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In many countries of the Global South, aquatic ecosystems such as streams, rivers, lakes, and wetlands are severely impacted by several simultaneous environmental stressors, associated with accelerated urban development, and extreme climate. However, this problem receives little attention. Applying a DPSIR approach (Drivers, Pressures, State, Impacts, Responses), we analyzed the environmental impacts and their effects on urban hydrosystems (including stagnant waters), and suggest possible solutions from a series of case studies worldwide. We find that rivers in the Global South, with their distinctive geographical and socio-political setting, display significant differences from the Urban Stream Syndrome described so far in temperate zones. We introduce the term of ‘Southern Urban Hydrosystem Syndrome’ for the biophysical problems as well as the social interactions, including the perception of water bodies by the urbanites, the interactions of actors (e.g., top-down, bottom-up), and the motivations that drive urban hydrosystem restoration projects of the Global South. Supported by a synthesis of case studies (with a focus on Brazilian restoration projects), this paper summarizes the state of the art, highlights the currently existing lacunae for research, and delivers examples of practical solutions that may inform UNESCO’s North–South–South dialogue to solve these urgent problems. Two elements appear to be specifically important for the success of restoration projects in the Global South, namely the broad acceptance and commitment of local populations beyond merely ‘ecological’ justifications, e.g., healthy living environments and ecosystems with cultural linkages (‘River Culture’). To make it possible implementable/practical solutions must be extended to (often poor) people having settled along river banks and wetlands.
Karl Wantzen; Carlos Alves; Sidia Badiane; Raita Bala; Martín Blettler; Marcos Callisto; Yixin Cao; Melanie Kolb; G. Kondolf; Marina Leite; Diego Macedo; Obaidullah Mahdi; Moana Neves; M. Peralta; Vincent Rotgé; Guillermo Rueda-Delgado; Andres Scharager; Anna Serra-Llobet; Jean-Louis Yengué; Aude Zingraff-Hamed. Urban Stream and Wetland Restoration in the Global South—A DPSIR Analysis. Sustainability 2019, 11, 4975 .
AMA StyleKarl Wantzen, Carlos Alves, Sidia Badiane, Raita Bala, Martín Blettler, Marcos Callisto, Yixin Cao, Melanie Kolb, G. Kondolf, Marina Leite, Diego Macedo, Obaidullah Mahdi, Moana Neves, M. Peralta, Vincent Rotgé, Guillermo Rueda-Delgado, Andres Scharager, Anna Serra-Llobet, Jean-Louis Yengué, Aude Zingraff-Hamed. Urban Stream and Wetland Restoration in the Global South—A DPSIR Analysis. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (18):4975.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarl Wantzen; Carlos Alves; Sidia Badiane; Raita Bala; Martín Blettler; Marcos Callisto; Yixin Cao; Melanie Kolb; G. Kondolf; Marina Leite; Diego Macedo; Obaidullah Mahdi; Moana Neves; M. Peralta; Vincent Rotgé; Guillermo Rueda-Delgado; Andres Scharager; Anna Serra-Llobet; Jean-Louis Yengué; Aude Zingraff-Hamed. 2019. "Urban Stream and Wetland Restoration in the Global South—A DPSIR Analysis." Sustainability 11, no. 18: 4975.
European freshwater ecosystems are increasingly invaded by exotic animal and plant species. Apart from increased connectivity between previously separated watersheds, the increasing temperature of the hydrosystems favors the spread of exotic species. The freshwater fauna of Central Europe is still shaped by the cold-adapted animal assemblages resulting from the last glaciation. It is less diverse, and the species are putatively less performant competitors, compared to the warm-adapted, species-rich fauna of the Ponto-Caspian realm, from which many current aquatic invaders are coming. Our study analyses potential mechanisms explaining the coexistence between one of the most impacting aquatic invaders of the past decades, the ‘killer shrimp’ Dikerogammarus villosus and the previously dominating amphipod Gammarus roeselii in Lake Constance, using laboratory predation experiments and field surveys. Our results indicate two key drivers for coexistence: low winter temperatures and the substrate structure of the alga Chara sp. At temperatures below 6 °C, the predation pressure on G. roeselii was strongly reduced; G. roeselii can therefore disperse throughout the littoral in winter, avoiding predation by D. villosus. Artificial heating of a section of the lake shore, however, resulted in local extinction of G. roeselii by D. villosus. The macroalga Chara sp. completely inhibited predation by D. villosus on G. roeselii. Climate change scenarios indicate that global warming might destroy this thermal refuge during winter until 2085. For the survival of G. roeselii it will then be crucial, which part of the Chara population will maintain epigeic plant parts during winter. The complex interplay between thermal and physical refuges for native species in the context of climate change and changing trophic status of freshwater systems, as disentangled by our study, shows that ecosystem management and restoration strategies need to better consider multiple stressors (and their rather complex mitigation strategies).
John Hesselschwerdt; Karl M. Wantzen. Global warming may lower thermal barriers against invasive species in freshwater ecosystems – A study from Lake Constance. Science of The Total Environment 2018, 645, 44 -50.
AMA StyleJohn Hesselschwerdt, Karl M. Wantzen. Global warming may lower thermal barriers against invasive species in freshwater ecosystems – A study from Lake Constance. Science of The Total Environment. 2018; 645 ():44-50.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJohn Hesselschwerdt; Karl M. Wantzen. 2018. "Global warming may lower thermal barriers against invasive species in freshwater ecosystems – A study from Lake Constance." Science of The Total Environment 645, no. : 44-50.
Urban rivers are socioecological systems, and restored habitats may be attractive to both sensitive species and recreationists. Understanding the potential conflicts between ecological and recreational values is a critical issue for the development of a sustainable river-management plan. Habitat models are very promising tools for the ecological evaluation of river restoration projects that are already concluded, ongoing, or even to be planned. With our paper, we make a first attempt at integrating recreational user pressure into habitat modeling. The objective of this study was to analyze whether human impact is likely to hinder the re-establishment of a target species despite the successful restoration of physical habitat structures in the case of the restoration of the Isar River in Munich (Germany) and the target fish species Chondostroma nasus L. Our analysis combined high-resolution 2D hydrodynamic modeling with mapping of recreational pressure and used an expert-based procedure for modeling habitat suitability. The results are twofold: (1) the restored river contains suitable physical habitats for population conservation but has low suitability for recruitment; (2) densely used areas match highly suitable habitats for C. nasus. In the future, the integrated modeling procedure presented here may allow ecological refuge for sensitive target species to be included in the design of restoration and may help in the development of visitor-management plans to safeguard biodiversity and recreational ecosystem services.
Aude Zingraff-Hamed; Markus Noack; Sabine Greulich; Kordula Schwarzwälder; Karl Matthias Wantzen; Stephan Pauleit. Model-Based Evaluation of Urban River Restoration: Conflicts between Sensitive Fish Species and Recreational Users. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1747 .
AMA StyleAude Zingraff-Hamed, Markus Noack, Sabine Greulich, Kordula Schwarzwälder, Karl Matthias Wantzen, Stephan Pauleit. Model-Based Evaluation of Urban River Restoration: Conflicts between Sensitive Fish Species and Recreational Users. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (6):1747.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAude Zingraff-Hamed; Markus Noack; Sabine Greulich; Kordula Schwarzwälder; Karl Matthias Wantzen; Stephan Pauleit. 2018. "Model-Based Evaluation of Urban River Restoration: Conflicts between Sensitive Fish Species and Recreational Users." Sustainability 10, no. 6: 1747.
The increase in minimum flows has rarely been considered to mitigate the ecological impact of hydroelectric power plants because it requires a site-specific design and expensive long-term monitoring procedure to identify the most beneficial scenario. This study presents a model-based method to estimate, within the model constraints, the most sustainable scenario of water resource sharing between nature and human needs. We studied physical habitat suitability of the Isar River in Munich (Germany) for three protected fish species: Thymallus thymallus L., Hucho hucho L., and Chondostroma nasus L. The analysis combined a high-resolution two-dimensional (2D) hydromorphological model with expert-based procedures using Computer Aided Simulation Model for Instream Flow Requirements (CASiMIR). We simulated a range of minimum discharges from 5 to 68.5 m³/s and four scenarios: (A) maximum use of the resource for humans; (B) slight increase in the minimum water flow; (C) medium increase in the minimum water flow; and, (D) without diversion for hydroelectric production. Under the current hydromorphological conditions, model outputs showed that different life stages of the fish species showed preferences for different scenarios, and that none of the four scenarios provided permanently suitable habitat conditions for the three species. We suggest that discharge management should be combined with hydromorphological restoration actions to re-establish parts of the modified channel slope and/or parts of the previously lost floodplain habitat in order to implement a solution that favors all species at the same time. The modeling procedure that is presented may be helpful to identify the discharge scenario that is most efficient for maintaining target fish species under realistic usage conditions.
Aude Zingraff-Hamed; Markus Noack; Sabine Greulich; Kordula Schwarzwälder; Stephan Pauleit; Karl M. Wantzen. Model-Based Evaluation of the Effects of River Discharge Modulations on Physical Fish Habitat Quality. Water 2018, 10, 374 .
AMA StyleAude Zingraff-Hamed, Markus Noack, Sabine Greulich, Kordula Schwarzwälder, Stephan Pauleit, Karl M. Wantzen. Model-Based Evaluation of the Effects of River Discharge Modulations on Physical Fish Habitat Quality. Water. 2018; 10 (4):374.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAude Zingraff-Hamed; Markus Noack; Sabine Greulich; Kordula Schwarzwälder; Stephan Pauleit; Karl M. Wantzen. 2018. "Model-Based Evaluation of the Effects of River Discharge Modulations on Physical Fish Habitat Quality." Water 10, no. 4: 374.
The European water governance took a decisive turn with the formulation of the Water Framework Directive (WFD), which demands the restoration of all water bodies that did not achieve sufficient ecological status. Urban rivers are particularly impaired by human activities and their restorations are motivated by multiple ecological and societal drivers, such as requirements of laws and legislation, and citizen needs for a better quality of life. In this study we investigated the relative influence of socio-political and socio-cultural drivers on urban river restorations by comparing projects of different policy contexts and cultural norms to cross-fertilize knowledge. A database of 75 projects in French and German major cities was compiled to apply (a) a comparative statistical analysis of main project features, i.e., motivation, goals, measures, morphological status, and project date; and (b) a qualitative textual analysis on project descriptions and titles. The results showed that despite a powerful European directive, urban river restoration projects still keep national specificities. The WFD drives with more intensity German, rather than French, urban river restoration. This study showed the limits of macro-level governance and the influence of microlevel governance driven by societal aspects such as nature perception and relationships between humans and rivers.
Aude Zingraff-Hamed; Sabine Greulich; Karl Matthias Wantzen; Stephan Pauleit. Societal Drivers of European Water Governance: A Comparison of Urban River Restoration Practices in France and Germany. Water 2017, 9, 206 .
AMA StyleAude Zingraff-Hamed, Sabine Greulich, Karl Matthias Wantzen, Stephan Pauleit. Societal Drivers of European Water Governance: A Comparison of Urban River Restoration Practices in France and Germany. Water. 2017; 9 (3):206.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAude Zingraff-Hamed; Sabine Greulich; Karl Matthias Wantzen; Stephan Pauleit. 2017. "Societal Drivers of European Water Governance: A Comparison of Urban River Restoration Practices in France and Germany." Water 9, no. 3: 206.
This chapter focuses on invertebrates of seasonal floodplains of large neotropical rivers. These huge wetlands are characterized by an annual monomodal flood pulse with extensive wet-and-dry phases that act as a strong selective agent on life-cycle strategies and physiological adaptations of resident biota. Invertebrates play an important role in the organic matter transfer between the floodplain and the river main stem. There is a remarkable contrast between the low-diversity and rather evenly distributed invertebrate assemblages of the sandy river channels of lowland neotropical rivers, and the high beta biodiversity in their floodplains. River management should maintain the floodpulse that enables the high functional diversity of floodplains and their invertebrates.
Karl M. Wantzen; Mercedes R. Marchese; Marinez I. Marques; Leandro D. Battirola. Invertebrates in Neotropical Floodplains. Invertebrates in Freshwater Wetlands 2016, 493 -524.
AMA StyleKarl M. Wantzen, Mercedes R. Marchese, Marinez I. Marques, Leandro D. Battirola. Invertebrates in Neotropical Floodplains. Invertebrates in Freshwater Wetlands. 2016; ():493-524.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarl M. Wantzen; Mercedes R. Marchese; Marinez I. Marques; Leandro D. Battirola. 2016. "Invertebrates in Neotropical Floodplains." Invertebrates in Freshwater Wetlands , no. : 493-524.
We introduce here the term “River Culture” to delineate an eco-social approach to mitigate the biological and cultural diversity crisis in riverscapes. It is based on the insight that current environmental change endangers both, biological and cultural diversities in rivers and their basins, and those activities to improve ecosystem functions, biodiversity and capacity of the biological species to evolve will have a similarly positive effect on human cultural diversity. “River Culture” has two dimensions, including (a) the influence of the biophysical setting of rivers (specifically, their pulsating flow regimes and their biological features) on the expression of elements of human culture in general and (b) the aspect of “learning from the river” for the development of technologies and management options that are targeted to maintain and improve ecosystem functions and diversity in a more sustainable way. The River Culture approach, as given in this concept and discussion paper, is preliminarily based on five tenets. (1) Reset values and priorities in riverscape management in favor of human wellbeing and a harmonious coexistence of man and riverscape. (2) Live in the rhythm of the waters, i.e. adapt management options in accordance with the hydrological dynamics rather than fighting against them. (3) Transform traditional use of rivers into modern cultural activities and management options. (4) ‘Ecosystem bionics’: by copying survival strategies of flood-pulse adapted organisms novel forms human use can be developed. (5) Make the catchment (river basin) the geographical base unit for all kinds of political decisions in landscape management.
Karl Matthias Wantzen; Aziz Ballouche; Isabelle Longuet; Ibrahima Bao; Hamady Bocoum; Lassana Cissé; Malavika Chauhan; Pierre Girard; Brij Gopal; Alioune Kane; Mercedes Rosa Marchese; Prakash Nautiyal; Paulo Teixeira; Maciej Zalewski. River Culture: an eco-social approach to mitigate the biological and cultural diversity crisis in riverscapes. Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology 2016, 16, 7 -18.
AMA StyleKarl Matthias Wantzen, Aziz Ballouche, Isabelle Longuet, Ibrahima Bao, Hamady Bocoum, Lassana Cissé, Malavika Chauhan, Pierre Girard, Brij Gopal, Alioune Kane, Mercedes Rosa Marchese, Prakash Nautiyal, Paulo Teixeira, Maciej Zalewski. River Culture: an eco-social approach to mitigate the biological and cultural diversity crisis in riverscapes. Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology. 2016; 16 (1):7-18.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarl Matthias Wantzen; Aziz Ballouche; Isabelle Longuet; Ibrahima Bao; Hamady Bocoum; Lassana Cissé; Malavika Chauhan; Pierre Girard; Brij Gopal; Alioune Kane; Mercedes Rosa Marchese; Prakash Nautiyal; Paulo Teixeira; Maciej Zalewski. 2016. "River Culture: an eco-social approach to mitigate the biological and cultural diversity crisis in riverscapes." Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology 16, no. 1: 7-18.
Introduction Établie en 2014 auprès de l’Université François-Rabelais de Tours, en partenariat avec l’Université d’Angers et la Mission Val de Loire, la Chaire Unesco « Fleuves et patrimoine/River Culture », est un dispositif académique qui vise à favoriser les collaborations scientifiques et pédagogiques autour de la thématique des espaces fluviaux, de leur diversité biologique, culturelle et paysagère (www.unesco-chair-river-culture.eu...
Aziz Ballouche; Isabelle Longuet; Laura Verdelli; Karl Matthias Wantzen. Introduction. Norois 2015, 7 -13.
AMA StyleAziz Ballouche, Isabelle Longuet, Laura Verdelli, Karl Matthias Wantzen. Introduction. Norois. 2015; (237):7-13.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAziz Ballouche; Isabelle Longuet; Laura Verdelli; Karl Matthias Wantzen. 2015. "Introduction." Norois , no. 237: 7-13.
The middle and lower sections of most large rivers have fine-grained bed sediments, which may have a strong influence on the functional and taxonomical structure of benthic invertebrates. Based on results from several studies by the authors on the faunal assemblages and habitat structures of the Paraguay–Paraná River system (Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina), from European (Rhine, Loire) River systems, and data from the literature, this review identifies general patterns which appear to have a global character. On one hand, the invertebrate assemblages largely differed between the main channel (MC) and the corresponding floodplain habitats in different sections, and also the floodplain habitats along the river channel revealed great differences in their biodiversity. On the other hand, there was a remarkable homogeneity among the main-channel sections within and even between river systems. We consider physical habitat features as the crucial variables responsible for these patterns. In cross-sections from the MC towards the floodplain habitats, grain size, organic matter content and oxygen supply change dramatically, and different floodplain habitats along the same river system may have different successional stages even at small geographical distances. The sandy structure of potamal habitats (including underwater dunes), however, provides a set of habitat features characterized by continuously changing sediment structures with well-defined grain sizes, low organic matter contents and good oxygenation, which force a set of adaptations by the invertebrates that limits but stabilizes the diversity of invertebrates in these large river sections. A better understanding of the ecohydrological interactions between habitat dynamics and benthic invertebrates is needed to improve sustainable river ecosystem management. We discuss the non-recovery of large benthic invertebrate species in the lower section of large rivers after improvement of the water quality in the context of these ecohydrological features. Conclusions are drawn for river restoration.
Karl M. Wantzen; Martin Blettler; Mercedes R. Marchese; Mario L. Amsler; Michel Bacchi; Inés D. Ezcurra De Drago; Edmundo E. Drago. Sandy rivers: a review on general ecohydrological patterns of benthic invertebrate assemblages across continents. International Journal of River Basin Management 2014, 1 -12.
AMA StyleKarl M. Wantzen, Martin Blettler, Mercedes R. Marchese, Mario L. Amsler, Michel Bacchi, Inés D. Ezcurra De Drago, Edmundo E. Drago. Sandy rivers: a review on general ecohydrological patterns of benthic invertebrate assemblages across continents. International Journal of River Basin Management. 2014; ():1-12.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarl M. Wantzen; Martin Blettler; Mercedes R. Marchese; Mario L. Amsler; Michel Bacchi; Inés D. Ezcurra De Drago; Edmundo E. Drago. 2014. "Sandy rivers: a review on general ecohydrological patterns of benthic invertebrate assemblages across continents." International Journal of River Basin Management , no. : 1-12.
In tropical countries soil erosion is often increased due to high erodibility of geologically old and weathered soils; intensive rainfall; inappropriate soil management; removal of forest vegetation cover; and mining activities. Stream ecosystems draining agricultural or mining areas are often severely impacted by the high loads of eroded material entering the stream channel; increasing turbidity; covering instream habitat and affecting the riparian zone; and thereby modifying habitat and food web structures. The biodiversity is severely threatened by these negative effects as the aquatic and riparian fauna and flora are not adapted to cope with excessive rates of erosion and sedimentation. Eroded material may also be polluted by pesticides or heavy metals that have an aggravating effect on functions and ecosystem services. Loss of superficial material and deepening of erosion gullies impoverish the nutrient and carbon contents of the soils; and lower the water tables; causing a “lose-lose” situation for agricultural productivity and environmental integrity. Several examples show how to interrupt this vicious cycle by integrated catchment management and by combining “green” and “hard” engineering for habitat restoration. In this review; we summarize current findings on this issue from tropical countries with a focus on case studies from Suriname and Brazil.
Karl M. Wantzen; Jan H. Mol. Soil Erosion from Agriculture and Mining: A Threat to Tropical Stream Ecosystems. Agriculture 2013, 3, 660 -683.
AMA StyleKarl M. Wantzen, Jan H. Mol. Soil Erosion from Agriculture and Mining: A Threat to Tropical Stream Ecosystems. Agriculture. 2013; 3 (4):660-683.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarl M. Wantzen; Jan H. Mol. 2013. "Soil Erosion from Agriculture and Mining: A Threat to Tropical Stream Ecosystems." Agriculture 3, no. 4: 660-683.
In contrast to rivers, the effects of water level fluctuations on the biota are severely understudied in lakes. Lake Constance has a naturally pulsing hydrograph with average amplitudes of 1.4 m between winter drought and summer flood seasons (annual flood pulse (AFP)). Additionally, heavy rainstorms in summer have the potential to create short-term summer flood pulses (SFP). The flood pulse concept for lakes predicts that littoral organisms should be adapted to the regularly occurring AFP, i.e. taking advantage of benefits such as an influx of food sources and low predator pressure, though these organisms will not possess adaptations for the SFP. To test this hypothesis, we studied the aquatic invertebrate assemblages colonizing the gravel sediments of Lake Constance, the AFP in spring and a dramatic SFP event consisting of a one meter rise of water level in 24 h. Here, we introduce the term ‘hypolacustric interstitial’ for lakes analog to the hyporheic zone of running water ecosystems. Our results confirm the hypothesis of contrasting effects of a regular AFP and a random SFP indicating that the AFP enhances the productivity and biodiversity of the littoral zone with benthic invertebrates displaying an array of adaptations enabling them to survive. The littoral zones of lakes deliver important ecosystem services by regulating flood effects, producing biomass and supporting biodiversity. To maintain and foster these services, the maintenance or reintroduction of natural water level fluctuations and the conservation of the habitat structures of the hypolacustric interstitial are urgently needed.
Shannon J. O'leary; Karl M. Wantzen. Flood pulse effects on benthic invertebrate assemblages in the hypolacustric interstitial zone of Lake Constance. Annales de Limnologie - International Journal of Limnology 2012, 48, 267 -277.
AMA StyleShannon J. O'leary, Karl M. Wantzen. Flood pulse effects on benthic invertebrate assemblages in the hypolacustric interstitial zone of Lake Constance. Annales de Limnologie - International Journal of Limnology. 2012; 48 (3):267-277.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShannon J. O'leary; Karl M. Wantzen. 2012. "Flood pulse effects on benthic invertebrate assemblages in the hypolacustric interstitial zone of Lake Constance." Annales de Limnologie - International Journal of Limnology 48, no. 3: 267-277.
For climate mitigation it is important to identify and protect landscape units that have disproportionally large carbon storage (CS). Here we report on CS of the upper 30 and 60 cm of soil in transects of vegetation types in stream valleys in the Brazilian Cerrado savanna, including Pasture, nearly native Cerrado vegetation, Vereda wetlands, and Gallery Forests. We chose three areas with varying types of human impacts in each of which three degraded and reference transects were compared. For the 60 cm CS in undisturbed sites, maximum and average values per area were highest for Gallery Forest (360.0 and 206.5 Mg C ha−1) and Vereda wetland (201.9 and 142.4 Mg C ha−1), while those of Cerrado (57.7 and 52.7) and Pasture (62.3 and 52.7 Mg C ha−1) were considerably lower. Variation between the three areas was high. In an area degraded by cattle trampling, losses in the upper 60 cm compared to reference sites were highest in the carbon-rich vegetation types Vereda (72%) and Gallery Forest (71%) and lower in the carbon-poorer Pasture (33%) and Cerrado (7%). In areas degraded by fire or by erosion, results were less conclusive. Our data appeal to an improved conservation of riparian ecosystems of the Cerrado biome.
Karl M. Wantzen; Eduardo Guimaraes Couto; Eva E. Mund; Ricardo Santos Silva Amorim; Auberto Siqueira; Katja Tielbörger; Merav Seifan. Soil carbon stocks in stream-valley-ecosystems in the Brazilian Cerrado agroscape. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 2012, 151, 70 -79.
AMA StyleKarl M. Wantzen, Eduardo Guimaraes Couto, Eva E. Mund, Ricardo Santos Silva Amorim, Auberto Siqueira, Katja Tielbörger, Merav Seifan. Soil carbon stocks in stream-valley-ecosystems in the Brazilian Cerrado agroscape. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 2012; 151 ():70-79.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarl M. Wantzen; Eduardo Guimaraes Couto; Eva E. Mund; Ricardo Santos Silva Amorim; Auberto Siqueira; Katja Tielbörger; Merav Seifan. 2012. "Soil carbon stocks in stream-valley-ecosystems in the Brazilian Cerrado agroscape." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 151, no. : 70-79.