

ACS Style

Andreas Thingvad; Lisa Calearo; Peter Bach Andersen; Mattia Marinelli; Myriam Neaimeh; Kenta Suzuki; Kensuke Murai. Value of V2G Frequency Regulation in Great Britain Considering Real Driving Data. 2019 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT-Europe) 2019, 1 -5.

AMA Style

Andreas Thingvad, Lisa Calearo, Peter Bach Andersen, Mattia Marinelli, Myriam Neaimeh, Kenta Suzuki, Kensuke Murai. Value of V2G Frequency Regulation in Great Britain Considering Real Driving Data. 2019 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT-Europe). 2019; ():1-5.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andreas Thingvad; Lisa Calearo; Peter Bach Andersen; Mattia Marinelli; Myriam Neaimeh; Kenta Suzuki; Kensuke Murai. 2019. "Value of V2G Frequency Regulation in Great Britain Considering Real Driving Data." 2019 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT-Europe) , no. : 1-5.

Conference paper
Published: 01 September 2019 in 2019 54th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC)
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A number of jurisdictions across the world are committed to reducing their carbon emissions. A key route to decarbonisation is by raising the share of renewable generation. However, this will result in reduction of the system inertia and consequently deterioration of frequency stability. Fast acting reserve (FAR) is seen as a possible solution. Various approaches concerning the control of FAR (e.g. frequency gradient and frequency deviation based triggering) have previously been proposed. There is however a lack of clarity regarding the volume of FAR that can potentially compensates for reduction in system inertia. This paper carries out a quantitative assessment of FAR to limit the rate of change of frequency. All island power system of Ireland is adopted as a test case for analysis. The study concludes that FAR can mitigate the RoCoF and it presents also the quantitative relationship between FAR and conventional inertia which depends on system conditions.

ACS Style

Michel M.N. Rezkalla; Mattia Marinelli. Augmenting System Inertia Through Fast Acting Reserve – A Power System Case Study with High Penetration of Wind Power. 2019 54th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC) 2019, 1 -6.

AMA Style

Michel M.N. Rezkalla, Mattia Marinelli. Augmenting System Inertia Through Fast Acting Reserve – A Power System Case Study with High Penetration of Wind Power. 2019 54th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC). 2019; ():1-6.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michel M.N. Rezkalla; Mattia Marinelli. 2019. "Augmenting System Inertia Through Fast Acting Reserve – A Power System Case Study with High Penetration of Wind Power." 2019 54th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC) , no. : 1-6.

Conference paper
Published: 01 September 2019 in 2019 54th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC)
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The paper characterizes dynamics and modelling of a Lithium-ion battery. Theoretical formulation and literature review are combined to derive the necessary battery characterization. The three main dynamics for modeling the battery are: direct-current electrical equivalent circuit, state-of-charge (SOC) and thermal dynamic. Furthermore, the capacity fade caused by degradation is considered as a fourth dynamic. Degradation is considered as the sum of calendar aging and cycling loss dynamics. The modeling procedure has general validity and can be used for different battery chemistries by changing specific parameters. The model is tailored for a 40 kWh Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC) Oxide battery, which is currently used in the Nissan LEAF 2018. Considering a user driving 45 km/day and the temperature of the years 2017 and 2018 in Denmark, the battery capacity fade is found to be between 2 and 5% of the battery capacity after two years of use. Degradation is highly dependent on the average level of SOC during the years.

ACS Style

Lisa Calearo; Andreas Thingvad; Mattia Marinelli. Modeling of Battery Electric Vehicles for Degradation Studies. 2019 54th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC) 2019, 1 -6.

AMA Style

Lisa Calearo, Andreas Thingvad, Mattia Marinelli. Modeling of Battery Electric Vehicles for Degradation Studies. 2019 54th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC). 2019; ():1-6.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lisa Calearo; Andreas Thingvad; Mattia Marinelli. 2019. "Modeling of Battery Electric Vehicles for Degradation Studies." 2019 54th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC) , no. : 1-6.

Conference paper
Published: 01 September 2019 in 2019 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT-Europe)
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This paper describes a method to estimate the monetary remuneration for the EV user support in distribution grids. The economic expenses of the conservative reinforcement solution are used for developing the methodology which is first derived and afterwards applied to a piece of Danish distribution grid consisting of 127 customers. In the conservative scenario the DSO should invest approx. 388718 DKK (52000€) on new upgraded components. With EV support service the potential available money for the EV support remuneration is evaluated to be 187 DKK/week (25€/week). Considering a customer with an average EV load consumption, the annual remuneration would be 77 DKK (10€). It is concluded that, if the components are severely overloaded, for the DSO it is more cost effective to invest in components upgrade. Conversely if the components are barely overloaded or close to their limit, the EV user support can benefit both the DSO and the users.

ACS Style

Lisa Calearo; Andreas Thingvad; Hans Henrik Ipsen; Mattia Marinelli. Economic Value and User Remuneration for EV Based Distribution Grid Services. 2019 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT-Europe) 2019, 1 -5.

AMA Style

Lisa Calearo, Andreas Thingvad, Hans Henrik Ipsen, Mattia Marinelli. Economic Value and User Remuneration for EV Based Distribution Grid Services. 2019 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT-Europe). 2019; ():1-5.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lisa Calearo; Andreas Thingvad; Hans Henrik Ipsen; Mattia Marinelli. 2019. "Economic Value and User Remuneration for EV Based Distribution Grid Services." 2019 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT-Europe) , no. : 1-5.

Journal article
Published: 26 August 2019 in Electric Power Systems Research
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The provision of ancillary services is an additional revenue stream for the owners of inverter-equipped storage systems, such as batteries and electric vehicles. As real demonstrations have shown, primary frequency control (PFC) is a suitable and economically viable service for small-scale energy storage (ES) systems. This paper proposes a decentralized stochastic control policy, which significantly reduces ES units’ losses when providing PFC. The proposed controller can be tuned to obtain the desired service reserve provision errors, while achieving a balance between tracking accuracy and efficiency. An extension of the algorithm significantly reduces the switching rate of the devices by up to 95%. Analytical expressions for the reserve errors and the switching rates, dependent on the aggregation size and the controllers’ settings, are derived and verified by simulations. Simulation results show that the proposed controller can significantly reduce ES units’ losses when they are providing PFC by 8–15.5%, while achieving the expected tracking performance.

ACS Style

Charalampos Ziras; Alexander Maria Prostejovsky; Henrik W. Bindner; Mattia Marinelli. Decentralized and discretized control for storage systems offering primary frequency control. Electric Power Systems Research 2019, 177, 106000 .

AMA Style

Charalampos Ziras, Alexander Maria Prostejovsky, Henrik W. Bindner, Mattia Marinelli. Decentralized and discretized control for storage systems offering primary frequency control. Electric Power Systems Research. 2019; 177 ():106000.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Charalampos Ziras; Alexander Maria Prostejovsky; Henrik W. Bindner; Mattia Marinelli. 2019. "Decentralized and discretized control for storage systems offering primary frequency control." Electric Power Systems Research 177, no. : 106000.

Research article
Published: 19 June 2019 in IET Smart Grid
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Electric vehicle (EV) chargers can be controlled to support the grid frequency by implementing a standard-compliant fast primary frequency control (PFC). This study addresses potential effects on power systems due to control discreteness in aggregated EVs when providing frequency regulation. Possible consequences of a discrete response, as reserve provision error and induced grid frequency oscillations, are first identified by a theoretical analysis both for large power systems and for microgrids. Thus, an EV fleet management solution relying on shifting the droop characteristic for the individual EVs is proposed. The PFC is implemented in a microgrid with a power-hardware-in-the-loop approach to complement the investigation with experimental validation. Both the analytical and the experimental results demonstrate how the controller performance is influenced by the response granularity, and that related oscillations can be prevented either by reducing the response granularity or by applying appropriate shifts on the droop characteristics for individual EVs.

ACS Style

Antonio Zecchino; Salvatore D'Arco; Atsede G. Endegnanew; Magnus Korpås; Mattia Marinelli. Enhanced primary frequency control from EVs: a fleet management strategy to mitigate effects of response discreteness. IET Smart Grid 2019, 2, 436 -444.

AMA Style

Antonio Zecchino, Salvatore D'Arco, Atsede G. Endegnanew, Magnus Korpås, Mattia Marinelli. Enhanced primary frequency control from EVs: a fleet management strategy to mitigate effects of response discreteness. IET Smart Grid. 2019; 2 (3):436-444.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Antonio Zecchino; Salvatore D'Arco; Atsede G. Endegnanew; Magnus Korpås; Mattia Marinelli. 2019. "Enhanced primary frequency control from EVs: a fleet management strategy to mitigate effects of response discreteness." IET Smart Grid 2, no. 3: 436-444.

Review article
Published: 15 June 2019 in Electric Power Systems Research
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In the wake of the widespread deployment of renewable energy sources (RESs) and the introduction of other distributed energy technologies, the grid exhibits faster and more intricate dynamics. A lot of attention is therefore being put on automated grid management systems, which entail a shift in the role and tasks of human operators in the control rooms (CRs). Given the rapid pace of development, the question ultimately arises if human guidance is necessary at all to safely operate the grid. This work investigates the prospective role of the human operators in CRs under consideration of cognitive challenges in highly automated power systems, aiming to maintain safe and efficient grid operation. A review on relevant literature casts light on the scope of influence of automated grid management systems, the operational states of power system that will still require human assistance, as well as activities and interactions. Finally, recommendations on the design of decision support systems (DSS) supporting humans in their future role are provided.

ACS Style

Alexander M. Prostejovsky; Christoph Brosinsky; Kai Heussen; Dirk Westermann; Jochen Kreusel; Mattia Marinelli. The future role of human operators in highly automated electric power systems. Electric Power Systems Research 2019, 175, 105883 .

AMA Style

Alexander M. Prostejovsky, Christoph Brosinsky, Kai Heussen, Dirk Westermann, Jochen Kreusel, Mattia Marinelli. The future role of human operators in highly automated electric power systems. Electric Power Systems Research. 2019; 175 ():105883.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alexander M. Prostejovsky; Christoph Brosinsky; Kai Heussen; Dirk Westermann; Jochen Kreusel; Mattia Marinelli. 2019. "The future role of human operators in highly automated electric power systems." Electric Power Systems Research 175, no. : 105883.

Journal article
Published: 10 June 2019 in IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification
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This paper defines a method for generating individual electric vehicle charging patterns and it intends to quantify the realistic loading impact on distribution grid feeders. The inputs are based on historical driving characteristics of private conventional vehicles from Denmark and home plug-in behavior of EVs from Japan. The first input is used to define properties such as the daily driven distance and the expected departure and arrival time, which determines the possible home charging window. The second input is used to quantify the probability of performing a domestic charge every day. Because most of the EVs does not need to charge every day, even when considering a 100% EV penetration scenario, the amount of simultaneous charging with domestic single-phase charging power (3.7 kW) determines a coincidence factor lower than 45%. When considering three-phase charging (11 kW), the combined power of the EV population increases only to 50% because of shorter charging sessions. Although the power increase, due to 11 kW charging, is likely to trigger grid components overloading, it is highlighted how uncontrolled distribution of single-phase charging could be responsible for local voltage unbalances.

ACS Style

Lisa Calearo; Andreas Thingvad; Kenta Suzuki; Mattia Marinelli. Grid Loading Due to EV Charging Profiles Based on Pseudo-Real Driving Pattern and User Behavior. IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification 2019, 5, 683 -694.

AMA Style

Lisa Calearo, Andreas Thingvad, Kenta Suzuki, Mattia Marinelli. Grid Loading Due to EV Charging Profiles Based on Pseudo-Real Driving Pattern and User Behavior. IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification. 2019; 5 (3):683-694.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lisa Calearo; Andreas Thingvad; Kenta Suzuki; Mattia Marinelli. 2019. "Grid Loading Due to EV Charging Profiles Based on Pseudo-Real Driving Pattern and User Behavior." IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification 5, no. 3: 683-694.

Journal article
Published: 24 April 2019 in World Electric Vehicle Journal
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Aggregation and control of electric vehicles (EVs) via vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technologies is seen as a valid option for providing ancillary power system services. This work presents results from V2G-ready equipment tests and modelling. The technical capabilities of an EV connected to a commercial V2G charger are investigated when controlled either locally or remotely. The charger is characterized in terms of efficiency characteristics, activation time, response granularity, ramping-up/down time, accuracy and precision. Test results show the performance for different operating conditions, highlighting the importance of a good calibration and knowledge of the employed hardware when providing standard-compliant grid regulation services via V2G technology. Ultimately, a set of simulations demonstrates that the designed EV charger model replicates accurately the operating conditions of the real hardware.

ACS Style

Antonio Zecchino; Andreas Thingvad; Peter Bach Andersen; Mattia Marinelli. Test and Modelling of Commercial V2G CHAdeMO Chargers to Assess the Suitability for Grid Services. World Electric Vehicle Journal 2019, 10, 21 .

AMA Style

Antonio Zecchino, Andreas Thingvad, Peter Bach Andersen, Mattia Marinelli. Test and Modelling of Commercial V2G CHAdeMO Chargers to Assess the Suitability for Grid Services. World Electric Vehicle Journal. 2019; 10 (2):21.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Antonio Zecchino; Andreas Thingvad; Peter Bach Andersen; Mattia Marinelli. 2019. "Test and Modelling of Commercial V2G CHAdeMO Chargers to Assess the Suitability for Grid Services." World Electric Vehicle Journal 10, no. 2: 21.

Journal article
Published: 17 April 2019 in Journal of Energy Storage
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The paper proposes an analysis of a 100% electric vehicle (EV) scenario on the energy system of the island of Bornholm in Denmark. The paper intends to present challenges and opportunities that a realistic system would face when completely shifting to electric transportation. The EVs are subject to different charging strategies in order to assess the impact on the grid, the potential savings on the charging cost and the effects on battery degradation. In contrast to uncontrolled charging, smart charging strategies are designed not only to satisfy the same charging requirements at the EV departure time, but also maximize the savings on the charging cost and avoid interconnection congestions. Smart strategies bring a reduction in annual charging cost around 12%, on top of a reduction in the degradation because of lower average SOC and number of cycles. Moreover, results show a limited benefit in bidirectional charging because of a marginal increase in savings: this more demanding operation, which allows discharges, leads to higher battery degradation, due to the increase in the number of cycles.

ACS Style

Amaia González-Garrido; Andreas Thingvad; Haizea Gaztañaga; Mattia Marinelli. Full-scale electric vehicles penetration in the Danish Island of Bornholm—Optimal scheduling and battery degradation under driving constraints. Journal of Energy Storage 2019, 23, 381 -391.

AMA Style

Amaia González-Garrido, Andreas Thingvad, Haizea Gaztañaga, Mattia Marinelli. Full-scale electric vehicles penetration in the Danish Island of Bornholm—Optimal scheduling and battery degradation under driving constraints. Journal of Energy Storage. 2019; 23 ():381-391.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amaia González-Garrido; Andreas Thingvad; Haizea Gaztañaga; Mattia Marinelli. 2019. "Full-scale electric vehicles penetration in the Danish Island of Bornholm—Optimal scheduling and battery degradation under driving constraints." Journal of Energy Storage 23, no. : 381-391.