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A.D. Quinn
Birmingham Centre for Railway Research and Education University of Birmingham Edgbaston UK

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Advanced review
Published: 13 August 2021 in WIREs Climate Change
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Weather phenomena can result in severe impacts on railway infrastructure. In future, projected changes to the frequency and/or intensity of extreme weather events could change weather–infrastructure risk profiles. Infrastructure owners and operators need to manage current weather impacts and put in place adequate plans to anticipate and adapt to changes in future weather risks, or mitigate the impacts arising from those risks. The assessment of the risk posed to railway infrastructure from current and future weather is dependent on a good understanding of the constituent components of risk: hazard, vulnerability, and exposure. A good understanding of the baseline and projected future risk is needed in order to understand the potential benefits of various climate change adaptation actions. Traditional risk assessment methods need some modification in order to be applied to climate change timescales, for which decisions need to be made under deep uncertainty. This review paper highlights some key challenges for assessing the risk, including: managing uncertainties; understanding weather-impact relationships and how they could change with climate change; assessing the costs of current and future weather impacts and the potential cost versus benefit of adaptation; and understanding practices and tools for adapting railway infrastructure. The literature reveals examples of progress and good practice in all these areas, providing scope for effective knowledge-sharing—across the railway infrastructure and other sectors—in support of infrastructure resilience and adaptation. This article is categorized under: Assessing Impacts of Climate Change > Evaluating Future Impacts of Climate Change

ACS Style

Erika J. Palin; Irina Stipanovic Oslakovic; Kenneth Gavin; Andrew Quinn. Implications of climate change for railway infrastructure. WIREs Climate Change 2021, 12, e728 .

AMA Style

Erika J. Palin, Irina Stipanovic Oslakovic, Kenneth Gavin, Andrew Quinn. Implications of climate change for railway infrastructure. WIREs Climate Change. 2021; 12 (5):e728.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Erika J. Palin; Irina Stipanovic Oslakovic; Kenneth Gavin; Andrew Quinn. 2021. "Implications of climate change for railway infrastructure." WIREs Climate Change 12, no. 5: e728.

Journal article
Published: 21 February 2020 in Sustainability
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This paper examines the bus rapid transit (BRT) legacies of mega sporting events (MSEs) held in the Global South cities of Cape Town and Rio de Janeiro. It discusses the extent to which these transport systems have been operationally sustainable, post-MSE; in other words, their ability to be maintained at a certain rate or level and hence their ability to act as public good as planned and according to specific needs. It argues that in both cities, long-term operational challenges have emerged due to conflictual temporalities between the priorities of the MSE and the mid/long term requirements of a transport system, supplemented by a poor spatial contextualisation of BRT design. These include financial viability, providing a service with appropriate frequency and capacity, integration with other transport systems, and resilience to external shocks such as extreme weather. These findings have key academic and policy implications both by opening further areas of research towards MSEs as a tool to deliver sustainable urban transport, and provides important lessons for future MSE hosts and cities considering BRT.

ACS Style

Emma Ferranti; Lauren Andres; Stuart Paul Denoon-Stevens; Lorena Melgaço; Daniel Oberling; Andrew Quinn. Operational Challenges and Mega Sporting Events Legacy: The Case of BRT Systems in the Global South. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1609 .

AMA Style

Emma Ferranti, Lauren Andres, Stuart Paul Denoon-Stevens, Lorena Melgaço, Daniel Oberling, Andrew Quinn. Operational Challenges and Mega Sporting Events Legacy: The Case of BRT Systems in the Global South. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (4):1609.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emma Ferranti; Lauren Andres; Stuart Paul Denoon-Stevens; Lorena Melgaço; Daniel Oberling; Andrew Quinn. 2020. "Operational Challenges and Mega Sporting Events Legacy: The Case of BRT Systems in the Global South." Sustainability 12, no. 4: 1609.

Journal article
Published: 06 July 2018 in Atmospheric Pollution Research
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This study presents a new method for evaluating the effectiveness of roadside PM10 and PM2.5 reduction scenarios using Machine Learning (ML) based models. The ML methods include Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Boosted Regression Trees (BRT) and Support Vector Machines (SVM). Traffic, meteorological and pollutant data collected at nineteen Air Quality Monitoring (AQM) sites in London for a period between 2007 and 2012 was used. The ML models performed very well in predicting the concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 with around 95% of their predictions falling within the factor of two of the observed concentrations at the roadsides. The prediction errors observed were very small as indicated by the average normalised mean gross errors of 0.2. Also, the predictions of the models correlated well with the observed concentrations as shown by the average values of R (0.8) and index of agreement (0.74). Additionally, when some PM10 and PM2.5 reduction scenarios were modelled, the ML models predicted various degree of reductions in the roadside concentrations. In conclusion, well trained ANN and BRT models can be successfully applied in predictions of roadside PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations. Moreover, they can be applied in measuring the effectiveness of roadside particle reduction scenarios.

ACS Style

A. Suleiman; M.R. Tight; A.D. Quinn. Applying machine learning methods in managing urban concentrations of traffic-related particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5). Atmospheric Pollution Research 2018, 10, 134 -144.

AMA Style

A. Suleiman, M.R. Tight, A.D. Quinn. Applying machine learning methods in managing urban concentrations of traffic-related particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5). Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2018; 10 (1):134-144.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A. Suleiman; M.R. Tight; A.D. Quinn. 2018. "Applying machine learning methods in managing urban concentrations of traffic-related particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5)." Atmospheric Pollution Research 10, no. 1: 134-144.

Journal article
Published: 17 April 2018 in Infrastructures
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Extreme weather damages and disrupts transport infrastructure in a multitude of ways. Heavy rainfall and ensuing landslides or flooding may lead to road or rail closures; extreme heat can damage road surfaces, or cause tracks, signalling or electronic equipment to overheat, or thermal discomfort for passengers. As extreme weather is expected to occur more frequently in the future, transport infrastructure owners and operators must increase their preparedness in order to reduce weather-related service disruption and the associated financial costs. This article presents a two-sided framework for use by any organisation to develop climate-change-ready transport infrastructure, regardless of their current level of knowledge or preparedness for climate change. The framework is composed of an adaptation strategy and an implementation plan, and has the overarching ambition to embed climate change adaptation within organisational procedures so it becomes a normal function of business. It advocates adaptation pathways, i.e., sequential adaptive actions that do not compromise future actions. The circular, iterative structure ensures new knowledge, or socio-economic changes may be incorporated, and that previous adaptations are evaluated. Moreover, the framework aligns with existing asset management procedures (e.g., ISO standards) or governmental or organisational approaches to climate change adaptation. By adopting this framework, organisations can self-identify their own level of adaptation readiness and seek to enhance it.

ACS Style

Andrew D. Quinn; Emma J. S. Ferranti; Simon P. Hodgkinson; Anson C. R. Jack; John Beckford; John M. Dora. Adaptation Becoming Business as Usual: A Framework for Climate-Change-Ready Transport Infrastructure. Infrastructures 2018, 3, 10 .

AMA Style

Andrew D. Quinn, Emma J. S. Ferranti, Simon P. Hodgkinson, Anson C. R. Jack, John Beckford, John M. Dora. Adaptation Becoming Business as Usual: A Framework for Climate-Change-Ready Transport Infrastructure. Infrastructures. 2018; 3 (2):10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrew D. Quinn; Emma J. S. Ferranti; Simon P. Hodgkinson; Anson C. R. Jack; John Beckford; John M. Dora. 2018. "Adaptation Becoming Business as Usual: A Framework for Climate-Change-Ready Transport Infrastructure." Infrastructures 3, no. 2: 10.

Journal article
Published: 29 March 2018 in Building and Environment
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Currently, no clear standards exist for determining urban building natural ventilation rates, especially under varying realistic meteorological conditions. In this study, ventilation rates are determined using tracer gas decay and pressure-based measurements for a full-scale (6 m tall) cube. The cube was either isolated (2 months of observations) or sheltered within a staggered array (7 months), for both single-sided and cross ventilation (openings 0.4 m × 1 m). Wind speeds at cube height ranged between 0.04 m s−1 and 13.1 m s−1. Errors for both ventilation methods are carefully assessed. There is no discernible linear relation between normalised ventilation rates from the two methods, except for cross ventilation in the array case. The ratio of tracer gas and pressure derived ventilation rates is assessed with wind direction. For single-sided (leeward opening) cases it approached 1. For cross ventilation the ratio was closer to 1 but with more scatter. One explanation is that agreement is better when internal mixing is less jet-dominated, i.e. for oblique directions in the isolated case and for all directions for unsteady array flows. Sheltering may reduce the flushing rate of the tracer gas from the cube relative to internal mixing rate. This new dataset provides an extensive range of conditions for numerical model evaluation and for understanding uncertainty of ventilation rates. Knowledge of the latter is critical in building design.

ACS Style

H.L. Gough; Z. Luo; C.H. Halios; M.-F. King; C.J. Noakes; C.S.B. Grimmond; J.F. Barlow; R. Hoxey; A.D. Quinn. Field measurement of natural ventilation rate in an idealised full-scale building located in a staggered urban array: Comparison between tracer gas and pressure-based methods. Building and Environment 2018, 137, 246 -256.

AMA Style

H.L. Gough, Z. Luo, C.H. Halios, M.-F. King, C.J. Noakes, C.S.B. Grimmond, J.F. Barlow, R. Hoxey, A.D. Quinn. Field measurement of natural ventilation rate in an idealised full-scale building located in a staggered urban array: Comparison between tracer gas and pressure-based methods. Building and Environment. 2018; 137 ():246-256.

Chicago/Turabian Style

H.L. Gough; Z. Luo; C.H. Halios; M.-F. King; C.J. Noakes; C.S.B. Grimmond; J.F. Barlow; R. Hoxey; A.D. Quinn. 2018. "Field measurement of natural ventilation rate in an idealised full-scale building located in a staggered urban array: Comparison between tracer gas and pressure-based methods." Building and Environment 137, no. : 246-256.

Journal article
Published: 16 March 2018 in Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics
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In this paper a major series of experiments is described that included extensive full-scale measurements of cross wind induced pressures on the Class 43 New Measurement Train over an extended 21 month period, together with wind tunnel, moving model tests and CFD calculations, and allows, for the first time, a proper evaluation of the adequacy of these techniques. Static wind tunnel tests and moving model tests show good agreement with each other, both in terms of the measured pressure field around the train and in the overall side force per unit length over the yaw angle range from 15 to 30°. Similarly the wind tunnel tests and the CFD calculations show good agreement with each other for yaw angles up to 15°. Two different analyses of the full-scale data were carried out - an analysis of 1 s average wind speeds and forces, and an analysis of specific gusts. There was a very great deal of scatter in the results and only the results from simple track topographies were found to agree well with the model and computational results.

ACS Style

M. Gallagher; J. Morden; C. Baker; D. Soper; A. Quinn; H. Hemida; M. Sterling. Trains in crosswinds – Comparison of full-scale on-train measurements, physical model tests and CFD calculations. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 2018, 175, 428 -444.

AMA Style

M. Gallagher, J. Morden, C. Baker, D. Soper, A. Quinn, H. Hemida, M. Sterling. Trains in crosswinds – Comparison of full-scale on-train measurements, physical model tests and CFD calculations. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics. 2018; 175 ():428-444.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Gallagher; J. Morden; C. Baker; D. Soper; A. Quinn; H. Hemida; M. Sterling. 2018. "Trains in crosswinds – Comparison of full-scale on-train measurements, physical model tests and CFD calculations." Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 175, no. : 428-444.

Journal article
Published: 16 March 2018 in Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics
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The large body of natural ventilation research, rarely addresses the effects of the urban area on ventilation rates. A novel contribution to this gap is made by the REFRESH cube campaign (RCC). During 9 months of observations, the Silsoe cube was both isolated and surrounded by a limited asymmetrical staggered array. A wide range of variables were measured continuously, including: local, reference and internal flow, stability, background meteorological conditions, internal temperature, and ventilation rates (pressure difference techniques for cross ventilated cases). This paper tests the impact of the array on the relation between local and reference wind speeds as modified by wind direction and on cross ventilation rates. The presence of the array causes a 50%–90% reduction in normalised ventilation rate when the reference wind direction is normal to the cube. The decrease in natural ventilation varies with wind direction with large amounts of scatter for both setups. The relation between local and reference wind speeds for the array case had two characteristic responses, not explained by reference wind (speed or direction) nor sensitive to averaging period, turbulence intensity or temperature differences. Given the singular response of the CIBSE approach, it is unable to capture these conditions.

ACS Style

H. Gough; T. Sato; C. Halios; C.S.B. Grimmond; Z. Luo; J.F. Barlow; A. Robertson; R. Hoxey; A. Quinn. Effects of variability of local winds on cross ventilation for a simplified building within a full-scale asymmetric array: Overview of the Silsoe field campaign. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 2018, 175, 408 -418.

AMA Style

H. Gough, T. Sato, C. Halios, C.S.B. Grimmond, Z. Luo, J.F. Barlow, A. Robertson, R. Hoxey, A. Quinn. Effects of variability of local winds on cross ventilation for a simplified building within a full-scale asymmetric array: Overview of the Silsoe field campaign. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics. 2018; 175 ():408-418.

Chicago/Turabian Style

H. Gough; T. Sato; C. Halios; C.S.B. Grimmond; Z. Luo; J.F. Barlow; A. Robertson; R. Hoxey; A. Quinn. 2018. "Effects of variability of local winds on cross ventilation for a simplified building within a full-scale asymmetric array: Overview of the Silsoe field campaign." Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 175, no. : 408-418.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2018 in Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
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The increasing miniaturization of accurate, reliable meteorological sensors and logging systems allows the deployment of sensor packages on lightweight airborne platforms. Here, we demonstrate the safe and humane use of avian species (white-tailed and Spanish imperial eagles) to carry a prototype miniature sensor package to measure temperature with a 5-Hz response and ±0.2°C resolution. This technique could allow sensor deployment above complex urban terrain, where such data are urgently required. Recent meteorological work has been facilitated by using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), but their use within, and adjacent to, urban areas is heavily controlled. The package contains a wind speed sensor, a GPS, a pressure altimeter, and accelerometers. Four flight tests were conducted in a steep valley (glen) at a remote Scottish location that provided contrasting vertical temperature profiles. The glen was instrumented with additional meteorological equipment at the bird launch and landing sites. Vertical temperature profile data from the raptors indicated the success of this approach with absolute temperatures and lapse rates consistent with those measured by the weather stations. Movement and airspeed data aided the interpretation of finescale temperature profiles in complex terrain. As well as the potential for meteorological sensing, this work is of interest to the avian ecology and behavior communities and to aerodynamicists interested in developing airborne robotics to mimic aspects of bird flight. These sensors are being miniaturized further for deployment on other bird species in urban areas for rapid, repeatable, and reliable measurements, with the potential to fulfill a measurement niche above the urban canopy.

ACS Style

Rick M. Thomas; A. Rob MacKenzie; S. James Reynolds; Jonathan P. Sadler; Ford Cropley; Simon Bell; Stephen Dugdale; Lee Chapman; Andrew Quinn; XiaoMing Cai. Avian Sensor Packages for Meteorological Measurements. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 2018, 99, 499 -511.

AMA Style

Rick M. Thomas, A. Rob MacKenzie, S. James Reynolds, Jonathan P. Sadler, Ford Cropley, Simon Bell, Stephen Dugdale, Lee Chapman, Andrew Quinn, XiaoMing Cai. Avian Sensor Packages for Meteorological Measurements. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 2018; 99 (3):499-511.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rick M. Thomas; A. Rob MacKenzie; S. James Reynolds; Jonathan P. Sadler; Ford Cropley; Simon Bell; Stephen Dugdale; Lee Chapman; Andrew Quinn; XiaoMing Cai. 2018. "Avian Sensor Packages for Meteorological Measurements." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 99, no. 3: 499-511.

Article
Published: 26 September 2017 in Meteorological Applications
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The 1 July 2015 was the hottest July day on record (37.5 °C recorded at Heathrow Airport) in the United Kingdom (UK), and record-breaking temperatures were recorded across England. This short-duration heatwave (30 June–1 July 2015) affected railway services both directly, by causing asset failure or malfunction, and indirectly, by necessitating the use of emergency speed restrictions (ESRs) to reduce the likelihood of track buckling. Incidents caused by heat and lightning were recorded across the British railway network, and knock-on delays affected rail travel in regions where extreme weather did not have a direct impact. Over both days there were more than 220 000 delay-minutes. Many of these could not be attributed specifically to the weather, but 23 700 delay-minutes were due to emergency speed restrictions (ESRs) as a preventative measure to reduce the likelihood of rail buckling, 12 800 to heat and 4000 to lightning incidents. All regions experienced more than twice the daily average delay-minutes on one or both days, costing an estimated £16 million to the national economy. Incidents on critical routes (e.g. London North Eastern connecting London and Scotland) or near critical transport nodes such as Manchester Piccadilly caused the longest delays. Under future warmer climatic conditions, heatwaves and extreme temperatures are projected to occur more frequently and the railway operator has several measures to adapt or update existing infrastructure in order to reduce the impact of heat and lightning. Alternative solutions such as low-cost sensors for real-time condition monitoring or green infrastructure for increased asset resilience should also be considered.

ACS Style

Emma Ferranti; Lee Chapman; Susan Lee; David Jaroszweski; Caroline Lowe; Steve McCulloch; Andrew Quinn. The hottest July day on the railway network: insights and thoughts for the future. Meteorological Applications 2017, 25, 195 -208.

AMA Style

Emma Ferranti, Lee Chapman, Susan Lee, David Jaroszweski, Caroline Lowe, Steve McCulloch, Andrew Quinn. The hottest July day on the railway network: insights and thoughts for the future. Meteorological Applications. 2017; 25 (2):195-208.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emma Ferranti; Lee Chapman; Susan Lee; David Jaroszweski; Caroline Lowe; Steve McCulloch; Andrew Quinn. 2017. "The hottest July day on the railway network: insights and thoughts for the future." Meteorological Applications 25, no. 2: 195-208.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2017 in Energy Policy
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ACS Style

Daniel Murrant; Andrew Quinn; Lee Chapman; Chris Heaton. Water use of the UK thermal electricity generation fleet by 2050: Part 2 quantifying the problem. Energy Policy 2017, 108, 859 -874.

AMA Style

Daniel Murrant, Andrew Quinn, Lee Chapman, Chris Heaton. Water use of the UK thermal electricity generation fleet by 2050: Part 2 quantifying the problem. Energy Policy. 2017; 108 ():859-874.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniel Murrant; Andrew Quinn; Lee Chapman; Chris Heaton. 2017. "Water use of the UK thermal electricity generation fleet by 2050: Part 2 quantifying the problem." Energy Policy 108, no. : 859-874.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2017 in Engineering Structures
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ACS Style

Manjola Caro; Yaser Jemaa; Samir Dirar; Andrew Quinn. Bond performance of deep embedment FRP bars epoxy-bonded into concrete. Engineering Structures 2017, 147, 448 -457.

AMA Style

Manjola Caro, Yaser Jemaa, Samir Dirar, Andrew Quinn. Bond performance of deep embedment FRP bars epoxy-bonded into concrete. Engineering Structures. 2017; 147 ():448-457.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Manjola Caro; Yaser Jemaa; Samir Dirar; Andrew Quinn. 2017. "Bond performance of deep embedment FRP bars epoxy-bonded into concrete." Engineering Structures 147, no. : 448-457.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2017 in Energy Policy
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ACS Style

Daniel Murrant; Andrew Quinn; Lee Chapman; Chris Heaton. Water use of the UK thermal electricity generation fleet by 2050: Part 1 identifying the problem. Energy Policy 2017, 108, 844 -858.

AMA Style

Daniel Murrant, Andrew Quinn, Lee Chapman, Chris Heaton. Water use of the UK thermal electricity generation fleet by 2050: Part 1 identifying the problem. Energy Policy. 2017; 108 ():844-858.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniel Murrant; Andrew Quinn; Lee Chapman; Chris Heaton. 2017. "Water use of the UK thermal electricity generation fleet by 2050: Part 1 identifying the problem." Energy Policy 108, no. : 844-858.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2016 in Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment
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ACS Style

A. Suleiman; M.R. Tight; A.D. Quinn. Assessment and prediction of the impact of road transport on ambient concentrations of particulate matter PM 10. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 2016, 49, 301 -312.

AMA Style

A. Suleiman, M.R. Tight, A.D. Quinn. Assessment and prediction of the impact of road transport on ambient concentrations of particulate matter PM 10. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. 2016; 49 ():301-312.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A. Suleiman; M.R. Tight; A.D. Quinn. 2016. "Assessment and prediction of the impact of road transport on ambient concentrations of particulate matter PM 10." Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 49, no. : 301-312.

Article
Published: 01 October 2016 in Meteorological Applications
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In recent years (2013–2016), extreme weather events have caused substantial disruption to Great Britain's (GB's) railway infrastructure. In the coming decades this vulnerability is unlikely to subside as the effects of climate change become more intense. Railway stakeholders in GB are strongly engaged with understanding climate change impacts on the railway system and how the industry could adapt to these impacts. Since 2010, Network Rail and RSSB have supported research into these topics under the Tomorrow's Railway and Climate Change Adaptation programme. Under this programme, an analogue study was performed to determine whether lessons could be learned from other countries' weather management. Two types of analogue were used to identify suitable locations. First, climate data from 20 models of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) were used to identify regions with similar present-day climate to that projected for GB in the future. The analogue locations were found to be largely insensitive to the climate indicators and the methods used to compare climate at different locations. Next, railway networks in many countries were studied to find those with similar physical and operational characteristics to the GB network. The regions with both climate and railway analogues are France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany and Denmark. As part of a wider aim to support the GB railway network's weather resilience and climate change adaptation (WR/CCA) activities, focused stakeholder engagement has been undertaken with representatives of most of these countries' railways. This targeted approach is complementary to a broader collation of existing WR/CCA measures used globally.

ACS Style

M. G. Sanderson; H. M. Hanlon; E. J. Palin; A. D. Quinn; R. T. Clark. Analogues for the railway network of Great Britain. Meteorological Applications 2016, 23, 731 -741.

AMA Style

M. G. Sanderson, H. M. Hanlon, E. J. Palin, A. D. Quinn, R. T. Clark. Analogues for the railway network of Great Britain. Meteorological Applications. 2016; 23 (4):731-741.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. G. Sanderson; H. M. Hanlon; E. J. Palin; A. D. Quinn; R. T. Clark. 2016. "Analogues for the railway network of Great Britain." Meteorological Applications 23, no. 4: 731-741.

Research article
Published: 12 May 2016 in Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit
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The need for interoperability for rail operators across Europe has resulted in the development of the technical specifications for interoperability: requirements and regulations which include safety limits for train aerodynamics. Safety limits are calculated within guidelines, including environmental conditions, train speeds and ballast shoulder height. However, there are many cases on the European rail network which fall outside ballast shoulder height limits, raising questions about the suitability of the technical specifications for interoperability limits, where European homologation is a requirement. Ballast is a layer of crushed stone onto which the railway track is laid; a ballast shoulder is defined from the top of the ballast layer to the base of the track foundation or ground. This paper describes the detailed model-scale experiments carried out at the University of Birmingham’s moving model TRAIN rig facility to assess the influence of ground geometries on aerodynamic flow development around a train. The technical specifications for interoperability methodology was questioned in relation to whether modest changes to include a wider cross-section of ballast shoulder heights, more appropriate to actual operating conditions, would affect limit values in relation to safety. The influence of ballast shoulder height was investigated for three typical train types. The results showed a similar static pressure development for all the ballast shoulder heights tested. Passenger train results indicated that shallow ballast shoulders confine the aerodynamic flow within a smaller area, increasing the magnitude of slipstream velocities in respect to larger ballast shoulders. The largest slipstream velocities were found for the ground configuration with no ballast shoulder modelled. Measurements within the technical specifications for interoperability-specified range of ballast shoulder heights exhibited little difference in flow development. Analysis of maximum 1 s gusts, calculated using the current technical specifications for interoperability methodology, found values lie close to, but do not break, the existing limits. Increasing ballast shoulder height was shown to decrease values away from technical specifications for interoperability limits.

ACS Style

David Soper; Martin Gallagher; Chris Baker; Andrew Quinn. A model-scale study to assess the influence of ground geometries on aerodynamic flow development around a train. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 2016, 231, 916 -933.

AMA Style

David Soper, Martin Gallagher, Chris Baker, Andrew Quinn. A model-scale study to assess the influence of ground geometries on aerodynamic flow development around a train. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit. 2016; 231 (8):916-933.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David Soper; Martin Gallagher; Chris Baker; Andrew Quinn. 2016. "A model-scale study to assess the influence of ground geometries on aerodynamic flow development around a train." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 231, no. 8: 916-933.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2016 in Weather, Climate, and Society
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High temperatures and heat waves can cause numerous problems for railway infrastructure, such as track buckling, sagging of overhead lines, and the failure of electrical equipment. Without adaptation, these problems are set to increase in a future warmer climate. This study used industry fault data to examine the temporal and spatial distribution of heat-related incidents in southeast England and produce a unique evidence base of the impact of temperature on the rail network. In particular, the analysis explored the concept of failure harvesting, whereby the infrastructure system becomes increasingly resilient to temperature over the course of the summer season (April–September) as the most vulnerable assets fail with each incremental rise in temperature. The analysis supports the hypothesis and clearly shows that a greater number of heat-related incidents occur in the early/midsummer season before reducing significantly, despite equivalently high temperatures. This failure harvesting and the consequential increased resilience of the railway infrastructure system over the course of the summer season could permit an innovative and dynamic new approach to heat risk management on the railway network. New approaches that would reduce the disruption and delays and improve service are explored here.

ACS Style

Emma Ferranti; Lee Chapman; Caroline Lowe; Steve McCulloch; David Jaroszweski; Andrew Quinn. Heat-Related Failures on Southeast England’s Railway Network: Insights and Implications for Heat Risk Management. Weather, Climate, and Society 2016, 8, 177 -191.

AMA Style

Emma Ferranti, Lee Chapman, Caroline Lowe, Steve McCulloch, David Jaroszweski, Andrew Quinn. Heat-Related Failures on Southeast England’s Railway Network: Insights and Implications for Heat Risk Management. Weather, Climate, and Society. 2016; 8 (2):177-191.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emma Ferranti; Lee Chapman; Caroline Lowe; Steve McCulloch; David Jaroszweski; Andrew Quinn. 2016. "Heat-Related Failures on Southeast England’s Railway Network: Insights and Implications for Heat Risk Management." Weather, Climate, and Society 8, no. 2: 177-191.

Journal article
Published: 30 March 2016 in Environmental Modeling & Assessment
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This paper examines the application of artificial neural network (ANN) and boosted regression tree (BRT) methods in air quality modelling. The methods were applied to developing air quality models for predicting roadside particle mass concentration (PM10, PM2.5) and particle number counts (PNC) based on air pollution, traffic and meteorological data from Marylebone Road in London. Elastic net, Lasso and principal components analysis were used as feature selection methods for the ANN models to reduce the number of predictor variables and improve their generalisation. The performance of the ANN with feature selection (ANN hybrid) and the BRT models was evaluated and compared using statistical performance metrics. The performance parameters include root mean square error (RMSE), fraction of prediction within a factor of two of the observation (FAC2), mean bias (MB), mean gross error (MGE), the coefficient of correlation (R) and coefficient of efficiency (CoE) values. The input variables selected by the elastic net produced the best performing ANN models. The ANN hybrid produced models performed only slightly better than the BRT models. The R values of the ANN elastic net and BRT models were 0.96 and 0.95 for PM10, 0.96 and 0.96 for PM2.5 and 0.89 and 0.87 for PNC, respectively. Their corresponding CoE values were 0.72 and 0.70 for PM10, 0.74 and 0.76 for PM2.5 and 0.81 and 0.71 for PNC respectively. About 80–99% of all the model predictions are within a factor of two of the observed particle concentrations. The BRT models offer more advantages regarding model interpretation and permit feature selection. Therefore, the study recommends the use of BRT over ANN where the model interpretation is a priority.

ACS Style

A. Suleiman; M. R. Tight; Andrew Quinn. Hybrid Neural Networks and Boosted Regression Tree Models for Predicting Roadside Particulate Matter. Environmental Modeling & Assessment 2016, 21, 731 -750.

AMA Style

A. Suleiman, M. R. Tight, Andrew Quinn. Hybrid Neural Networks and Boosted Regression Tree Models for Predicting Roadside Particulate Matter. Environmental Modeling & Assessment. 2016; 21 (6):731-750.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A. Suleiman; M. R. Tight; Andrew Quinn. 2016. "Hybrid Neural Networks and Boosted Regression Tree Models for Predicting Roadside Particulate Matter." Environmental Modeling & Assessment 21, no. 6: 731-750.

Conference paper
Published: 10 March 2016 in The Third International Conference on Railway Technology: Research, Development and Maintenance
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ACS Style

D. Soper; M. Gallagher; C. Baker; A. Quinn. The Influence of Ballast Shoulder Height, on Train Aerodynamic Flow Development. The Third International Conference on Railway Technology: Research, Development and Maintenance 2016, 110, 1 .

AMA Style

D. Soper, M. Gallagher, C. Baker, A. Quinn. The Influence of Ballast Shoulder Height, on Train Aerodynamic Flow Development. The Third International Conference on Railway Technology: Research, Development and Maintenance. 2016; 110 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

D. Soper; M. Gallagher; C. Baker; A. Quinn. 2016. "The Influence of Ballast Shoulder Height, on Train Aerodynamic Flow Development." The Third International Conference on Railway Technology: Research, Development and Maintenance 110, no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2016 in Sustainability
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Cities are dependent on their hinterlands for their function and survival. They provide resources such as people, materials, water, food and energy, as well as areas for waste disposal. Over the last 50 years, commerce and trade has become increasingly global with resources sourced from further afield often due to cheap labour costs, better transportation and a plentiful supply of energy and raw materials. However, the use and transportation of resources is becoming increasingly unsustainable as the global population increases, raw materials become increasing scarce, and energy costs rise. This paper builds on research undertaken in the Liveable Cities Programme on the resource flows of Birmingham, UK. It investigates how people, material, and food flows interact within regional, national, and international hinterlands through road and rail transportation and assesses their sustainability across all three pillars (economic, social, and environmental). The type and weight of goods is highlighted together with their costs and energy used. For a city to move with greatest effect towards sustainability it needs to: (i) source as much as it can locally, to minimise transportation and energy costs; (ii) adopt such principles as the “circular economy”; and (iii) provide clean and efficient means to move people, especially public transportation.

ACS Style

Susan E. Lee; Andrew D. Quinn; Chris D.F. Rogers. Advancing City Sustainability via Its Systems of Flows: The Urban Metabolism of Birmingham and Its Hinterland. Sustainability 2016, 8, 220 .

AMA Style

Susan E. Lee, Andrew D. Quinn, Chris D.F. Rogers. Advancing City Sustainability via Its Systems of Flows: The Urban Metabolism of Birmingham and Its Hinterland. Sustainability. 2016; 8 (3):220.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Susan E. Lee; Andrew D. Quinn; Chris D.F. Rogers. 2016. "Advancing City Sustainability via Its Systems of Flows: The Urban Metabolism of Birmingham and Its Hinterland." Sustainability 8, no. 3: 220.

Journal article
Published: 27 May 2015 in Water and Environment Journal
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ACS Style

Daniel Murrant; Andrew Quinn; Lee Chapman. The water-energy nexus: future water resource availability and its implications on UK thermal power generation. Water and Environment Journal 2015, 29, 307 -319.

AMA Style

Daniel Murrant, Andrew Quinn, Lee Chapman. The water-energy nexus: future water resource availability and its implications on UK thermal power generation. Water and Environment Journal. 2015; 29 (3):307-319.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniel Murrant; Andrew Quinn; Lee Chapman. 2015. "The water-energy nexus: future water resource availability and its implications on UK thermal power generation." Water and Environment Journal 29, no. 3: 307-319.