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Haiti has suffered great losses from deforestation, with little forest cover remaining today. Current reforestation efforts focus on seedling quantity rather than quality. This study examined limitations to the production of high-quality seedlings of the endemic Hispaniolan pine (Pinus occidentalis Swartz). Recognizing the importance of applying sustainable development principles to pine forest restoration, the effects of growing media and container types on seedling growth were evaluated with the goal of developing a propagation protocol to produce high-quality seedlings using economically feasible nursery practices. With regard to growing media, seedlings grew best in compost-based media amended with sand. Topsoil, widely used in nurseries throughout Haiti, produced the smallest seedlings overall. Despite a low water holding capacity and limited manganese, compost-based media provided adequate levels of essential mineral nutrients (particularly nitrogen), which allowed for sufficient seedling nutrition. Seedling shoot and root growth, as well as the ratio of shoot biomass to root biomass, were greater in polybags relative to D40s. Results indicate that economically feasible improvements to existing nursery practices in Haiti can improve the early growth rates of P. occidentalis seedlings.
Kyrstan L. Hubbel; Amy L. Ross-Davis; Jeremiah R. Pinto; Owen T. Burney; Anthony S. Davis. Toward Sustainable Cultivation of Pinus occidentalis Swartz in Haiti: Effects of Alternative Growing Media and Containers on Seedling Growth and Foliar Chemistry. Forests 2018, 9, 422 .
AMA StyleKyrstan L. Hubbel, Amy L. Ross-Davis, Jeremiah R. Pinto, Owen T. Burney, Anthony S. Davis. Toward Sustainable Cultivation of Pinus occidentalis Swartz in Haiti: Effects of Alternative Growing Media and Containers on Seedling Growth and Foliar Chemistry. Forests. 2018; 9 (7):422.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKyrstan L. Hubbel; Amy L. Ross-Davis; Jeremiah R. Pinto; Owen T. Burney; Anthony S. Davis. 2018. "Toward Sustainable Cultivation of Pinus occidentalis Swartz in Haiti: Effects of Alternative Growing Media and Containers on Seedling Growth and Foliar Chemistry." Forests 9, no. 7: 422.
We replaced a control peat medium with up to 75% biochar on a volumetric basis in three different forms (powder, BC; pyrolyzed softwood pellets, PP; composite wood-biochar pellets, WP), and under two supplies of nitrogen fertilizer (20 or 80 mg N) subsequently grew seedlings with a comparable morphology to the control. Using gravimetric methods to determine irrigation frequency and exponential fertilization to ensure all treatments received the same amount of N at a given point in the growing cycle, we successfully replaced peat with 25% BC and up to 50% PP. Increasing the proportion of biochar in the media significantly increased pH and bulk density and reduced effective cation exchange capacity and air-filled porosity, although none of these variables was consistent with resultant seedling growth. Adherence to gravimetric values for irrigation at an 80% water mass threshold in the container revealed that the addition of BC and WP, but not PP, required adjustments to the irrigation schedule. For future studies, we encourage researchers to provide more details about bulk density, porosity, and irrigation regime to improve the potential inference provided by this line of biochar and growing media work.
R. Kasten Dumroese; Jeremiah R. Pinto; Juha Heiskanen; Arja Tervahauta; Katherine G. McBurney; Deborah S. Page-Dumroese; Karl Englund. Biochar Can Be a Suitable Replacement for Sphagnum Peat in Nursery Production of Pinus ponderosa Seedlings. Forests 2018, 9, 232 .
AMA StyleR. Kasten Dumroese, Jeremiah R. Pinto, Juha Heiskanen, Arja Tervahauta, Katherine G. McBurney, Deborah S. Page-Dumroese, Karl Englund. Biochar Can Be a Suitable Replacement for Sphagnum Peat in Nursery Production of Pinus ponderosa Seedlings. Forests. 2018; 9 (5):232.
Chicago/Turabian StyleR. Kasten Dumroese; Jeremiah R. Pinto; Juha Heiskanen; Arja Tervahauta; Katherine G. McBurney; Deborah S. Page-Dumroese; Karl Englund. 2018. "Biochar Can Be a Suitable Replacement for Sphagnum Peat in Nursery Production of Pinus ponderosa Seedlings." Forests 9, no. 5: 232.
Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Mayr) Franco), and western larch (Larix occidentalis Nutt.) are species of ecological and commercial importance that occur throughout the Western United States. Effective reforestation of these species relies on successful seedling establishment, which is affected by planting stock quality, stocktype size, and site preparation techniques. This study examined the effects of container volume (80, 130, 200, and 250 cm3) and vegetative competition on seedling survival and physiological and morphological responses for two years, post-outplanting. Glyphosate application (GS) and grass planting (HC) were used to achieve low and high levels of competition. For all measured attributes, the container volume × vegetative competition was not significant. Mortality was strongly influenced by competition, with higher mortality observed for Douglas fir and western larch planted in HC plots one (28% and 98%) and two (61% and 99%) years following outplanting. When competition was controlled, seedlings of both species exhibited greater net photosynthesis (>9 μmol m−2 s−1), greater predawn water potential (>−0.35 MPa), and lower mortality (2–3%) following one year in the field, indicating establishment success. The 80 cm3 stocktype remained significantly smaller and exhibited lower growth rates for the duration of the study, while all other stocktypes were statistically similar. Our results demonstrate the importance of controlling vegetative competition regardless of stocktype, especially for western larch, and suggest that benefits to post-planting seedling physiology and growth in relation to container size plateau beyond 130 cm3 among the investigated stocktypes.
Jeremiah R. Pinto; Bridget A. McNassar; Olga A. Kildisheva; Anthony S. Davis. Stocktype and Vegetative Competition Influences on Pseudotsuga menziesii and Larix occidentalis Seedling Establishment. Forests 2018, 9, 228 .
AMA StyleJeremiah R. Pinto, Bridget A. McNassar, Olga A. Kildisheva, Anthony S. Davis. Stocktype and Vegetative Competition Influences on Pseudotsuga menziesii and Larix occidentalis Seedling Establishment. Forests. 2018; 9 (5):228.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJeremiah R. Pinto; Bridget A. McNassar; Olga A. Kildisheva; Anthony S. Davis. 2018. "Stocktype and Vegetative Competition Influences on Pseudotsuga menziesii and Larix occidentalis Seedling Establishment." Forests 9, no. 5: 228.
Antonio Montagnoli; R. Kasten Dumroese; Mattia Terzaghi; Jeremiah R. Pinto; Nicoletta Fulgaro; Gabriella Stefania Scippa; Donato Chiatante. Tree seedling response to LED spectra: implications for forest restoration. Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology 2018, 152, 515 -523.
AMA StyleAntonio Montagnoli, R. Kasten Dumroese, Mattia Terzaghi, Jeremiah R. Pinto, Nicoletta Fulgaro, Gabriella Stefania Scippa, Donato Chiatante. Tree seedling response to LED spectra: implications for forest restoration. Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology. 2018; 152 (3):515-523.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAntonio Montagnoli; R. Kasten Dumroese; Mattia Terzaghi; Jeremiah R. Pinto; Nicoletta Fulgaro; Gabriella Stefania Scippa; Donato Chiatante. 2018. "Tree seedling response to LED spectra: implications for forest restoration." Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology 152, no. 3: 515-523.
In many forests of the world, the summer season (temporal element) brings drought conditions causing low soil moisture in the upper soil profile (spatial element)—a potentially large barrier to seedling establishment. We evaluated the relationship between initial seedling root depth, temporal and spatial changes in soil moisture during drought after outplanting, and subsequent seedling performance using seedlings of Laws. var. grown in three containers similar in dimension except for depth (i.e. three stocktypes). Soil moisture patterns were quantified and growth, gas exchange, and carbon isotope analysis were used as metrics for stocktype evaluation. Soil moisture reached minimum volumetric soil moisture contents () of 0.078 m m at a 15 cm depth and 0.15 m m at 90 cm by late summer, which also translated to estimated soil water potential ( ) values of −2.29 and −0.02 MPa, respectively. Seedling photosynthesis () and transpiration () rates followed soil moisture trends, also reaching seasonal lows in late summer. In early fall, gas exchange rates nearly doubled following a replenishment of upper-profile soil moisture by precipitation. Over the course of the growing season, stocktypes did not differ in gas exchange rates ( ≥ 0.15), biomass ( ≥ 0.45), root penetration depth ( = 0.60), or carbon isotope signature ( ≥ 0.60). For all seedlings, current-year needles showed greater capacity for than previous-year needles ( ≤ 0.01), and was only significantly correlated with soil moisture in the upper soil profile (15 cm; ≤ 0.03). In this study, stocktype was not a significant factor, suggesting that seedling access to soil moisture was not different among them. The temporal and spatial variation observed in soil moisture availability, however, provides critical biophysical information on outplanting timing as it relates to subsequent seedling establishment and potential root growth. As well, needle formation, carbon gain, and the relationship to soil water depth further indicate the importance for managing soil water or seedling stocktype for successful seedling survival and growth.
Jeremiah R. Pinto; John D. Marshall; R. Kasten Dumroese; Anthony S. Davis; Douglas R. Cobos. Seedling establishment and physiological responses to temporal and spatial soil moisture changes. New Forests 2015, 47, 223 -241.
AMA StyleJeremiah R. Pinto, John D. Marshall, R. Kasten Dumroese, Anthony S. Davis, Douglas R. Cobos. Seedling establishment and physiological responses to temporal and spatial soil moisture changes. New Forests. 2015; 47 (2):223-241.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJeremiah R. Pinto; John D. Marshall; R. Kasten Dumroese; Anthony S. Davis; Douglas R. Cobos. 2015. "Seedling establishment and physiological responses to temporal and spatial soil moisture changes." New Forests 47, no. 2: 223-241.
Restoring degraded mesic-montane forests represents a major challenge in maintaining functioning ecosystems throughout the tropics. A key example of this lies in Hawai‘i, where restoring native koa (Acacia koa, A. Gray) forests are a top conservation and forestry priority because of the critical habitat and high-value timber products that they provide. Efforts to restore koa forests, however, are directly impeded by extensive, non-native kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex Chiov.) swards occupying deforested montane landscapes. In this study, we implemented a combination of grass suppression and selection of koa seedling stocktypes to measure outplanting performance in a naturalized site on the island of Maui. Seedlings were grown in a nursery in two root container sizes (111 and 207 cm3) and subsequently outplanted into grass-dominated plots that were either untreated or suppressed with a high-rate herbicide combination of imazapyr and glyphosate (1.7 kg a.i. ha−1, respectively), 30 days prior to planting. Across all treatments, seedling survival was high (>95 %). Thirty months after planting, trees from the larger stocktype had significantly greater growth in height and root-collar diameter. Initial grass suppression resulted in trees that were 34 % taller with 66 % larger root-collar diameters after 30 months. Herbicide treated plots also had significantly higher leaf area indices (2.6 vs. 1.8 m2 m−2), indicative of higher photosynthetic capacity and canopy closure. Grass suppression increased soil temperature along with soil moisture in the first year followed by a dramatic drop in moisture corresponding to large growth responses by koa seedlings after the first year. These results demonstrate how the combination of fundamental silvicultural practices in the nursery and on the outplanting site can accelerate tree growth to meet restoration goals in shorter time intervals. This is a first report of koa (a leguminous species) tolerance to a high-rate, pre-plant application of the herbicide active ingredient imazapyr.
Jeremiah R. Pinto; Anthony S. Davis; James J. K. Leary; Matthew M. Aghai. Stocktype and grass suppression accelerate the restoration trajectory of Acacia koa in Hawaiian montane ecosystems. New Forests 2015, 46, 855 -867.
AMA StyleJeremiah R. Pinto, Anthony S. Davis, James J. K. Leary, Matthew M. Aghai. Stocktype and grass suppression accelerate the restoration trajectory of Acacia koa in Hawaiian montane ecosystems. New Forests. 2015; 46 (5-6):855-867.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJeremiah R. Pinto; Anthony S. Davis; James J. K. Leary; Matthew M. Aghai. 2015. "Stocktype and grass suppression accelerate the restoration trajectory of Acacia koa in Hawaiian montane ecosystems." New Forests 46, no. 5-6: 855-867.
Proper irrigation can reduce water use, water waste, and incidence of disease. Knowing when to irrigate plants in container nurseries can be determined by weighing containers. This simple method is quantifiable, which is a benefit when more than one worker is responsible for irrigation. Irrigation is necessary when the container weighs some target as a proportion of its weight at field capacity. Care should be taken when comparing target container weights because they can be calculated different ways. In the nursery, one easy method for obtaining weights is using a small, handheld portable balance.
R Kasten Dumroese; Jeremiah R Pinto; Mark E Montville. Using container weights to determine irrigation needs: a simple method. Native Plants Journal 2015, 16, 67 -71.
AMA StyleR Kasten Dumroese, Jeremiah R Pinto, Mark E Montville. Using container weights to determine irrigation needs: a simple method. Native Plants Journal. 2015; 16 (1):67-71.
Chicago/Turabian StyleR Kasten Dumroese; Jeremiah R Pinto; Mark E Montville. 2015. "Using container weights to determine irrigation needs: a simple method." Native Plants Journal 16, no. 1: 67-71.
Jiaxi Wang; Guolei Li; Jeremiah Pinto; Jiajia Liu; Wenhui Shi; Yong Liu. Both nursery and field performance determine suitable nitrogen supply of nursery-grown, exponentially fertilized Chinese pine. Silva Fennica 2015, 49, 1 .
AMA StyleJiaxi Wang, Guolei Li, Jeremiah Pinto, Jiajia Liu, Wenhui Shi, Yong Liu. Both nursery and field performance determine suitable nitrogen supply of nursery-grown, exponentially fertilized Chinese pine. Silva Fennica. 2015; 49 (3):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiaxi Wang; Guolei Li; Jeremiah Pinto; Jiajia Liu; Wenhui Shi; Yong Liu. 2015. "Both nursery and field performance determine suitable nitrogen supply of nursery-grown, exponentially fertilized Chinese pine." Silva Fennica 49, no. 3: 1.
Jeremiah R. Pinto; John D. Marshall; R. Kasten Dumroese; Anthony S. Davis; Douglas R. Cobos. Establishment and growth of container seedlings for reforestation: A function of stocktype and edaphic conditions. Forest Ecology and Management 2011, 261, 1876 -1884.
AMA StyleJeremiah R. Pinto, John D. Marshall, R. Kasten Dumroese, Anthony S. Davis, Douglas R. Cobos. Establishment and growth of container seedlings for reforestation: A function of stocktype and edaphic conditions. Forest Ecology and Management. 2011; 261 (11):1876-1884.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJeremiah R. Pinto; John D. Marshall; R. Kasten Dumroese; Anthony S. Davis; Douglas R. Cobos. 2011. "Establishment and growth of container seedlings for reforestation: A function of stocktype and edaphic conditions." Forest Ecology and Management 261, no. 11: 1876-1884.
Pale purple coneflower [Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt.] was grown within three container volumes (90, 105, and 340 cm3) under subirrigation and overhead irrigation treatments. Subirrigated coneflowers showed increased seedling quality with more biomass (14%), better nitrogen use efficiency (13%), greater nitrogen content (N; 11%), more height (15%), and lower mortality compared with overhead-irrigated seedlings. Plants also showed increasing height, biomass, and N content with increasing container volume. Overhead irrigated coneflowers had more leachate compared with subirrigated seedlings, which produced none. Leachate electrical conductivity and N were monitored throughout the growing season and decreased at similar rates, whereas subirrigation effluent levels remained constant. Subirrigation offers a viable alternative to traditional overhead irrigation systems by producing this native plant with equal or better quality without discharging potentially harmful leachate into the environment.
Jeremy R. Pinto; Rhiannon A. Chandler; R. Kasten Dumroese. Growth, Nitrogen Use Efficiency, and Leachate Comparison of Subirrigated and Overhead Irrigated Pale Purple Coneflower Seedlings. HortScience 2008, 43, 897 -901.
AMA StyleJeremy R. Pinto, Rhiannon A. Chandler, R. Kasten Dumroese. Growth, Nitrogen Use Efficiency, and Leachate Comparison of Subirrigated and Overhead Irrigated Pale Purple Coneflower Seedlings. HortScience. 2008; 43 (3):897-901.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJeremy R. Pinto; Rhiannon A. Chandler; R. Kasten Dumroese. 2008. "Growth, Nitrogen Use Efficiency, and Leachate Comparison of Subirrigated and Overhead Irrigated Pale Purple Coneflower Seedlings." HortScience 43, no. 3: 897-901.