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W. Yourey
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

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Journal article
Published: 05 January 2021 in Batteries
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Lithium ion cells that can be quickly charged are of critical importance for the continued and accelerated penetration of electric vehicles (EV) into the consumer market. Considering this, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has set a cell recharge time goal of 10–15 min. The following study provides an investigation into the effect of cell design, specifically negative to positive matching ratio (1.2:1 vs. 1.7:1) on fast charging performance. By using specific charging procedures based on negative electrode performance, as opposed to the industrial standard constant current constant voltage procedures, we show that the cells with a higher N:P ratio can be charged to ~16% higher capacity in the ten-minute time frame. Cells with a higher N:P ratio also show similar cycle life performance to those with a conventional N:P ratio, despite the fact that these cells experience a much higher irreversible capacity loss, leading to a lower reversible specific capacity.

ACS Style

William Yourey; Yanbao Fu; Ning Li; Vincent Battaglia; Wei Tong. Design Considerations for Fast Charging Lithium Ion Cells for NMC/MCMB Electrode Pairs. Batteries 2021, 7, 4 .

AMA Style

William Yourey, Yanbao Fu, Ning Li, Vincent Battaglia, Wei Tong. Design Considerations for Fast Charging Lithium Ion Cells for NMC/MCMB Electrode Pairs. Batteries. 2021; 7 (1):4.

Chicago/Turabian Style

William Yourey; Yanbao Fu; Ning Li; Vincent Battaglia; Wei Tong. 2021. "Design Considerations for Fast Charging Lithium Ion Cells for NMC/MCMB Electrode Pairs." Batteries 7, no. 1: 4.

Journal article
Published: 23 November 2020 in ECS Meeting Abstracts
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ACS Style

William Yourey; Yanbao Fu; Ning Li; Vincent Battaglia; Wei Tong. Evaluation of Matching Ratio Impact on Reduced Charging Time. ECS Meeting Abstracts 2020, MA2020-02, 3725 -3725.

AMA Style

William Yourey, Yanbao Fu, Ning Li, Vincent Battaglia, Wei Tong. Evaluation of Matching Ratio Impact on Reduced Charging Time. ECS Meeting Abstracts. 2020; MA2020-02 (45):3725-3725.

Chicago/Turabian Style

William Yourey; Yanbao Fu; Ning Li; Vincent Battaglia; Wei Tong. 2020. "Evaluation of Matching Ratio Impact on Reduced Charging Time." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2020-02, no. 45: 3725-3725.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2020 in ECS Meeting Abstracts
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ACS Style

William Yourey; Yanbao Fu; Ning Li; Vince Battaglia; Wei Tong. Design Considerations for Charging Time Reduction in Lithium Ion Cells. ECS Meeting Abstracts 2020, MA2020-01, 457 -457.

AMA Style

William Yourey, Yanbao Fu, Ning Li, Vince Battaglia, Wei Tong. Design Considerations for Charging Time Reduction in Lithium Ion Cells. ECS Meeting Abstracts. 2020; MA2020-01 (2):457-457.

Chicago/Turabian Style

William Yourey; Yanbao Fu; Ning Li; Vince Battaglia; Wei Tong. 2020. "Design Considerations for Charging Time Reduction in Lithium Ion Cells." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2020-01, no. 2: 457-457.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2020 in ECS Meeting Abstracts
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Fast charging of lithium ion cells is an important hurdle to overcome for the increased penetration of electric vehicles into the transportation market. During the fast charging of lithium ion cells with today's current negative electrode active materials, namely graphite, lithium metal plating has a high likelihood of occurring. This occurs as most of the lithiated graphite potential is within 100 mV of Li/Li+ potential where a small polarization can result in lithium metal plating on the negative electrode. This plating leads to safety issues, and capacity fade, among other things. As the lithium metal is plated on the graphite negative electrode it can either become isolated and inactive, resulting in a loss of active lithium and capacity fade in the cell, or the lithium remains active during cell cycling where it may either migrate into the negative electrode over time or travel to the cells positive electrode during discharge. To date most lithium metal plating identification techniques, involve destructive physical analysis. The current study presents an electrochemical approach and technique which may identify reversible lithium metal plating on graphite negative electrodes during fast charging of lithium ion cells.

ACS Style

William Yourey. Determination of Possible Reversible Lithium Plating through Electrochemical Analysis at 30 °C in Lithium Ion Cells. ECS Meeting Abstracts 2020, MA2020-01, 346 -346.

AMA Style

William Yourey. Determination of Possible Reversible Lithium Plating through Electrochemical Analysis at 30 °C in Lithium Ion Cells. ECS Meeting Abstracts. 2020; MA2020-01 (2):346-346.

Chicago/Turabian Style

William Yourey. 2020. "Determination of Possible Reversible Lithium Plating through Electrochemical Analysis at 30 °C in Lithium Ion Cells." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2020-01, no. 2: 346-346.

Journal article
Published: 15 April 2020 in Batteries
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The range of electrode porosity, electrode internal void volume, cell capacity, and capacity ratio that result from electrode coating and calendering tolerance can play a considerable role in cell-to-cell and lot-to-lot performance variation. Based on a coating loading tolerance of ±0.4 mg/cm2 and calender tolerance of ±3.0 μm, the resulting theoretical range of physical properties was investigated. For a target positive electrode porosity of 30%, the resulting porosity can range from 19.6% to 38.6%. To account for this variation during the manufacturing process, as much as 41% excess or as little as 59% of the target electrolyte quantity should be added to cells to match the positive electrode void volume. Similar results are reported for a negative electrode of 40% target porosity, where a range from 30.8% to 48.0% porosity is possible. For the negative electrode as little as 72% up to 28% excess electrolyte should be added to fill the internal void space. Although the results are specific to each electrode composition, density, chemistry, and loading the presented process highlight the possible variability of the produced parts. These results are further magnified as cell design moves toward higher power applications with thinner electrode coatings.

ACS Style

William Yourey. Theoretical Impact of Manufacturing Tolerance on Lithium-Ion Electrode and Cell Physical Properties. Batteries 2020, 6, 23 .

AMA Style

William Yourey. Theoretical Impact of Manufacturing Tolerance on Lithium-Ion Electrode and Cell Physical Properties. Batteries. 2020; 6 (2):23.

Chicago/Turabian Style

William Yourey. 2020. "Theoretical Impact of Manufacturing Tolerance on Lithium-Ion Electrode and Cell Physical Properties." Batteries 6, no. 2: 23.

Journal article
Published: 23 May 2019 in Science Bulletin
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Three-dimensional (3D) porous carbon-based materials with tunable composition and microstructure are of great interest for the development of oxygen involved electrocatalytic reactions. Here, we report the synthesis of 3D porous carbon-based electrocatalyst by self-assembling Co-metal organic frameworks (MOF) building blocks on graphene via a layer-by-layer technique. Precise control of the structure and morphology is achieved by varying the MOF layer to tune the electrocatalytic properties. The as-produced electrocatalyst exhibits an excellent catalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction in 0.1 mol L−1 KOH, showing a high onset potential of 0.963 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) and a low tafel slope of 54 mV dec−1, compared to Pt/C (0.934 V and 52 mV dec−1, respectively). Additionally, it shows a slightly lower potential vs. RHE (1.72 V) than RuO2 (1.75 V) at 10 mA cm−2 in an alkaline electrolyte. A rechargeable Zn-air battery based on the as-produced 3D porous catalyst demonstrates a high peak power density of 119 mW cm−2 at a cell voltage of 0.578 V while retaining an excellent stability over 250 charge-discharge cycles.

ACS Style

Shichang Caia; Rui Wanga; William Yourey; Junsheng Li; Haining Zhanga; Haolin Tanga. An efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst derived from layer-by-layer self-assembly of a three-dimensional porous [email protected] Science Bulletin 2019, 64, 968 -975.

AMA Style

Shichang Caia, Rui Wanga, William Yourey, Junsheng Li, Haining Zhanga, Haolin Tanga. An efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst derived from layer-by-layer self-assembly of a three-dimensional porous [email protected] Science Bulletin. 2019; 64 (14):968-975.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shichang Caia; Rui Wanga; William Yourey; Junsheng Li; Haining Zhanga; Haolin Tanga. 2019. "An efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst derived from layer-by-layer self-assembly of a three-dimensional porous [email protected]" Science Bulletin 64, no. 14: 968-975.

Journal article
Published: 29 April 2019 in Journal of The Electrochemical Society
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For implementation and consumer acceptance of electric vehicles, it is critical that the convenience of fueling internal combustion engines will not be lost for a transition to electric vehicles to be made. Although this complex issue involves many facets, ranging from recharging station infrastructure to technology development, one key component is “refueling” in a short period of time. Possible solutions would be battery replacement or recharge time comparable to that of filling a gas tank. This study provides an investigation for the development of an accelerated full-cell charge procedure through an investigation and characterization of half-cell performance. Negative and positive half-cell polarization curves at various rates were used to determine the maximum rate for each step of the lithiation process. This analysis was then applied to the LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (NMC)/graphite full cells, charging cells to 80% state of charge in ∼34 minutes and showing capacity fade over 75 cycles similar to cells cycled using conventional constant-current-constant-voltage (CCCV) charge procedure.

ACS Style

William Yourey; Yanbao Fu; Ning Li; Vince Battaglia; Wei Tong. Determining Accelerated Charging Procedure from Half Cell Characterization. Journal of The Electrochemical Society 2019, 166, A1432 -A1438.

AMA Style

William Yourey, Yanbao Fu, Ning Li, Vince Battaglia, Wei Tong. Determining Accelerated Charging Procedure from Half Cell Characterization. Journal of The Electrochemical Society. 2019; 166 (8):A1432-A1438.

Chicago/Turabian Style

William Yourey; Yanbao Fu; Ning Li; Vince Battaglia; Wei Tong. 2019. "Determining Accelerated Charging Procedure from Half Cell Characterization." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 166, no. 8: A1432-A1438.

Journal article
Published: 12 September 2018 in Batteries
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Over the past few years, the use of 18650 form factor lithium-ion (Li-ion) cells have transitioned from primarily commercial applications to consumer/residential use. An evaluation of eight commercially available, circuit protected, 18650 form factor Li-ion cells were performed, with analysis focusing on a residential consumer evaluation of performance. As typical consumer cell usage occurs at a relatively low discharge rate, cells were evaluated between 4.2 V and 2.7 V at C/10, C/5, and C/2 discharge rates. The evaluated cells ranged from “high-cost” Panasonic, Hixon, Orbtronic, and EastValley cells to “low-cost” UltraFire (UF) and Eilong cells. Initial discharge comparisons revealed that no cells delivered their nameplate capacity, with a large overstatement of cell capacity occurring for low-cost cells. On average, high-cost cells delivered 92.5% of their advertised capacity, with low-cost cells delivering 20.6% at a C/10 rate. Basing consumer evaluation on a cost per unit capacity and/or cost per unit energy, even with this large overstatement in capacity, low-cost cells still offer an advantage over higher-cost alternatives. The average cost per amp-hour for each cell group ranged from $1.65 to $3.38 for the low-cost and high-cost cell groupings, respectively. Analysis of voltage profiles highlighted two chemistries used in cell production, coinciding with each cell grouping.

ACS Style

Steven Baksa; William Yourey. Consumer-Based Evaluation of Commercially Available Protected 18650 Cells. Batteries 2018, 4, 45 .

AMA Style

Steven Baksa, William Yourey. Consumer-Based Evaluation of Commercially Available Protected 18650 Cells. Batteries. 2018; 4 (3):45.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Steven Baksa; William Yourey. 2018. "Consumer-Based Evaluation of Commercially Available Protected 18650 Cells." Batteries 4, no. 3: 45.

Research article
Published: 13 February 2018 in ACS Applied Energy Materials
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Zn-air battery is a promising energy storage device because of its remarkably high energy density. However, development of affordable oxygen catalysts with high eletrocatalytic activity and excellent durability is of critical importance for the implementation of rechargeable Zn-air batteries. Here, we report a novel synthesis of three-dimensional (3D) Co-N-C nanowire network (NN) and its remarkable electrocatalytic performance as a bifunctional electrocatalyst in rechargeable Zn-air batteries. The carbon nanowire network was derived from cost-effective cellulous, with Co and N heteroatom doping achieved by annealing the self-assembled [email protected] cellulous under N2. As reported here, the best sample synthesized at 800 °C, referred to 3D Co-N-C NN-800, demonstrated an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) onset potential of 1.05 V and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) overpotential of 0.47 V (10 mA cm-2). As a result, a Zn-air battery assembled with 3D Co-N-C NN-800 demonstrates a small voltage gap of 0.8 V between charge and discharge and excellent durability, as evidenced by a minimal decay after 30 h operation (90 cycles, 15 mA cm-2). This study demonstrates a novel design strategy to enhance the electrcatalytic site and its homogeneity via the covalently bonded doping, which could be employed for the further development of bifunctional carbonaceous electrocatalysts.

ACS Style

Rui Wang; Jingyu Cao; Shichang Cai; Xuemin Yan; Junsheng Li; William Yourey; Wei Tong; Haolin Tang. [email protected] Derived Co–N–C Nanowire Network as an Advanced Reversible Oxygen Electrocatalyst for Rechargeable Zinc–Air Batteries. ACS Applied Energy Materials 2018, 1, 1060 -1068.

AMA Style

Rui Wang, Jingyu Cao, Shichang Cai, Xuemin Yan, Junsheng Li, William Yourey, Wei Tong, Haolin Tang. [email protected] Derived Co–N–C Nanowire Network as an Advanced Reversible Oxygen Electrocatalyst for Rechargeable Zinc–Air Batteries. ACS Applied Energy Materials. 2018; 1 (3):1060-1068.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rui Wang; Jingyu Cao; Shichang Cai; Xuemin Yan; Junsheng Li; William Yourey; Wei Tong; Haolin Tang. 2018. "[email protected] Derived Co–N–C Nanowire Network as an Advanced Reversible Oxygen Electrocatalyst for Rechargeable Zinc–Air Batteries." ACS Applied Energy Materials 1, no. 3: 1060-1068.

Journal article
Published: 03 October 2017 in Journal of Materials Chemistry A
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A novel high-performance electrode architecture, Fe2O3 nanocube/carbon nanotube functionalized carbon, demonstrates remarkably high areal capacitance and excellent cycling stability.

ACS Style

Rui Wang; Shichang Cai; Yizhi Yan; William M. Yourey; Wei Tong; Haolin Tang. A novel high-performance electrode architecture for supercapacitors: Fe2O3 nanocube and carbon nanotube functionalized carbon. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2017, 5, 22648 -22653.

AMA Style

Rui Wang, Shichang Cai, Yizhi Yan, William M. Yourey, Wei Tong, Haolin Tang. A novel high-performance electrode architecture for supercapacitors: Fe2O3 nanocube and carbon nanotube functionalized carbon. Journal of Materials Chemistry A. 2017; 5 (43):22648-22653.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rui Wang; Shichang Cai; Yizhi Yan; William M. Yourey; Wei Tong; Haolin Tang. 2017. "A novel high-performance electrode architecture for supercapacitors: Fe2O3 nanocube and carbon nanotube functionalized carbon." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 43: 22648-22653.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2012 in Electrochimica Acta
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Electrolytically formed batteries (EFB) which start with a single composite between two current collectors, form positive and negative electrodes in situ theoretically allowing complex cell structures and low cost manufacturing. The fundamental challenge of charging shorts which heal upon removal of the current in electrolytically formed batteries is discussed in detail. In a demonstration EFB cell of LiI composite we show two unique routes towards solving this issue based on in situ formed solid electrolyte interfaces. The chemistry, physical and electrochemical characterization of such approaches are discussed. It is shown how these approaches have enabled the first demonstration of electrolytically formed solid state batteries and present a path to future improvement.

ACS Style

W. Yourey; L. Weinstein; A. Halajko; G.G. Amatucci. Pathways to enabling solid state electrolytically formed batteries: The solid electrolyte interphase. Electrochimica Acta 2012, 66, 193 -203.

AMA Style

W. Yourey, L. Weinstein, A. Halajko, G.G. Amatucci. Pathways to enabling solid state electrolytically formed batteries: The solid electrolyte interphase. Electrochimica Acta. 2012; 66 ():193-203.

Chicago/Turabian Style

W. Yourey; L. Weinstein; A. Halajko; G.G. Amatucci. 2012. "Pathways to enabling solid state electrolytically formed batteries: The solid electrolyte interphase." Electrochimica Acta 66, no. : 193-203.

Journal article
Published: 12 December 2011 in Solid State Ionics
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ACS Style

W. Yourey; L. Weinstein; G.G. Amatucci. Structure and charge transport of polyiodide networks for electrolytically in-situ formed batteries. Solid State Ionics 2011, 204-205, 80 -86.

AMA Style

W. Yourey, L. Weinstein, G.G. Amatucci. Structure and charge transport of polyiodide networks for electrolytically in-situ formed batteries. Solid State Ionics. 2011; 204-205 ():80-86.

Chicago/Turabian Style

W. Yourey; L. Weinstein; G.G. Amatucci. 2011. "Structure and charge transport of polyiodide networks for electrolytically in-situ formed batteries." Solid State Ionics 204-205, no. : 80-86.

Journal article
Published: 16 April 2010 in ECS Transactions
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Electrochemically self assembled lithium iodide (LiI) secondary batteries were formed by the electrolytic decomposition of LiI(xH2O) based composites between two current collectors, effectively forming a lithium metal anode and mixed conducting polyiodide cathode in-situ. Through the unique aspects of the chemistry, an interdigitated cell design was utilized for visual and spectroscopic in-situ investigation of the cathode during electrode formation. A detailed study was performed to understand the development of conductivity, both ionic and electronic, and its relationship to structural development during the charging process.

ACS Style

William Yourey; Lawrence Weinstein; Anne Halajko; Glenn Amatucci. Electrode Development in a Novel Self-Assembled Lithium Iodide Battery. ECS Transactions 2010, 28, 159 -165.

AMA Style

William Yourey, Lawrence Weinstein, Anne Halajko, Glenn Amatucci. Electrode Development in a Novel Self-Assembled Lithium Iodide Battery. ECS Transactions. 2010; 28 (30):159-165.

Chicago/Turabian Style

William Yourey; Lawrence Weinstein; Anne Halajko; Glenn Amatucci. 2010. "Electrode Development in a Novel Self-Assembled Lithium Iodide Battery." ECS Transactions 28, no. 30: 159-165.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2008 in Journal of The Electrochemical Society
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Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of self-assembled lithium–iodine batteries was performed in both two and three-electrode configurations. The in situ EIS spectrum of the cell transitioned from that associated with an initial ideal ionic conductor for the LiI-based composite in the unformed state to that of three depressed semicircles as the cell formed. The assignments of these spectral features were made empirically using various techniques. Three-electrode measurements using a |Ag|AgI|Ag|AgI reference electrode and dynamic impedance measurements were used to confirm these assignments. The charge-transfer process at the positive electrode is the main kinetically limiting factor, especially toward the end of the lithiation cycle. In situ Raman spectroscopy confirmed the formation of the polyiodide anions I3−I3− and I5−I5− in the positive electrode region during cell formation.

ACS Style

L. Weinstein; William Yourey; J. Gural; G. G. Amatucci. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy of Electrochemically Self-Assembled Lithium–Iodine Batteries. Journal of The Electrochemical Society 2008, 155, A590 -A598.

AMA Style

L. Weinstein, William Yourey, J. Gural, G. G. Amatucci. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy of Electrochemically Self-Assembled Lithium–Iodine Batteries. Journal of The Electrochemical Society. 2008; 155 (8):A590-A598.

Chicago/Turabian Style

L. Weinstein; William Yourey; J. Gural; G. G. Amatucci. 2008. "Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy of Electrochemically Self-Assembled Lithium–Iodine Batteries." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 155, no. 8: A590-A598.

Conference paper
Published: 01 January 2008 in MRS Proceedings
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As MEMS devices for biomedical and other applications continue to develop and decrease in dimensions, the demand for power supplies with the appropriate size and energy density continues to grow. Although energy density is an important factor, one of the most crucial factors is the ability to fabricate cells in a variety of shapes so to enable the greatest design flexibility when fabricating a device. Recently our group has introduced an electrochemically self formed battery to grant a path towards the greatest flexibility. In short, a nanocomposite of an alkali halide such as lithium iodide is placed between current collectors and polarized thereby creating a lithium anode and polyiodide cathode in-situ. As with primary lithium-iodine cells the transport within the cathode is a complex mechanism involving the Li+, I-, and e- all within the polyiodide network. After our recent work on in-situ EIS evaluation of the technology, we have launched on an effort to greater understand the limiting transport mechanisms in the positive electrode as a function of polyiodide network development. An in-depth characterization study was performed on the LiI-I2-PVP-H20 at various molar ratios to understand the structural and conductivity changes that take place during formation of the cell A combination of AC impedance and DC polarization studies were used for the impedance characterization in conjunction with blocking electrode methodology for separating the conductivity into its electronic and ionic portions. Also, FTIR and Raman were used to structurally characterize the samples for both the polyiodide formation and the interaction between the polyiodides and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Being non conjugated, PVP was chosen as it does not intrinsically contribute to the conductivity of the composite but does induce the formation of polyiodide species. As different molar ratio composites are prepared, the concentration of different polyiodide species (I3-, I5-, In-) within the composite change and affect the overall conductivity. A 3-dimensional plot of composite conductivity reveals a high electronic conductivity ridge for samples containing either LiI anhydrous or monohydrate at a constant I2 to PVP ratio. These 3-dimensional plots also allow us to correlate represent in an ex-situ format the electronic and ionic conductivity of the cathode/electrolyte at various depths of discharge.

ACS Style

William M. Yourey; Lawrence Weinstein; Glenn G. Amatucci. Transport in Polyiodide Networks of a Self-Assembled Lithium Iodide Battery. MRS Proceedings 2008, 1126, 1 .

AMA Style

William M. Yourey, Lawrence Weinstein, Glenn G. Amatucci. Transport in Polyiodide Networks of a Self-Assembled Lithium Iodide Battery. MRS Proceedings. 2008; 1126 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

William M. Yourey; Lawrence Weinstein; Glenn G. Amatucci. 2008. "Transport in Polyiodide Networks of a Self-Assembled Lithium Iodide Battery." MRS Proceedings 1126, no. : 1.

Conference paper
Published: 01 January 2006 in MRS Proceedings
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The concept of reversible and non reversible conversion in high bandgap metal fluorides is expanded through the introduction of mixed conducting matrices to form dense nanocomposite structures capable of good transport to nanodomains of metal fluorides. Specific examples for BiF3 and especially CuF2 using matrices of nominal composition of MoO3 are discussed. The reversible conversion mechanism of the metal halides is expanded to enable a new concept of electrochemically self assembled microbatteries (ESAMs) based on alkali halides. Such technology enables the fabrication of a solid state microbattery between two current collectors of various configurations on the microscale. First examples demonstrated based on LiI have demonstrated cell formation, appreciable energy density, and preliminary reversibility.

ACS Style

Fadwa Badway; Azzam Mansour; Irene Plitz; Nathalie Pereira; Larry Weinstein; William Yourey; Glenn G Amatucci. Enabling Aspects of Metal Halide Nanocomposites for Reversible Energy Storage. MRS Proceedings 2006, 972, 1 .

AMA Style

Fadwa Badway, Azzam Mansour, Irene Plitz, Nathalie Pereira, Larry Weinstein, William Yourey, Glenn G Amatucci. Enabling Aspects of Metal Halide Nanocomposites for Reversible Energy Storage. MRS Proceedings. 2006; 972 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fadwa Badway; Azzam Mansour; Irene Plitz; Nathalie Pereira; Larry Weinstein; William Yourey; Glenn G Amatucci. 2006. "Enabling Aspects of Metal Halide Nanocomposites for Reversible Energy Storage." MRS Proceedings 972, no. : 1.