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Martijn Burger
Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Tinbergen Institute and Academic Director at the Erasmus Happiness Economics Research Organisation (EHERO), Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Article
Published: 27 July 2021 in Applied Research in Quality of Life
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Despite being on average a relatively happy country, Colombia has a high level of inequality in subjective well-being (SWB). Using Gallup World Poll data for the period from 2010 to 2018, this paper tests the direction and strength of association of a range of objective and subjective factors with SWB and explains differences in SWB across individuals and space. The perceived welfare of the average Colombian is mainly influenced by conditions and expectations related to economic opportunities and education. However, quantile regressions, reveal substantial differences in the domains that matter to those at the bottom and top of the experienced welfare distribution. Standard-of-living improvements, housing affordability, and civic engagement matter more to the most fortunate top 20%, while having education, a job, sufficient income, economic security, and digital connectivity are much more strongly associated with the well-being of the bottom 20%. The life domains that matter more to the unhappiest respondents also explain the majority of the spatial differences in perceived welfare between residents in urban and rural areas as well as core and peripheral regions. Policy actions aimed at closing the gaps in these areas have the potential to increase well-being and reduce inequality in Colombia.

ACS Style

Martijn Burger; Martijn Hendriks; Elena Ianchovichina. Happy but Unequal: Differences in Subjective Well-Being across Individuals and Space in Colombia. Applied Research in Quality of Life 2021, 1 -45.

AMA Style

Martijn Burger, Martijn Hendriks, Elena Ianchovichina. Happy but Unequal: Differences in Subjective Well-Being across Individuals and Space in Colombia. Applied Research in Quality of Life. 2021; ():1-45.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martijn Burger; Martijn Hendriks; Elena Ianchovichina. 2021. "Happy but Unequal: Differences in Subjective Well-Being across Individuals and Space in Colombia." Applied Research in Quality of Life , no. : 1-45.

Journal article
Published: 28 June 2021 in Urban Science
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Using data on greenfield investment in German districts from 2003 to 2010, we examine how regional development policies affect the decision of multinational corporations to locate facilities in Germany. We are interested in whether regional development policies accumulate to increase the attractiveness of a region and whether some policies are necessary to attract foreign investors. Applying count data models and geographic weighted regression, the results indicate that, on average, regional development policies increase the attractiveness of German districts for multinational firms. We find that place-based policies have the strongest effect on investments in the East German lagging regions. However, policies predominantly attract standardised types of investments that require considerable capital investments but not specialised location advantages.

ACS Style

Martijn Burger; Jelmer Schalk; Daniel Schiller; Spyridon Stavropoulos. Regional Policy and Greenfield Investments in German Districts. Urban Science 2021, 5, 51 .

AMA Style

Martijn Burger, Jelmer Schalk, Daniel Schiller, Spyridon Stavropoulos. Regional Policy and Greenfield Investments in German Districts. Urban Science. 2021; 5 (3):51.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martijn Burger; Jelmer Schalk; Daniel Schiller; Spyridon Stavropoulos. 2021. "Regional Policy and Greenfield Investments in German Districts." Urban Science 5, no. 3: 51.

Chapter
Published: 30 April 2021 in Understanding and Investigating Response Processes in Validation Research
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In this chapter, we examine urban-rural happiness differences in the Netherlands. In line with the existing literature, we find that people in rural areas are, on average, happier than people in urban areas. Our econometric estimations suggest that after controlling for many time-variant and time-invariant personal characteristics, the effect of degree of urbanization on happiness is diminished, which indicates that selection and composition effects may play a role in explaining the urban-rural happiness differential. Cities typically have relatively more singles, unemployed, and migrants. Although these people downplay the average happiness levels of cities, they still might be better off in the city than on the countryside.

ACS Style

Martijn J. Burger. Urban-Rural Happiness Differentials in The Netherlands. Understanding and Investigating Response Processes in Validation Research 2021, 49 -58.

AMA Style

Martijn J. Burger. Urban-Rural Happiness Differentials in The Netherlands. Understanding and Investigating Response Processes in Validation Research. 2021; ():49-58.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martijn J. Burger. 2021. "Urban-Rural Happiness Differentials in The Netherlands." Understanding and Investigating Response Processes in Validation Research , no. : 49-58.

Original research
Published: 23 March 2021 in Journal of Well-Being Assessment
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Despite their suitability for mitigating survey biases and their potential for enhancing information richness, open and semi-open job satisfaction questions are rarely used in surveys. This is mostly due to the high costs associated with manual coding and difficulties that arise when validating text measures. Recently, advances in computer-aided text analysis have enabled researchers to rely less on manual coding to construct text measures. Yet, little is known about the validity of text measures generated by computer-aided text analysis software and only a handful of studies have attempted to demonstrate their added value. In light of this gap, drawing on a sample of 395 employees, we showed that the responses to a semi-open job satisfaction question can reliably and conveniently be converted into a text measure using two types of computer-aided sentiment analysis: SentimentR, and Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) 2015. Furthermore, the substantial convergence between the LIWC2015 and, in particular, SentimentR measure with a closed question measure of job satisfaction and logical associations with closed question measures of constructs that fall within and outside job satisfaction’s nomological network, suggest that a semi-open question has adequate convergent and discriminant validity. Finally, we illustrated that the responses to our semi-open question can be used to fine-tune the computer-aided sentiment analysis dictionaries and unravel antecedents of job satisfaction.

ACS Style

Indy Wijngaards; Martijn Burger; Job van Exel. Unpacking the Quantifying and Qualifying Potential of Semi-Open Job Satisfaction Questions through Computer-Aided Sentiment Analysis. Journal of Well-Being Assessment 2021, 1 -27.

AMA Style

Indy Wijngaards, Martijn Burger, Job van Exel. Unpacking the Quantifying and Qualifying Potential of Semi-Open Job Satisfaction Questions through Computer-Aided Sentiment Analysis. Journal of Well-Being Assessment. 2021; ():1-27.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Indy Wijngaards; Martijn Burger; Job van Exel. 2021. "Unpacking the Quantifying and Qualifying Potential of Semi-Open Job Satisfaction Questions through Computer-Aided Sentiment Analysis." Journal of Well-Being Assessment , no. : 1-27.

Journal article
Published: 17 February 2021 in Regional Studies
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This study examines the relationship between regions’ spatial organization and subjective well-being in North-West Europe. Combining data on life satisfaction with data on the spatial structure of regions, we find that the degree of polycentricism is positively associated and dispersion is negatively associated with life satisfaction. At the same time, the results indicate that in more dispersed regions, people experience more positive effects of polycentric structures than in more centralized regions, while residents of more urbanized polycentric regions report lower levels of life satisfaction compared with residents of less urbanized polycentric regions. Likewise, the findings suggest that urban residents living in polycentric regions are less satisfied compared with their rural counterparts.

ACS Style

Marloes M. Hoogerbrugge; Martijn J. Burger; Frank G. Van Oort. Spatial structure and subjective well-being in North-West Europe. Regional Studies 2021, 1 -12.

AMA Style

Marloes M. Hoogerbrugge, Martijn J. Burger, Frank G. Van Oort. Spatial structure and subjective well-being in North-West Europe. Regional Studies. 2021; ():1-12.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marloes M. Hoogerbrugge; Martijn J. Burger; Frank G. Van Oort. 2021. "Spatial structure and subjective well-being in North-West Europe." Regional Studies , no. : 1-12.

Research paper
Published: 05 September 2020 in Journal of Happiness Studies
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In this study, we examine whether the positive effect of income gains on subjective well-being (SWB) can in part be explained by the improved future prospects that are generated by a more solid financial situation. Using three-wave panel data from the US, we inspect the relation between changes in income, hope and SWB using a fixed-effects model. Results show that hope indeed partially mediates the relation between income and SWB, but only for monthly incomes over $1800. Positive expectations, on the other hand, mediate the relation for all income levels. From the two components of hope, agency, the belief that we can achieve our goals, seems to be the strongest mediator. We find no indications that extremely high levels of hope or expectations will harm SWB through disappointment.

ACS Style

Emma Pleeging; Martijn Burger; Job van Exel. Hope Mediates the Relation between Income and Subjective Well-Being. Journal of Happiness Studies 2020, 22, 2075 -2102.

AMA Style

Emma Pleeging, Martijn Burger, Job van Exel. Hope Mediates the Relation between Income and Subjective Well-Being. Journal of Happiness Studies. 2020; 22 (5):2075-2102.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emma Pleeging; Martijn Burger; Job van Exel. 2020. "Hope Mediates the Relation between Income and Subjective Well-Being." Journal of Happiness Studies 22, no. 5: 2075-2102.

Original paper
Published: 12 March 2020 in The Annals of Regional Science
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In this manuscript, we relate regional structural composition—related and unrelated variety—to firm-level productivity in European regions, applying a Cobb–Douglas production function framework and using firm-, industry- and regional-level mixed hierarchical (multilevel) models. Our analyses indicate that regional-related variety has a positive impact on firm productivity in European regions, especially for firms in high-tech and medium-tech regions. These outcomes have implications for European policies on competitiveness as firms embedded in regions without these technological and institutional circumstances are systematically worse off in terms of productivity, and catching-up is not obvious for such regional economies.

ACS Style

Spyridon Stavropoulos; F. G. Van Oort; M. J. Burger. Heterogeneous relatedness and firm productivity. The Annals of Regional Science 2020, 65, 403 -437.

AMA Style

Spyridon Stavropoulos, F. G. Van Oort, M. J. Burger. Heterogeneous relatedness and firm productivity. The Annals of Regional Science. 2020; 65 (2):403-437.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Spyridon Stavropoulos; F. G. Van Oort; M. J. Burger. 2020. "Heterogeneous relatedness and firm productivity." The Annals of Regional Science 65, no. 2: 403-437.

Original paper
Published: 27 February 2020 in Experimental Economics
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Buying lottery tickets is not a rational investment from a financial point of view. Yet, the majority of people participate at least once a year in a lottery. We conducted a field experiment to increase understanding of lottery participation. Using representative data for the Netherlands, we find that lottery participation increased the happiness of participants before the draw. Winning a small prize had no effect on happiness. Our results indicate that people may not only care about the outcomes of the lottery, but also enjoy the game. Accordingly, we conclude that lottery participation has a utility value in itself and part of the utility of a lottery ticket is consumed before the draw.

ACS Style

Martijn J. Burger; Martijn Hendriks; Emma Pleeging; Jan C. Van Ours. The joy of lottery play: evidence from a field experiment. Experimental Economics 2020, 23, 1235 -1256.

AMA Style

Martijn J. Burger, Martijn Hendriks, Emma Pleeging, Jan C. Van Ours. The joy of lottery play: evidence from a field experiment. Experimental Economics. 2020; 23 (4):1235-1256.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martijn J. Burger; Martijn Hendriks; Emma Pleeging; Jan C. Van Ours. 2020. "The joy of lottery play: evidence from a field experiment." Experimental Economics 23, no. 4: 1235-1256.

Journal article
Published: 15 February 2020 in Sustainability
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This paper examines the association between circular strategies imposed by European cities on the attraction of greenfield foreign direct investment (FDI) and the creation of circular gross employment through greenfield FDI. We utilize a recently developed database of circular strategies employed by local authorities in 43 European cities with information on greenfield FDI in these cities and other city characteristics for the years 2016–2017. We find that urban circular policies are positively and significantly associated with the attraction of greenfield FDI–generated employment, where the effect is stronger for regulatory and economic instruments compared to soft instruments.

ACS Style

Spyridon Stavropoulos; Martijn J. Burger; Joke Dufourmont. Urban Circular Policies and Employment through Greenfield FDI. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1458 .

AMA Style

Spyridon Stavropoulos, Martijn J. Burger, Joke Dufourmont. Urban Circular Policies and Employment through Greenfield FDI. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (4):1458.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Spyridon Stavropoulos; Martijn J. Burger; Joke Dufourmont. 2020. "Urban Circular Policies and Employment through Greenfield FDI." Sustainability 12, no. 4: 1458.

Journal article
Published: 10 February 2020 in Journal of World Business
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This study aims to shed light on how the value of home-host ties is contingent on political instability (i.e., political conflict and major institutional transitions). We hypothesize that by increasing the risk within the institutional structure, small political conflict positively moderates the relationship between home-host ties and location attractiveness, whereas full-fledged wars, in which risk to the institutional structure dominates erode the value of ties. Examining location choice decisions in Sub-Saharan Africa, we find evidence that home-host ties are not affected by small political conflict, while wars and major institutional transitions devaluate home-host ties.

ACS Style

Caroline T. Witte; Martijn J. Burger; Enrico Pennings. When political instability devaluates home-host ties. Journal of World Business 2020, 55, 101077 .

AMA Style

Caroline T. Witte, Martijn J. Burger, Enrico Pennings. When political instability devaluates home-host ties. Journal of World Business. 2020; 55 (4):101077.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Caroline T. Witte; Martijn J. Burger; Enrico Pennings. 2020. "When political instability devaluates home-host ties." Journal of World Business 55, no. 4: 101077.

Original article
Published: 09 December 2019 in Kyklos
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This study analyzes whether subjective well‐being measures can explain variation in peaceful uprisings, in addition to the objective measures typically used in analyses of this type of events. Using data on uprisings and subjective well‐being for 119 countries from 2007 to 2014 – a period during which nonviolent conflict became increasingly prevalent – we estimate panel data regressions, including instrumental variable models. The study finds evidence of a positive effect of life dissatisfaction on the incidence of peaceful uprising, but not its violent counterpart. This effect does not depend on the type of political regime, nor the stage of development, and, to a large extent, it reflects changes in perceived satisfaction with living standards and the ability to have a purposeful and meaningful life.

ACS Style

Caroline T. Witte; Martijn J. Burger; Elena Ianchovichina. Subjective Well‐Being and Peaceful Uprisings. Kyklos 2019, 73, 120 -158.

AMA Style

Caroline T. Witte, Martijn J. Burger, Elena Ianchovichina. Subjective Well‐Being and Peaceful Uprisings. Kyklos. 2019; 73 (1):120-158.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Caroline T. Witte; Martijn J. Burger; Elena Ianchovichina. 2019. "Subjective Well‐Being and Peaceful Uprisings." Kyklos 73, no. 1: 120-158.

Short communication
Published: 17 October 2019 in Energy Policy
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By conducting a meta-analysis of the empirical literature on the net employment effects of renewable energy, we explore the extent to which the reported net employment effects are driven by the applied methodology. We find that the reported conclusions on net employment effects are to a large extent driven by the methodology that is applied, where computable general equilibrium (CGE) and I/O methods that include induced effects and studies that consider only the near future in their study period (up to 2020) are generally less optimistic about net employment creation in the wake of the energy transition. In addition, we found that policy reports have a greater tendency to report a positive net employment effect than academic studies.

ACS Style

S. Stavropoulos; M.J. Burger. Modelling strategy and net employment effects of renewable energy and energy efficiency: A meta-regression. Energy Policy 2019, 136, 111047 .

AMA Style

S. Stavropoulos, M.J. Burger. Modelling strategy and net employment effects of renewable energy and energy efficiency: A meta-regression. Energy Policy. 2019; 136 ():111047.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S. Stavropoulos; M.J. Burger. 2019. "Modelling strategy and net employment effects of renewable energy and energy efficiency: A meta-regression." Energy Policy 136, no. : 111047.

Original research article
Published: 15 April 2019 in International Journal of Community Well-Being
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How can we explain why some regions experienced large decreases in subjective well-being during the 2008 recession, while in other regions, the changes were only very modest? Building on the literature on resilience in subjective well-being during periods of crisis, this article explores a related but undervalued factor that moderates the localized relationship between macroeconomic developments and life evaluation: regional quality of governance. We use individual-level data on life satisfaction and personal information taken from Eurobarometer for 89 European regions in the EU-28 for the period of 2005–2014, combined with macroeconomic variables and regional quality of governance data to test for the hypothesized moderating effect of quality of governance. The results demonstrate that increased regional unemployment and financial stress have a less aggravating effect on subjective well-being in regions characterized by a high quality of governance. These results support the capacity of quality of governance to buffer the negative effects of adverse macroeconomic conditions, most likely through generating trust and providing a safety net.

ACS Style

Efstratia Arampatzi; Martijn J. Burger; Spyridon Stavropoulos; Frank G. Van Oort. Subjective Well-Being and the 2008 Recession in European Regions: The Moderating Role of Quality of Governance. International Journal of Community Well-Being 2019, 2, 111 -133.

AMA Style

Efstratia Arampatzi, Martijn J. Burger, Spyridon Stavropoulos, Frank G. Van Oort. Subjective Well-Being and the 2008 Recession in European Regions: The Moderating Role of Quality of Governance. International Journal of Community Well-Being. 2019; 2 (2):111-133.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Efstratia Arampatzi; Martijn J. Burger; Spyridon Stavropoulos; Frank G. Van Oort. 2019. "Subjective Well-Being and the 2008 Recession in European Regions: The Moderating Role of Quality of Governance." International Journal of Community Well-Being 2, no. 2: 111-133.

Chapter
Published: 24 March 2019 in Mathematical and Numerical Foundations of Turbulence Models and Applications
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In this chapter, we discuss the use of gravity models in the study of spatial structure. Using the recent discussion on functional polycentricity as a background, we argue that the gravity model approach has one obvious advantage when examining spatial structure: it can simultaneously assess functional polycentricity and spatial interdependencies within one modelling framework. The chapter concludes with a discussion of methods that can be applied to estimate the gravity model.

ACS Style

Martijn Burger; Frank Van Oort; Evert Meijers. Examining Spatial Structure Using Gravity Models. Mathematical and Numerical Foundations of Turbulence Models and Applications 2019, 471 -479.

AMA Style

Martijn Burger, Frank Van Oort, Evert Meijers. Examining Spatial Structure Using Gravity Models. Mathematical and Numerical Foundations of Turbulence Models and Applications. 2019; ():471-479.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martijn Burger; Frank Van Oort; Evert Meijers. 2019. "Examining Spatial Structure Using Gravity Models." Mathematical and Numerical Foundations of Turbulence Models and Applications , no. : 471-479.

Correction
Published: 10 December 2018 in Journal of International Business Studies
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Owing to a production error, the coefficients of the BRD (ln) * localized and Greenfield FDI variables were not correctly displayed in the even columns of Table 2 in the original article.

ACS Style

Caroline T Witte; Martijn J Burger; Elena I Ianchovichina; Enrico Pennings. Correction to: Dodging bullets: The heterogeneous effect of political violence on greenfield FDI. Journal of International Business Studies 2018, 50, 454 -455.

AMA Style

Caroline T Witte, Martijn J Burger, Elena I Ianchovichina, Enrico Pennings. Correction to: Dodging bullets: The heterogeneous effect of political violence on greenfield FDI. Journal of International Business Studies. 2018; 50 (3):454-455.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Caroline T Witte; Martijn J Burger; Elena I Ianchovichina; Enrico Pennings. 2018. "Correction to: Dodging bullets: The heterogeneous effect of political violence on greenfield FDI." Journal of International Business Studies 50, no. 3: 454-455.

Original article
Published: 24 October 2018 in Review of Income and Wealth
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Despite progress with economic and social development over several decades, life satisfaction was relatively low and declining in many developing Arab countries in the second half of the 2000s—a situation described in this paper as the “unhappy development” paradox. The paper empirically tests the direction and strength of association of a range of objective and subjective factors with subjective well‐being in the Middle East and North Africa in the years immediately preceding the Arab Spring uprisings (2009–10). The findings suggest a significant, negative association between life satisfaction levels and each of the main perceived grievances voiced during the 2011 uprisings—dissatisfaction with the standard of living, poor labor market conditions, and corruption in the form of nepotism or cronyism. The increased prevalence of dissatisfaction with the standard of living contributed the most to the decline in subjective well‐being during this period, followed by worsening labor market conditions manifested in increased unemployment and decline in self‐reported earnings. In addition, perceptions about corruption became more important for people’s life satisfaction, particularly in the Arab Spring countries where the uprisings were most intense.

ACS Style

Efstratia Arampatzi; Martijn Burger; Elena Ianchovichina; Tina Röhricht; Ruut Veenhoven. Unhappy Development: Dissatisfaction With Life on the Eve of the Arab Spring. Review of Income and Wealth 2018, 64, S80 -S113.

AMA Style

Efstratia Arampatzi, Martijn Burger, Elena Ianchovichina, Tina Röhricht, Ruut Veenhoven. Unhappy Development: Dissatisfaction With Life on the Eve of the Arab Spring. Review of Income and Wealth. 2018; 64 ():S80-S113.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Efstratia Arampatzi; Martijn Burger; Elena Ianchovichina; Tina Röhricht; Ruut Veenhoven. 2018. "Unhappy Development: Dissatisfaction With Life on the Eve of the Arab Spring." Review of Income and Wealth 64, no. : S80-S113.

Journal article
Published: 29 August 2018 in Research Policy
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This paper examines the opportunities and risks of employment, skills and education that are related to a circular economy (CE) in the United States. Combining occupational skills and education data with a newly introduced definition of CE employment, we compare circular- and non-circular-oriented occupations in terms of skills and abilities. Building on the seminal paper by Consoli et al. (2016) and looking at all occupations within a broad range of CE-related industries, we detect and address heterogeneity in job requirements within the CE. We distinguish core activities within CE employment – focusing on renewable energy, repair, re-use of materials and the sharing economy – from enabling activities, which are focused on management, design, and ICT-applicability of the CE. While core CE-activities generally require more manual and technological skills, enabling activities, in contrast, require more complex cognitive skills. Neither core nor enabling CE sectors, however, are entirely cohesive in terms of skill requirements. Part of the education and skills demand is identifiably driven by ‘circularity’, particularly with regard to technical skills for the core of the CE. This may require specific education and training programs for future development of the CE.

ACS Style

Martijn Burger; Spyridon Stavropoulos; Shyaam Ramkumar; Joke Dufourmont; Frank van Oort. The heterogeneous skill-base of circular economy employment. Research Policy 2018, 48, 248 -261.

AMA Style

Martijn Burger, Spyridon Stavropoulos, Shyaam Ramkumar, Joke Dufourmont, Frank van Oort. The heterogeneous skill-base of circular economy employment. Research Policy. 2018; 48 (1):248-261.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martijn Burger; Spyridon Stavropoulos; Shyaam Ramkumar; Joke Dufourmont; Frank van Oort. 2018. "The heterogeneous skill-base of circular economy employment." Research Policy 48, no. 1: 248-261.

Journal article
Published: 21 May 2018 in Urban Geography
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ACS Style

Marloes M. Hoogerbrugge; Martijn J. Burger. Neighborhood-Based social capital and life satisfaction: the case of Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Urban Geography 2018, 39, 1484 -1509.

AMA Style

Marloes M. Hoogerbrugge, Martijn J. Burger. Neighborhood-Based social capital and life satisfaction: the case of Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Urban Geography. 2018; 39 (10):1484-1509.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marloes M. Hoogerbrugge; Martijn J. Burger. 2018. "Neighborhood-Based social capital and life satisfaction: the case of Rotterdam, The Netherlands." Urban Geography 39, no. 10: 1484-1509.

Chapter
Published: 12 April 2018 in Applying Quality of Life Research
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How happy we are, depends partly on how we live our life and part of our way of life is how we commute between home and work. In that context, we are faced with the question of how much time spent on commuting is optimal happiness wise and with what means of transportation we will feel best. Decisions about commuting are typically made as a side issue in job choice and there are indications that we are bad in predicting how such decisions will work out on our happiness in the long-run. For that reason, it is helpful to know how commuting has worked out on the happiness of other people and on people like you in particular. Several cross-sectional studies found lower happiness among long-distance commuters and among users of public transportation. Yet these differences could be due to selection effects, such as unhappy people opting more often for distant jobs without having a car. Still another limitation is that earlier research has focused on the average effect of commuting, rather than specifying what is optimal for whom. Data of the Dutch ‘Happiness Indicator’ study was analyzed, in the context of which 5000 participants recorded what they had done in the previous day and how happy they had felt during these activities. This data allows comparison between how the same person feels at home and during commute, which eliminates selection effects. The number of participants is large enough to allow a split-up between different kinds of people, in particular among the many well-educated women who participated in this study. People feel typically less happy when commuting than at home, and that the negative difference is largest when commuting with public transportation and smallest when commuting by bike. It is not per se the commuting time that causes happiness loss, but specific combinations of commuting time and commuting mode. Increasing commuting times can even lead to a gain in happiness for certain types of women, when the commute is by bike. Split-up by different kinds of people shows considerable differences, such as an optimal commute alone or even by public transport for some highly educated women. Optimal ways of commuting for different kinds of people are presented in a summary table, from which individuals can read what will fit them best. The differences illustrate that research focusing on average effects of happiness will not help individuals in making a more informed choice.

ACS Style

Sascha Lancée; Martijn Burger; Ruut Veenhoven. Commuting and Happiness: What Ways Feel Best for What Kinds of People? Applying Quality of Life Research 2018, 73 -93.

AMA Style

Sascha Lancée, Martijn Burger, Ruut Veenhoven. Commuting and Happiness: What Ways Feel Best for What Kinds of People? Applying Quality of Life Research. 2018; ():73-93.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sascha Lancée; Martijn Burger; Ruut Veenhoven. 2018. "Commuting and Happiness: What Ways Feel Best for What Kinds of People?" Applying Quality of Life Research , no. : 73-93.

Original paper
Published: 28 January 2017 in Review of World Economics
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This paper investigates the factors associated with foreign direct investment “surges” and “stops”, defined as sharp increases and decreases, respectively, of foreign direct investment inflows to the developing world and differentiated based on whether these events are led by waves in greenfield investments or mergers and acquisitions. Greenfield-led surges and stops occur more frequently than mergers-and-acquisitions-led ones and different factors are associated with the onset of the two types of events. Global liquidity is the factor significantly and positively associated with a surge, regardless of its kind, while a global economic growth slowdown and a surge in the preceding year are the main factors associated with a stop. Greenfield-led surges and stops are more likely in low-income countries and mergers-and-acquisitions-led surges are less likely in resource-rich countries than elsewhere in the developing world. Global growth accelerations and increases in financial openness, domestic economic and financial instability are associated with mergers-and-acquisitions-led surges but not with greenfield-led ones. These results are particularly relevant for developing countries where FDI flows are the major type of capital flows and suggest that developing countries’ macroeconomic vulnerability increases following periods of increased global liquidity. As countries develop they typically become more exposed to merger-and-acquisition-led surges, which are more likely than greenfield-led surges and stops to be short-lived and associated with domestic macroeconomic policies.

ACS Style

Martijn J. Burger; Elena I. Ianchovichina. Surges and stops in greenfield and M&A FDI flows to developing countries: analysis by mode of entry. Review of World Economics 2017, 153, 411 -432.

AMA Style

Martijn J. Burger, Elena I. Ianchovichina. Surges and stops in greenfield and M&A FDI flows to developing countries: analysis by mode of entry. Review of World Economics. 2017; 153 (2):411-432.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martijn J. Burger; Elena I. Ianchovichina. 2017. "Surges and stops in greenfield and M&A FDI flows to developing countries: analysis by mode of entry." Review of World Economics 153, no. 2: 411-432.