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Dr. Kalle Kärhä
Stora Enso Wood Supply Finland, P.O. Box 309, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland

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Review
Published: 23 April 2021 in ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information
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Forest industry corporations use quality management systems in their wood procurement operations. Spatial quality data are used to improve the quality of wood harvesting and to achieve environmental sustainability. Some studies have proposed new management systems based on LiDAR. The main aim of this study was to investigate how efficiently planning systems can select areas for wood harvesting a priori with respect to avoiding harvesting damage caused by forest machinery. A literature review revealed the possibility of using GISs, and case studies showed the criteria required to predict the required quality levels. Terrestrial LiDAR can be utilized in authorities’ quality control systems, but it is inefficient for preplanning without terrestrial gamma-ray data collection. Airborne LiDAR and gamma-ray information about forest soils can only be used for planning larger regions at the forest level because the information includes too much uncertainty to allow it to be used for planning in small-sized areas before wood harvesting operations involving wood procurement. In addition, airborne LiDAR is not accurate enough, even at the forest level, for the planning of wood procurement systems because wood harvesting remains challenging without field measurements. Therefore, there is a need for the use of manual ground-penetrating radar for determining the peat layer thickness and the depth to the groundwater table.

ACS Style

Teijo Palander; Kalle Kärhä. Utilization of Image, LiDAR and Gamma-Ray Information to Improve Environmental Sustainability of Cut-to-Length Wood Harvesting Operations in Peatlands: A Management Systems Perspective. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 2021, 10, 273 .

AMA Style

Teijo Palander, Kalle Kärhä. Utilization of Image, LiDAR and Gamma-Ray Information to Improve Environmental Sustainability of Cut-to-Length Wood Harvesting Operations in Peatlands: A Management Systems Perspective. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2021; 10 (5):273.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Teijo Palander; Kalle Kärhä. 2021. "Utilization of Image, LiDAR and Gamma-Ray Information to Improve Environmental Sustainability of Cut-to-Length Wood Harvesting Operations in Peatlands: A Management Systems Perspective." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 5: 273.

Journal article
Published: 15 January 2021 in Energies
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Transportation of renewable wood is increasing, being a necessary operation in logistics of the environmentally sustainable forest industry. However, increasing the transportation capacity is a source of greenhouse gas emissions. In addition to trucks’ emissions, maintaining road infrastructure affects the environment by the emissions of increasing utilization of HCT (high-capacity transportation), that is, larger and heavier vehicles, affecting the backhauling transportation and the efficiency of road-network combinations. Environmental efficiency is an important metric which is used for comparisons among technological alternatives employed in the utilization of energy derived from both fossil and renewable resources. Based on the enterprise resource planning (ERP) data (2018–2020), CO2 emissions of increasing HCT were calculated for a forest industry corporation. The reduction in average fuel consumption (ml t × km−1), between 52% and 70% in backhauling transportation, was 18.88%. In this respect, CO2 emissions were reduced by 4.52 g t × km−1, achieving 19.48 g t × km−1, based on the data from the 76 t vehicle combinations. Furthermore, the metric of total environmental efficiency shows the potential of the alternative road-network combinations for the HCT. The environmental efficiency of the 92 t HCT increased by 11% via an intensive road-network combination, compared to the most efficient 76 t HCT alternative and the efficiency increased by 21%, compared to the most efficient line-hauling alternative. Thus, the results are in favor of the backhauling transportation by the means of 92 t vehicles for HCT development. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis demonstrates that technological improvement of the forest roads is essential for HCT in an increasing harvesting of renewable wood energy. Also, to achieve the maximum environmental efficiency of the HCT during upgrading of the forest roads, efficiency measurements of the HCT should be implemented in the transportation planning systems.

ACS Style

Teijo Palander; Stelian Alexandru Borz; Kalle Kärhä. Impacts of Road Infrastructure on the Environmental Efficiency of High Capacity Transportation in Harvesting of Renewable Wood Energy. Energies 2021, 14, 453 .

AMA Style

Teijo Palander, Stelian Alexandru Borz, Kalle Kärhä. Impacts of Road Infrastructure on the Environmental Efficiency of High Capacity Transportation in Harvesting of Renewable Wood Energy. Energies. 2021; 14 (2):453.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Teijo Palander; Stelian Alexandru Borz; Kalle Kärhä. 2021. "Impacts of Road Infrastructure on the Environmental Efficiency of High Capacity Transportation in Harvesting of Renewable Wood Energy." Energies 14, no. 2: 453.

Original paper
Published: 02 December 2020 in European Journal of Forest Research
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Small tree size represents the main challenge when designing a cost-effective harvesting system for European short-rotation plantations. This challenge is further complicated by the need to obtain 4-m logs for high-end products, which rules out the possibility of deploying whole-tree chipping. Both challenges can be met through mass or multi-tree handling (MTH), which must begin at the time of felling and continue uninterrupted along the whole supply chain. The objective was to: (1) gauge the productivity and the cost of CTL harvesting applied to these plantations; (2) assess log yield and capacity to match dimensional specifications; (3) determine if MTH applied to CTL technology offers a real benefit compared with conventional single-tree handling. The authors conducted a time study using a block design with a two-machine cut-to-length harvesting system (i.e. harvester and forwarder) in single- and multi-tree handling operations on the clear cutting of a hybrid poplar plantation in Poland, as well as we manually measured the produced volumes of the study. Higher productivity (+ 8%) was achieved under the multi-stem handling mode. The MTH system proved capable of containing harvesting costs below € 15 per green ton, while fulfilling set timber quality requirements in terms of value recovery and log quality specifications. A new, software-based, MTH system is recommended to be used in short-rotation poplar plantation for logs and biomass harvesting. When the coppicing season is over, the system can be deployed for the conventional thinning operations.

ACS Style

Natascia Magagnotti; Raffaele Spinelli; Kalle Kärhä; Piotr S. Mederski. Multi-tree cut-to-length harvesting of short-rotation poplar plantations. European Journal of Forest Research 2020, 1 -10.

AMA Style

Natascia Magagnotti, Raffaele Spinelli, Kalle Kärhä, Piotr S. Mederski. Multi-tree cut-to-length harvesting of short-rotation poplar plantations. European Journal of Forest Research. 2020; ():1-10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Natascia Magagnotti; Raffaele Spinelli; Kalle Kärhä; Piotr S. Mederski. 2020. "Multi-tree cut-to-length harvesting of short-rotation poplar plantations." European Journal of Forest Research , no. : 1-10.

Journal article
Published: 12 November 2020 in Forests
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Wood transportation is an important source of greenhouse gas emissions, which should be considered when the carbon neutrality of the forest industry is of concern. The EU is dedicated to improving technology for a carbon-neutral development. This study investigates carbon neutrality by improving road freight transportation fleets consisting of various vehicle size combinations. The environmental emission and energy efficiency of a transportation fleet were analyzed in selected wood procurement regions of Stora Enso corporation (Finland). Based on the enterprise resource planning (ERP) data (2018–2020), the environmental emission efficiency increased by 11% via 76 t-vehicles compared 64 t vehicles. The maximum reduction in fuel consumption was 26% for 92 t vehicles, though this was achieved when operations were fully adjusted to the maximum weight limit. The wood-based energy efficiency measure (wood energy/transport energy) was a useful development indicator. It showed that the adapted fleets of transportation companies support a positive development for a carbon-neutral forestry. In respect to the current legal fleet (64, 68 and 76 t), the use of 76 t vehicles increased energy efficiency most effectively, by 50%, compared to 64 t vehicles in the best region. Currently, transportation service providers and their clients are using ERP information to tailor their energy efficiency metric and to implement them locally in the transportation monitoring systems. A three-year sensitivity analysis demonstrates that the technological development of management tools to improve transportation efficiency is essential for larger and heavier vehicle utilization. In the future, the whole wood supply chain from forest to factory will also be optimized with respect to energy efficiency criterion to ensure a low-carbon forest industry.

ACS Style

Teijo Palander; Hanna Haavikko; Emma Kortelainen; Kalle Kärhä; Stelian Alexandru Borz. Improving Environmental and Energy Efficiency in Wood Transportation for a Carbon-Neutral Forest Industry. Forests 2020, 11, 1194 .

AMA Style

Teijo Palander, Hanna Haavikko, Emma Kortelainen, Kalle Kärhä, Stelian Alexandru Borz. Improving Environmental and Energy Efficiency in Wood Transportation for a Carbon-Neutral Forest Industry. Forests. 2020; 11 (11):1194.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Teijo Palander; Hanna Haavikko; Emma Kortelainen; Kalle Kärhä; Stelian Alexandru Borz. 2020. "Improving Environmental and Energy Efficiency in Wood Transportation for a Carbon-Neutral Forest Industry." Forests 11, no. 11: 1194.

Research paper
Published: 27 August 2020 in Annals of Forest Science
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Key message We examined the accuracy of the stand attribute data based on airborne laser scanning (ALS) provided by the Finnish Forest Centre. The precision of forest inventory data was compared for the first time with operative logging data measured by the harvester. Context Airborne laser scanning (ALS) is increasingly used together with models to predict the stand attributes of boreal forests. The information is updated by growth models. Information produced by remote sensing, model prediction, and growth simulation needs field verification. The data collected by harvesters on logging sites provide a means to evaluate and verify the accuracy of the ALS-based data. Aims This study investigated the accuracy of ALS-based forest inventory data provided by the Finnish Forest Centre at the stand level, using harvester data as the reference. Special interest was on timber assortment volumes where the quality reductions of sawlog are model predictions in ALS-based data and true realized reductions in the logging data. Methods We examined the accuracy of total volume and timber assortment volumes by comparing ALS-based data and operative logging data measured by a harvester. This was done both for clear cuttings and thinning sites. Accuracy of the identification of the dominant tree species of the stand was examined using the Kappa coefficient. Results In clear-felling sites, the total harvest removals based on ALS and model prediction had a RMSE% of 26.0%. In thinning, the corresponding difference in the total harvested removal was 42.4%. Compared to logged volume, ALS-based prediction overestimated sawlog removals in clear cuttings and underestimated pulpwood removals. Conclusion The study provided valuable information on the accuracy of ALS-based stand attribute data. Our results showed that ALS-based data need better methods to predict the technical quality of harvested trees, to avoid systematic overestimates of sawlog volume. We also found that the ALS-based estimates do not accurately predict the volume of trees removed in actual thinnings.

ACS Style

Ville Vähä-Konka; Matti Maltamo; Timo Pukkala; Kalle Kärhä. Evaluating the accuracy of ALS-based removal estimates against actual logging data. Annals of Forest Science 2020, 77, 1 -11.

AMA Style

Ville Vähä-Konka, Matti Maltamo, Timo Pukkala, Kalle Kärhä. Evaluating the accuracy of ALS-based removal estimates against actual logging data. Annals of Forest Science. 2020; 77 (3):1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ville Vähä-Konka; Matti Maltamo; Timo Pukkala; Kalle Kärhä. 2020. "Evaluating the accuracy of ALS-based removal estimates against actual logging data." Annals of Forest Science 77, no. 3: 1-11.

Journal article
Published: 26 June 2020 in European Journal of Forest Engineering
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The objective of this study was to analyze forest industry professionals’ opinions of the utility of pre-clearance work prior to the first-thinning operations. A total of 153 interviews were conducted with three groups of professionals (forest machine entrepreneurs, harvester operators and logging officers) with a response rate of 80%. In general, the respondents agreed that the occurrence of understory would hinder the cutting work if the softwood tree understory density exceeded 1,152 trees/ha and a height of 1.42 m. The corresponding values for broadleaved trees were 1,669 trees/ha and a height of 1.86 m. The respondents stated that trees eligible for logging should be pre-cleared within a circular area with a mean radius of 1.24 m, and the stump height of cleared trees should not exceed 10.8 cm. In intermediate areas (i.e., outside of the circular areas) understory trees exceeding a height of 1.96 m should be pre-cleared. Pre-harvest clearing should be conducted, on average, 9.2 months prior to the logging operation. The results indicated significant differences between the opinions of the respondents concerning the understory density, the height that would hinder cutting and the most convenient pre-harvest clearing method. As a result of this research, pre-clearance guidelines, based on the best-practice knowledge of the professionals, was launched at Stora Enso company in Finland. Because the study results were based on subjective knowledge, they should be validated by long-term empirical data collection and continuing analysis of the effect of understory trees on the efficiency of a forest machine operator.

ACS Style

Kalle Kärhä; Dan Bergström. Assessing the Guidelines for Pre-Harvest Clearing Operations of Understory in First Thinnings: Preliminary Results from Stora Enso in Finland. European Journal of Forest Engineering 2020, 6, 14 -22.

AMA Style

Kalle Kärhä, Dan Bergström. Assessing the Guidelines for Pre-Harvest Clearing Operations of Understory in First Thinnings: Preliminary Results from Stora Enso in Finland. European Journal of Forest Engineering. 2020; 6 (1):14-22.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kalle Kärhä; Dan Bergström. 2020. "Assessing the Guidelines for Pre-Harvest Clearing Operations of Understory in First Thinnings: Preliminary Results from Stora Enso in Finland." European Journal of Forest Engineering 6, no. 1: 14-22.

Journal article
Published: 31 March 2020 in Sustainability
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The Finnish forest industry is committed to applying novel technologies for increasing carbon-neutral development and environmental sustainability in “green” circular industry. This study compares the energy efficiency indicators of road freight transportation. Additionally, effects of four mass limits of vehicle combinations are analyzed after a three-year adaptation process that took place in a wood procurement region of 100% renewable resources. The wood-based energy efficiency model (load’s wood energy/fossil transport energy) was the most accurate and precise measure as the development indicator. The indicator showed that the transportation systems (60, 64, 68, and 76 t) and (64, 68, and 76 t) were carbon negative (122, 133, 144, and 108) (142, 147, and 133) in 2014 and 2016, respectively. The numbers reveal positive energy ratio of renewable wood and fossil fuels. In comparison to 60 t, the use of 68 t vehicles increased energy efficiency most effectively in the systems, by 18.0% and 20.5%, respectively. The indicator robustly revealed the energy efficiency of a partial system in the smaller supply region, which depended on the region’s transportation conditions. This novel knowledge can be applied for advancing the adaptation toward carbon-neutral supply networks. There is also the development potential of an industrial ecosystem model for optimizing the environmental sustainability of “green” circular industry.

ACS Style

Teijo Palander; Hanna Haavikko; Emma Kortelainen; Kalle Kärhä. Comparison of Energy Efficiency Indicators of Road Transportation for Modeling Environmental Sustainability in “Green” Circular Industry. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2740 .

AMA Style

Teijo Palander, Hanna Haavikko, Emma Kortelainen, Kalle Kärhä. Comparison of Energy Efficiency Indicators of Road Transportation for Modeling Environmental Sustainability in “Green” Circular Industry. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (7):2740.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Teijo Palander; Hanna Haavikko; Emma Kortelainen; Kalle Kärhä. 2020. "Comparison of Energy Efficiency Indicators of Road Transportation for Modeling Environmental Sustainability in “Green” Circular Industry." Sustainability 12, no. 7: 2740.

Original research
Published: 11 January 2020 in Small-scale Forestry
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In this study, the information needs of non-industrial private forest owners in Finland, after logging operations, were investigated. The study was carried out as an online survey in 2017. The survey was targeted at non-industrial private forest owners who had sold their timber during the previous 10 years (2008–2017) and whose email addresses were in the customer relationship management system of a large wood procurement company in Finland. A response link for the survey was successfully sent to 31,988 forest owners, of whom 3323 replied (response rate: 10.4%). The final study data included 3284 non-industrial private forest owners. The results of the study, which need to be interpreted cautiously due to the low response rate, showed that the forest owners want better-quality reporting after logging operations. Furthermore, the results suggested that gender, age, education, occupational status, place of living, size of, and access to, forest property, and length of, and objectives for, forest ownership have a significant effect on their information needs. Younger, highly-educated, female, urban-living and multi-objective forest owners with larger forest holdings and short forest ownership tenures desired more information. Particularly, the respondents conveyed that they would like more and better information about thinning harvesting result. The results also indicated that when different groups of forest owners call for certain information, there is a need for producing different types of reports after logging operations for different forest owner segments.

ACS Style

Kalle Kärhä; Jyry Eronen; Teijo Palander; Heikki Ovaskainen; Kirsi Riekki; Heidi Hämäläinen. Information Needs of Non-industrial Private Forest Owners After Logging Operations in Finland: A Case Study. Small-scale Forestry 2020, 19, 205 -230.

AMA Style

Kalle Kärhä, Jyry Eronen, Teijo Palander, Heikki Ovaskainen, Kirsi Riekki, Heidi Hämäläinen. Information Needs of Non-industrial Private Forest Owners After Logging Operations in Finland: A Case Study. Small-scale Forestry. 2020; 19 (2):205-230.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kalle Kärhä; Jyry Eronen; Teijo Palander; Heikki Ovaskainen; Kirsi Riekki; Heidi Hämäläinen. 2020. "Information Needs of Non-industrial Private Forest Owners After Logging Operations in Finland: A Case Study." Small-scale Forestry 19, no. 2: 205-230.

Journal article
Published: 05 October 2019 in Forests
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Research Highlights: This study offers new information on the cross cutting of decayed stems with the sounding of short (0.5 m) offcuts and the bucking of longer (3.0 m) butt-rotten poles. Background and Objectives: The root and butt-rot fungus Heterobasidion annosum sensu lato (Fr.) Bref. causes wood quality damage to trees in softwood forests. When timber is harvested in butt-rotten forests, it is essential that the decayed part of the tree is recognized and cut away from a stem, while the healthy and good quality log section of a stem is cross cut with precision sawlogs. The objective of the study was to investigate the impact of two off-cutting methods on stem processing time, cutting productivity, sawlog volume, and commercial value at the roadside landing when harvesting timber from the butt-rotten Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) final-felling forests. Materials and Methods: The length of the short offcuts used was 0.5 m. The results of the cross-cutting practices were compared to the decayed pulpwood poles of 3 m from the butt of the rotten stems. Time and motion studies were carried out in stands before the profitability calculations. The study data consisted of 1980 Norway spruce sawlog stems. Results: Sounding of the short offcuts added significantly to the stem processing time of butt-rotten stems, but the sawlog volume and the timber value recovery of the stems were higher than those of the decayed pulpwood poles of 3 m. Conclusions: The study concluded that sounding of butt-rotten Norway spruce stems with one to three offcuts is economically profitable if the diameter of the decayed column at the stem stump’s height is small (≤5 cm). In contrast, when the width of the decay is larger (>5 cm), it is more profitable to first cross cut the decayed pulpwood pole of 3 m and then to observe the height of the decayed part of the stem.

ACS Style

Kalle Kärhä; Mikko Räsänen; Teijo Palander. The Profitability of Cross-Cutting Practices in Butt-Rotten Picea abies Final-Felling Stands. Forests 2019, 10, 874 .

AMA Style

Kalle Kärhä, Mikko Räsänen, Teijo Palander. The Profitability of Cross-Cutting Practices in Butt-Rotten Picea abies Final-Felling Stands. Forests. 2019; 10 (10):874.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kalle Kärhä; Mikko Räsänen; Teijo Palander. 2019. "The Profitability of Cross-Cutting Practices in Butt-Rotten Picea abies Final-Felling Stands." Forests 10, no. 10: 874.

Journal article
Published: 19 February 2019 in Energies
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Previous studies have suggested that the use of high-capacity transportation (HCT) can lead to low-carbon road-transportation in the forest industry. This study shows the impacts (in terms of energy efficiency) of a three-year adaptation process of transportation (2014–2016) towards HCT that took place in a synchronized transportation system (STS). The use of three transportation fleet-management control (TFMC) methods was analyzed in various road infrastructures. Energy-efficiency calculations were undertaken based on the HCT vehicles’ mass limits (64, 68 and 76 t). The use of 76 t vehicles increased energy efficiency by 13.4% and reduced CO2 emissions by 3.5% (to 49.6 g/tkm). In addition, the results show that the energy efficiency of the STS could be improved by a further 3.1%. In this respect, the proposed TFMC was used to adjust the STS towards vehicle-group transportation while meeting the road-class constraints of local wood supply chains. Forest-industry companies in Finland and abroad can use the tailored TFMC to optimize the STS in the near future and to achieve the energy-efficient STS and the regulations of the European Commission in wood-procurement logistics.

ACS Style

Teijo Palander; Kalle Kärhä. Improving Energy Efficiency in a Synchronized Road-Transportation System by Using a TFMC (Transportation Fleet-Management Control) in Finland. Energies 2019, 12, 670 .

AMA Style

Teijo Palander, Kalle Kärhä. Improving Energy Efficiency in a Synchronized Road-Transportation System by Using a TFMC (Transportation Fleet-Management Control) in Finland. Energies. 2019; 12 (4):670.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Teijo Palander; Kalle Kärhä. 2019. "Improving Energy Efficiency in a Synchronized Road-Transportation System by Using a TFMC (Transportation Fleet-Management Control) in Finland." Energies 12, no. 4: 670.

Journal article
Published: 13 February 2019 in Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
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Trestima Stack is a mobile application innovated by Trestima Ltd. It is based on machine vision, which measures the volume of a timber stack from images taken by a smartphone or a tablet device. The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy (i.e. measurement difference) and effective measurement time consumption of the Trestima Stack application compared to a conventional stacked timber measurement method. Research data consisted of a total of 60 timber stacks, of which 32 were measured in terminal and intermediate yards and 28 at roadside landings. The control volumes of the stacks were measured in September 2016 – January 2017 at the Stora Enso Anjala, Imatra and Varkaus mills by hydrostatic weighting. The total control volume of pulpwood in the study was 11,957 m3 solid over the bark (m3). Across all study data, the accuracy of Trestima Stack averaged +2.7%. In large terminal yards, accuracy was better (+0.7%) than at smaller roadside landings (+4.5%), whereas with the conventional stacked timber measurement method, the measurement accuracy was at a similar level in terminal yards (−4.8%) as at roadside landings (−4.9%). There was a statistically significant difference between the measurement methods used in measurement accuracy. The most common reason for inaccuracy with the Trestima Stack application was empty space in the final image framing around the stack. The average effective total measurement time consumption with Trestima Stack was 10.6 s/m3, while it was 13.7 s/m3 with the conventional stacked timber measurement method. For both measurement methods, there was a statistically significant negative correlation between the stack size and the volume-based effective total measurement time consumption. On the basis of this study, the Trestima Stack application can be recommended for inventorying timber stacks at the roadside landings, particularly when the stacks measured consist of several measurement batches.

ACS Style

Kalle Kärhä; Sari Nurmela; Heikki Karvonen; Veli-Pekka Kivinen; Timo Melkas; Miikka Nieminen. Estimating the accuracy and time consumption of a mobile machine vision application in measuring timber stacks. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 2019, 158, 167 -182.

AMA Style

Kalle Kärhä, Sari Nurmela, Heikki Karvonen, Veli-Pekka Kivinen, Timo Melkas, Miikka Nieminen. Estimating the accuracy and time consumption of a mobile machine vision application in measuring timber stacks. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 2019; 158 ():167-182.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kalle Kärhä; Sari Nurmela; Heikki Karvonen; Veli-Pekka Kivinen; Timo Melkas; Miikka Nieminen. 2019. "Estimating the accuracy and time consumption of a mobile machine vision application in measuring timber stacks." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 158, no. : 167-182.

Journal article
Published: 06 February 2019 in Biosystems Engineering
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Monitoring systems were applied to a single-grip harvester logging cut-to-length roundwood in Finland. Using single-grip harvesters may results in stem damages to the remaining trees during thinning, thereby reducing the growth and wood quality of the trees. These concerns justify the need for a decision support system to monitor stem damage in sustainable wood supply. One method to carry out harvesting-quality monitoring involves the application of image processing. The development of a monitoring system relies on the simulation of stem damage to 54 trees, 23 of which were Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and 31 of which were Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst). The algorithm was validated using data from 15 stands (463 trees) in the field. The damage to the stem was systematically photographed from a strip road and was intended to simulate the operation of machine vision. To determine the relationship between successful detection and stand-harvesting condition, an analysis of the detection of stem damage was conducted using the image processing technique. Meaningful relationships, which are suitable for use in linear classifiers for image processing, were discovered using logistic regression analysis. To improve the stem-damage monitoring system for a single-grip harvester, it was concluded that given the requirement for accurate thresholds of the stem-damage texture, development should focus on multi-view photogrammetry of the damage using machine learning. The monitoring system could be applicable outside Finland for the quality management of sustainable wood procurement.

ACS Style

Teijo S. Palander; Jyry P. Eronen; Niklas P. Peltoniemi; Aleksi I. Aarnio; Kalle Kärhä; Heikki K. Ovaskainen. Improving a stem-damage monitoring system for a single-grip harvester using a logistic regression model in image processing. Biosystems Engineering 2019, 180, 36 -49.

AMA Style

Teijo S. Palander, Jyry P. Eronen, Niklas P. Peltoniemi, Aleksi I. Aarnio, Kalle Kärhä, Heikki K. Ovaskainen. Improving a stem-damage monitoring system for a single-grip harvester using a logistic regression model in image processing. Biosystems Engineering. 2019; 180 ():36-49.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Teijo S. Palander; Jyry P. Eronen; Niklas P. Peltoniemi; Aleksi I. Aarnio; Kalle Kärhä; Heikki K. Ovaskainen. 2019. "Improving a stem-damage monitoring system for a single-grip harvester using a logistic regression model in image processing." Biosystems Engineering 180, no. : 36-49.

Review article
Published: 03 August 2018 in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
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A third of the final energy demand and almost a fifth of total emissions in the European Union is caused by road transportation. Advanced biofuels and larger and heavier vehicles have been seen in the literature as one potential logistics solution with which to improve the energy efficiency of the forest industry. The Finnish government aims to create a 100% carbon-neutral energy base by the year 2045, emphasizing the country's renewable forests as a source for energy and biofuel cycles. The purpose of this paper is to discuss how the local biofuel cycling through larger and heavier vehicles may affect the sustainability of wood procurement in the industrial ecosystem by focusing on transport efficiency, cost-efficiency and energy efficiency. The paper presents a quantitative energy-performance analysis from the optimization of results of the multi-objective dynamic biofuel cycle model. Goal programming enables the energy management solution for three biofuel scenarios of larger and heavier vehicles in the 100% carbon-neutral wood procurement of decentralized energy production. Since the basic scenario in 2013, there has been an upward trend in the average payload weight and a transition in 7- to 9-axle vehicle combinations. While the increase in energy efficiency is significant, it is less than half of the government's maximum scenario estimated prior to the regulations. The novelty of this study is in providing the impacts of the local biofuel cycles (5%, 15% and 30%) on the energy efficiency of road freight transportation to create a 100% carbon-neutral energy base for Finland. Furthermore, the results also provide decision support to the ongoing policy debate towards the 100% sustainable wood supply and/or wood procurement of the industrial ecosystems in Europe.

ACS Style

Teijo Palander; Hanna Haavikko; Kalle Kärhä. Towards sustainable wood procurement in forest industry – The energy efficiency of larger and heavier vehicles in Finland. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2018, 96, 100 -118.

AMA Style

Teijo Palander, Hanna Haavikko, Kalle Kärhä. Towards sustainable wood procurement in forest industry – The energy efficiency of larger and heavier vehicles in Finland. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2018; 96 ():100-118.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Teijo Palander; Hanna Haavikko; Kalle Kärhä. 2018. "Towards sustainable wood procurement in forest industry – The energy efficiency of larger and heavier vehicles in Finland." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 96, no. : 100-118.

Journal article
Published: 22 May 2018 in Forests
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Different abiotic and biotic disturbances are expected to become more common in the future due to a warming climate. Globally, post-disturbance salvage logging is becoming more predominant to recover economic value from timber in disturbed forests. This study collected comparative time-study data and analyzed the productivity of cutting for windfalls in clear cuttings and determined the cutting costs of windfalls. Furthermore, the logging (i.e., cutting and forwarding) costs of wind-damaged trees and those of undamaged standing Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) trees in clear cuts were calculated in Finland. The results revealed that the cutting productivity of windfalls was 19–33% lower than that of undamaged stems. The cutting costs of windthrown stems with a volume of 0.3–1.5 m3 were 35–64% higher and the logging costs of windfalls were 10–30% higher than those of undamaged standing stems. The study provided new understanding regarding the productivity and costs of salvage logging operations under Finnish conditions. Even if the logging of windfalls is expensive and laborious, salvage logging operations are important for forest stands and their health to minimize post-disaster damage outbreaks in coniferous forests, such as the damage caused by bark beetles—mainly Ips typographus L.

ACS Style

Kalle Kärhä; Tuomas Anttonen; Asko Poikela; Teijo Palander; Ari Laurén; Heli Peltola; Yrjö Nuutinen. Evaluation of Salvage Logging Productivity and Costs in Windthrown Norway Spruce-Dominated Forests. Forests 2018, 9, 280 .

AMA Style

Kalle Kärhä, Tuomas Anttonen, Asko Poikela, Teijo Palander, Ari Laurén, Heli Peltola, Yrjö Nuutinen. Evaluation of Salvage Logging Productivity and Costs in Windthrown Norway Spruce-Dominated Forests. Forests. 2018; 9 (5):280.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kalle Kärhä; Tuomas Anttonen; Asko Poikela; Teijo Palander; Ari Laurén; Heli Peltola; Yrjö Nuutinen. 2018. "Evaluation of Salvage Logging Productivity and Costs in Windthrown Norway Spruce-Dominated Forests." Forests 9, no. 5: 280.

Journal article
Published: 15 March 2018 in Forests
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Heterobasidion spp. root rot causes severe damage to forests throughout the northern temperate zone. In order to prevent Heterobasidion infection in summertime cuttings, stumps can be treated with urea or Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, the consumption of stump treatment materials and the quality of stump treatment work were investigated. A total of 46 harvesters were examined in May–November 2016 in Finland. The average stem size of softwood removal and softwood removal per hectare explained the consumption of stump treatment material. The quality of stump treatment work was good in the study. The best coverage was achieved with the stumps of 20–39 cm diameter at stump height (d0). It can be recommended that the harvester operator self-monitors and actively controls his/her treatment result in cutting work and sets the stump treatment equipment in a harvester if needed. The results also suggested that when cutting mostly small- and medium-diameter (d0 ≤ 39 cm) conifers, the stump treatment guide bars with relatively few (27) number of open holes are applied.

ACS Style

Kalle Kärhä; Ville Koivusalo; Teijo Palander; Matti Ronkanen. Treatment of Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris Stumps with Urea and Phlebiopsis gigantea for Control of Heterobasidion. Forests 2018, 9, 139 .

AMA Style

Kalle Kärhä, Ville Koivusalo, Teijo Palander, Matti Ronkanen. Treatment of Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris Stumps with Urea and Phlebiopsis gigantea for Control of Heterobasidion. Forests. 2018; 9 (3):139.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kalle Kärhä; Ville Koivusalo; Teijo Palander; Matti Ronkanen. 2018. "Treatment of Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris Stumps with Urea and Phlebiopsis gigantea for Control of Heterobasidion." Forests 9, no. 3: 139.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2018 in International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science
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Teijo Palander; Joonas Mutanen; Kalle Kärhä; Juha-Antti Sorsa; Tapio Räsänen. Multiple-criteria stem bucking (Picea abies L. Karst.) for maximizing monetary value of timber trade. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science 2018, 5, 183 -191.

AMA Style

Teijo Palander, Joonas Mutanen, Kalle Kärhä, Juha-Antti Sorsa, Tapio Räsänen. Multiple-criteria stem bucking (Picea abies L. Karst.) for maximizing monetary value of timber trade. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science. 2018; 5 (3):183-191.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Teijo Palander; Joonas Mutanen; Kalle Kärhä; Juha-Antti Sorsa; Tapio Räsänen. 2018. "Multiple-criteria stem bucking (Picea abies L. Karst.) for maximizing monetary value of timber trade." International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science 5, no. 3: 183-191.

Journal article
Published: 04 October 2016 in Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research
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Teijo Palander; Kalle Kärhä; Lauri Mehtätalo. Applying polynomial regression modeling to productivity analysis of sustainable stump harvesting. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 2016, 32, 204 -212.

AMA Style

Teijo Palander, Kalle Kärhä, Lauri Mehtätalo. Applying polynomial regression modeling to productivity analysis of sustainable stump harvesting. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research. 2016; 32 (3):204-212.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Teijo Palander; Kalle Kärhä; Lauri Mehtätalo. 2016. "Applying polynomial regression modeling to productivity analysis of sustainable stump harvesting." Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 32, no. 3: 204-212.

Journal article
Published: 03 March 2016 in Energies
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An automatic forest-stand selection method was developed that integrates the procurement of profitable energy sources within a sustainable energy production system. We tested the method using a forest harvester simulator. We found that site-specific estimates of forest characteristics are important when predicting the potential of an energy-wood stand as a renewable energy source. Further, tree parameters can be combined with automatic stem measurements from a multiple-tree harvester to predict the energy-wood biomass in the stands. The selection process uses data from profitability studies. The selection process also uses environmental criteria to ensure that sufficient soil organic matter is left behind and to protect the soil against erosion. The integrated system of the harvester automatically adapts the system’s models and stand-selection rules to account for various site-specific stand parameters. Predicting the profitable and environmentally acceptable yield of stand biomass has great potential in sustainable forest resource management, but managers must decide whether the operational procurement guidelines provided by the stand-selection method is acceptable under their local real-world wood procurement conditions.

ACS Style

Teijo Palander; Kalle Kärhä. Adaptive Procurement Guidelines for Automatic Selection of Renewable Forest Energy Sources within a Sustainable Energy Production System. Energies 2016, 9, 155 .

AMA Style

Teijo Palander, Kalle Kärhä. Adaptive Procurement Guidelines for Automatic Selection of Renewable Forest Energy Sources within a Sustainable Energy Production System. Energies. 2016; 9 (3):155.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Teijo Palander; Kalle Kärhä. 2016. "Adaptive Procurement Guidelines for Automatic Selection of Renewable Forest Energy Sources within a Sustainable Energy Production System." Energies 9, no. 3: 155.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2016 in Metsätieteen aikakauskirja
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Tiina Laine; Kalle Kärhä; Antti Hynönen. Koneellinen metsänistutus Suomessa 2013 ja sen menestystekijät. Metsätieteen aikakauskirja 2016, 2016, 1 .

AMA Style

Tiina Laine, Kalle Kärhä, Antti Hynönen. Koneellinen metsänistutus Suomessa 2013 ja sen menestystekijät. Metsätieteen aikakauskirja. 2016; 2016 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tiina Laine; Kalle Kärhä; Antti Hynönen. 2016. "Koneellinen metsänistutus Suomessa 2013 ja sen menestystekijät." Metsätieteen aikakauskirja 2016, no. 1: 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2016 in Silva Fennica
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Tiina Laine; Kalle Kärhä; Antti Hynönen. A survey of the Finnish mechanized tree-planting industry in 2013 and its success factors. Silva Fennica 2016, 50, 1 .

AMA Style

Tiina Laine, Kalle Kärhä, Antti Hynönen. A survey of the Finnish mechanized tree-planting industry in 2013 and its success factors. Silva Fennica. 2016; 50 (2):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tiina Laine; Kalle Kärhä; Antti Hynönen. 2016. "A survey of the Finnish mechanized tree-planting industry in 2013 and its success factors." Silva Fennica 50, no. 2: 1.