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In this study, the properties of alkali-activated slag cement (AASC), in which 50, 60, and 70% cenospheres were replaced, were tested and flotation tests were performed by making bricks. Three different cenosphere sizes were used in the experiment. As the cenosphere replacement rate increased, the compressive strength, density, and thermal conductivity values decreased and the water-absorption rate increased. The smaller the cenosphere particle size, the lower was the thermal conductivity and density and the higher was the absorption and compressive strength. Furthermore, the bricks made of 70% cenosphere-substituted mixture floated on the water surface regardless of the size of the cenosphere particles. In AASC with a cenosphere substitution rate exceeding 50%, the size of cenosphere particles greatly affected the physical and mechanical properties. The 70% cenosphere replacement sample was found to be applicable as a floating structural member for marine and freshwater applications.
Taewan Kim. Characteristics of alkali-activated slag cement-based ultra-lightweight concrete with high-volume cenosphere. Construction and Building Materials 2021, 302, 124165 .
AMA StyleTaewan Kim. Characteristics of alkali-activated slag cement-based ultra-lightweight concrete with high-volume cenosphere. Construction and Building Materials. 2021; 302 ():124165.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTaewan Kim. 2021. "Characteristics of alkali-activated slag cement-based ultra-lightweight concrete with high-volume cenosphere." Construction and Building Materials 302, no. : 124165.
This is an experiment on the effect of mixing time for alkali-activated cement (AAC) using a binder mixed with ground granulated blast furnace slag (slag) and fly ash (FA) in a ratio of 1:1 on the mechanical properties. The mixing method of ASTM C305 was used as the basic mixing method, and the following mixing method was changed. Simply adding the same mixing time and procedure, the difference in the order of mixing slag and FA, and controlling the amount of activator and mixed water were considered. As a result of the experiment, the addition of the same mixing time and procedure, pre-injection of slag, and high-alkali mixed water in which half of the activator and mixing water were mixed showed the highest mechanical properties and a dense pore structure. As a result, the design of a blending method that can promote the activation action of slag rather than FA at room temperature was effective in improving the mechanical properties of AAC. In addition, these blending factors showed a clearer effect as the concentration of the activator increased. Through the results of this experiment, it was shown that high-temperature curing, high fineness of the binder, or even changing the setting of the mixing method without the use of excessive activators can lead to an improvement of mechanical properties.
Taewan Kim; Choonghyun Kang. Investigation of the Effect of Mixing Time on the Mechanical Properties of Alkali-Activated Cement Mixed with Fly Ash and Slag. Materials 2021, 14, 2301 .
AMA StyleTaewan Kim, Choonghyun Kang. Investigation of the Effect of Mixing Time on the Mechanical Properties of Alkali-Activated Cement Mixed with Fly Ash and Slag. Materials. 2021; 14 (9):2301.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTaewan Kim; Choonghyun Kang. 2021. "Investigation of the Effect of Mixing Time on the Mechanical Properties of Alkali-Activated Cement Mixed with Fly Ash and Slag." Materials 14, no. 9: 2301.
This is an experimental study on the development of a low-carbon, eco-friendly cement containing a calcium sulfoaluminate expansive agent (CSAe), slag, and silica fume (SF). The cement to be developed has a low water/binder ratio (w/b) of 0.5 and is designed to be used for structural purposes, with focus on its mechanical performance. CSAe, slag, and SF were mixed at various mixing ratios. The main hydration product of the slag-based CSAe cement in the experiment was ettringite. Substituting less than 30% of CSAe showed a sufficient level of mechanical performance; that is, the material could be used as structural cement. SF controlled the excessive expansion of CSAe. However, since the developed slag-CSAe-SF cement has low early age (1 d) strength, follow-up research is needed for improvement.
Taewan Kim; Ki-Young Seo; Choonghyun Kang; Tak-Kee Lee. Development of Eco-Friendly Cement Using a Calcium Sulfoaluminate Expansive Agent Blended with Slag and Silica Fume. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 394 .
AMA StyleTaewan Kim, Ki-Young Seo, Choonghyun Kang, Tak-Kee Lee. Development of Eco-Friendly Cement Using a Calcium Sulfoaluminate Expansive Agent Blended with Slag and Silica Fume. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (1):394.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTaewan Kim; Ki-Young Seo; Choonghyun Kang; Tak-Kee Lee. 2021. "Development of Eco-Friendly Cement Using a Calcium Sulfoaluminate Expansive Agent Blended with Slag and Silica Fume." Applied Sciences 11, no. 1: 394.
The mixing method is the investigation of the characteristics of alkali-activated cement paste (AACP) with slag and silica fume (SF) of 1: 1. The basic mixing method is ASTM C305, which is defined as 1st-cycle. There are three factors considered in this experiment; (i) the addition of mixing time (2nd-cycle), (ii) the concentration of activator depending on the amount of mixing water, and (iii) the mixing sequence of slag and SF. It was found that the second cycle, the additional mixing time, had the effect of improving the mechanical properties. In addition, accelerated activation through the mixing of slag with a high concentration of alkali solution in the 1st-cycle increases the hydration products and decreases the porosity and increases the mechanical properties. Therefore, it was found that the change of the mixing method in the AACP composed of slag and SF 1: 1 has a great influence on the mechanical properties. As a result, the method of first mixing slag in aqueous solution of high alkali concentration in AASC mixed with slag and SF improves the mechanical properties.
Taewan Kim; Choonghyun Kang. The Mechanical Properties of Alkali-Activated Slag-Silica Fume Cement Pastes by Mixing Method. International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials 2020, 14, 1 -15.
AMA StyleTaewan Kim, Choonghyun Kang. The Mechanical Properties of Alkali-Activated Slag-Silica Fume Cement Pastes by Mixing Method. International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials. 2020; 14 (1):1-15.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTaewan Kim; Choonghyun Kang. 2020. "The Mechanical Properties of Alkali-Activated Slag-Silica Fume Cement Pastes by Mixing Method." International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials 14, no. 1: 1-15.
This paper presents the microstructural properties of KOH-activated slag pastes produced with natural seawater under different salinity levels. The seawater-mixed samples exhibit higher 91-day strength compared to the control sample produced with deionized water. Their reduced total porosity and decrease in average pore size are closely related to the strength improvement. The dense microstructure is composed of reaction products resulting from the inclusion of seawater; these include Cl-hydrocalumite, Cl-hydrotalcite, AlClO, K2SO4, CaCO3, calcium aluminum iron oxide carbonate hydroxide hydrate, and aluminum chloride hydrate. In addition, CO32− in the CO3-hydrotalcite and CO3-hydrocalumite is replaced by chloride ions, and then a Cl-bearing phase is formed, leading to a higher bound chloride content. Lastly, in the single ocean current investigated in this study, the strength of seawater-mixed samples is weakly vulnerable to salinity variation.
Yubin Jun; Taewan Kim; Jae Hong Kim. Chloride-bearing characteristics of alkali-activated slag mixed with seawater: Effect of different salinity levels. Cement and Concrete Composites 2020, 112, 103680 .
AMA StyleYubin Jun, Taewan Kim, Jae Hong Kim. Chloride-bearing characteristics of alkali-activated slag mixed with seawater: Effect of different salinity levels. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2020; 112 ():103680.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYubin Jun; Taewan Kim; Jae Hong Kim. 2020. "Chloride-bearing characteristics of alkali-activated slag mixed with seawater: Effect of different salinity levels." Cement and Concrete Composites 112, no. : 103680.
This study investigates the characteristics of alkali-activated slag cement using aluminium sulphate (ALS) as an activator. The alkalis NaOH and Na2SiO3 were used as additional activators (denoted by alkali) at 5% and 10% of the weight of the ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS). Three types of activators were considered. The first was when ALS was used alone. For the second, ALS and 5% alkali were used together. The third was when ALS and 10% alkali were used. ALS was used at concentrations of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% based on binder weight. Experimental results show that when ALS was used as a sole activator, the activity of GGBFS was low and its strength was below 1 MPa. However, compressive strength was improved when 5% or 10% alkali and ALS were used at the same time. This was effective at improving mechanical and microstructural performance when used with an additional activator capable of forming a more alkaline environment than using ALS as a sole activator.
Taewan Kim; Sungnam Hong; Choonghyun Kang. The Effects of Aluminium Sulphate on Slag Paste Activated with Sodium Hydroxide and Sodium Silicate. Materials 2020, 13, 2286 .
AMA StyleTaewan Kim, Sungnam Hong, Choonghyun Kang. The Effects of Aluminium Sulphate on Slag Paste Activated with Sodium Hydroxide and Sodium Silicate. Materials. 2020; 13 (10):2286.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTaewan Kim; Sungnam Hong; Choonghyun Kang. 2020. "The Effects of Aluminium Sulphate on Slag Paste Activated with Sodium Hydroxide and Sodium Silicate." Materials 13, no. 10: 2286.
In this study, investigate the pore and strength characteristics of alkali-activated slag paste, using seawater and tapwater as the mixing water. The water/binder ratio is 0.45 and the activator is sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Activator concentrations of 2%, 4%, and 6% of the binder weight are used. This study measure the compressive strength and conduct X-ray diffraction (XRD), mercury-intrusion porosimetry (MIP), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to determine the cause of the increase in strength change and pore structure. The results indicate that the compressive strength between early and later ages improves with the use of seawater instead of tapwater. When seawater is used, C–S–H gel and Friedel's salt (FS) are observed as the hydration reactants. From the MIP measurements, when the NaOH concentration increases, the pore size and number of pores decrease to form a denser matrix. In particular, seawater samples increase the amount of gel pores (<0.1 μm).
Choonghyun Kang; Taewan Kim. Pore and strength characteristics of alkali-activated slag paste with seawater. Magazine of Concrete Research 2020, 72, 499 -508.
AMA StyleChoonghyun Kang, Taewan Kim. Pore and strength characteristics of alkali-activated slag paste with seawater. Magazine of Concrete Research. 2020; 72 (10):499-508.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChoonghyun Kang; Taewan Kim. 2020. "Pore and strength characteristics of alkali-activated slag paste with seawater." Magazine of Concrete Research 72, no. 10: 499-508.
This study is about the mechanical and microstructural properties of alkali-activated slag (AAS) paste using magnesium sulfate (MS) as an activator. MS is 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% contents of binder weight and water-binder ratio is 0.35. Compressive strength, X-ray diffraction, mercury-intrusion porosimetry, and thermal analysis were performed for analysis. The MS contents at which the maximum compressive strength appeared varied according to the measurement age. Hydration products affecting compressive strength and pore structure were ettringite and gypsum. As a result, the changes of ettringite and gypsum depending on the contents of MS have a great influence on the pore structure, which causes the change of compressive strength. The high MS contents increases the amount of gypsum in the hydration products, and the excess gypsum causes high expansion, which increases the diameter and amount of pores, thereby reducing the compressive strength.
Choonghyun Kang; Taewan Kim. Investigation of the Effects of Magnesium-Sulfate as Slag Activator. Materials 2020, 13, 305 .
AMA StyleChoonghyun Kang, Taewan Kim. Investigation of the Effects of Magnesium-Sulfate as Slag Activator. Materials. 2020; 13 (2):305.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChoonghyun Kang; Taewan Kim. 2020. "Investigation of the Effects of Magnesium-Sulfate as Slag Activator." Materials 13, no. 2: 305.
This study applies a new method of mixing colloidal nano-silica (CNS). Previous studies have used powdered nano-silica or colloidal nano-silica and applied a binder weight substitution method. In this study, we tried to use ordinary Portland cement (OPC) as a binder and replace CNS with weight of mixing water. CNS was replaced by 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% of the mixing water weight. The flow value, setting time, compressive strength, hydration reactant (X-ray diffractometer; XRD), pore structure (mercury intrusion porosimetry; MIP), thermal analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis were performed. Experimental results show that the new substitution method improves the mechanical and microstructural properties through two effects. One is that the weight substitution of the mixing water shows a homogeneous dispersion effect of the nano-silica particles. The other is the effect of decreasing the w/b ratio when the CNS is substituted because the CNS is more dense than the mixing water. Therefore, we confirmed the applicability of mixing water weight replacement method as a new method of mixing CNS.
Taewan Kim; Sungnam Hong; Ki-Young Seo; Choonghyun Kang. Characteristics of Ordinary Portland Cement Using the New Colloidal Nano-Silica Mixing Method. Applied Sciences 2019, 9, 4358 .
AMA StyleTaewan Kim, Sungnam Hong, Ki-Young Seo, Choonghyun Kang. Characteristics of Ordinary Portland Cement Using the New Colloidal Nano-Silica Mixing Method. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9 (20):4358.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTaewan Kim; Sungnam Hong; Ki-Young Seo; Choonghyun Kang. 2019. "Characteristics of Ordinary Portland Cement Using the New Colloidal Nano-Silica Mixing Method." Applied Sciences 9, no. 20: 4358.
This study investigates the mechanical and microstructural properties of paste comprising ordinary Portland cement (OPC) added with polyaluminum chloride (PACl). The properties of the resulting mixture are analyzed using compressive strength, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mercury intrusion porosimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. The results show that the addition of PACl improves the mechanical properties of OPC paste, that calcium-(aluminum)-silicate-hydrate (C-(A)-S-H) gel and Friedel's salt are the major products forming from the reaction with the aluminum and chloride ions in PACl, and that the portlandite content decreases. Moreover, the size and number of micropores decrease, and compressive strength increases. All these phenomena are amplified by increasing PACl content. SEM images confirm these findings by revealing Friedel's salt in the micropores. Thus, this work confirms that adding PACl to OPC results in a mixture with superior mechanical and microstructural properties.
Taewan Kim; Choonghyun Kang; Sungnam Hong; Ki-Young Seo. Investigating the Effects of Polyaluminum Chloride on the Properties of Ordinary Portland Cement. Materials 2019, 12, 3290 .
AMA StyleTaewan Kim, Choonghyun Kang, Sungnam Hong, Ki-Young Seo. Investigating the Effects of Polyaluminum Chloride on the Properties of Ordinary Portland Cement. Materials. 2019; 12 (20):3290.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTaewan Kim; Choonghyun Kang; Sungnam Hong; Ki-Young Seo. 2019. "Investigating the Effects of Polyaluminum Chloride on the Properties of Ordinary Portland Cement." Materials 12, no. 20: 3290.
Taewan Kim; In-Tae Kim; Ki-Young Seo; Hyun-Jae Park. Strength and pore characteristics of OPC-slag cement paste mixed with polyaluminum chloride. Construction and Building Materials 2019, 223, 616 -628.
AMA StyleTaewan Kim, In-Tae Kim, Ki-Young Seo, Hyun-Jae Park. Strength and pore characteristics of OPC-slag cement paste mixed with polyaluminum chloride. Construction and Building Materials. 2019; 223 ():616-628.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTaewan Kim; In-Tae Kim; Ki-Young Seo; Hyun-Jae Park. 2019. "Strength and pore characteristics of OPC-slag cement paste mixed with polyaluminum chloride." Construction and Building Materials 223, no. : 616-628.
This study investigated the properties of hardened pastes made with calcium sulfoaluminate expansive agent (CSA), red mud, and silica fume. Five different ratios of 10:90, 20:80, 30:70, 40:60, and 50:50 were applied as the weight ratios of CSA and red mud. Red mud was replaced with 0, 5, and 10% silica fume by weight. Compressive strength, drying shrinkage, XRD, MIP, and SEM/EDS of the hardened pastes were performed. The results indicated that as the amount of CSA increased (i.e., as the amount of red mud decreased) up to 30%, sample strengths showed a tendency to increase. The main reaction product of the pastes was expansive ettringite, which was formed from the consumption of ye’elimite, anhydrite, gypsum, and Ca(OH)2. It was expected that C-S-H would be formed by the reaction of C2S in red mud; however, C-S-H phase was not present, and the pozzolanic activity due to the use of silica fume did not occur. The increase of CSA replacement level was effective for controlling the drying shrinkage of the samples. However, 50% replacement level of CSA induced excessive expansion, leading to the reduction in strength. It was found that the excessive expansion in the sample was reduced by the addition of silica fume.
Yubin Jun; Jae Hong Kim; Taewan Kim. Hydration of Calcium Sulfoaluminate-Based Binder Incorporating Red Mud and Silica Fume. Applied Sciences 2019, 9, 2270 .
AMA StyleYubin Jun, Jae Hong Kim, Taewan Kim. Hydration of Calcium Sulfoaluminate-Based Binder Incorporating Red Mud and Silica Fume. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9 (11):2270.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYubin Jun; Jae Hong Kim; Taewan Kim. 2019. "Hydration of Calcium Sulfoaluminate-Based Binder Incorporating Red Mud and Silica Fume." Applied Sciences 9, no. 11: 2270.
Previous studies of alkali-activated slag cement (AASC) using nano-silica have mentioned mostly powdered nano-silica and binder weight replacement methods, which have a rapid decrease in fluidity, a short setting time and a low nano-silica replacement rate (< 5%). In this study, colloidal nano-silica (CNS) was used and the mixing-water weight substitution method was applied. The substitution method was newly applied to improve the dispersibility of nano-silica and to increase the substitution rate. In the experiment, the CNS was replaced by 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% of the mixing-water weight. As a result, as the substitution rate of CNS increased, the fluidity decreased, and the setting time decreased. High compressive strength values and increased rates were also observed, and the diameter and volume of pores decreased rapidly. In particular, the increase of CNS replacement rate had the greatest effect on decrease of medium capillary pores (50-10 nm) and increase of gel pores (< 10 nm). The new displacement method was able to replace up to 50% of the mixing water. As shown in the experimental results, despite the high substitution rate of 50%, the minimum fluidity of the mixture was secured, and a high-strength and compact matrix could be formed.
Taewan Kim; Jae Hong Kim; Yubin Jun. Properties of Alkali-Activated Slag Paste Using New Colloidal Nano-Silica Mixing Method. Materials 2019, 12, 1571 .
AMA StyleTaewan Kim, Jae Hong Kim, Yubin Jun. Properties of Alkali-Activated Slag Paste Using New Colloidal Nano-Silica Mixing Method. Materials. 2019; 12 (9):1571.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTaewan Kim; Jae Hong Kim; Yubin Jun. 2019. "Properties of Alkali-Activated Slag Paste Using New Colloidal Nano-Silica Mixing Method." Materials 12, no. 9: 1571.
The self-healing nature of concrete has been proved in many studies using various methods. However, the underlying mechanisms and the distinct area of self-healing have not been identified in detail. This study focuses on the limits of the area of self-healing. A bending specimen with a notch is used herein, and its flexural strength and stiffness before and after healing are compared and used for self-healing assessment. In addition, the neutral axis of the specimen was measured using successive strain gauges attached to the crack propagation part. Although the strength and stiffness of the concrete recovered after self-healing, the change in the location of the neutral axis before and after healing was insignificant, which indicates that physical recovery did not occur for once-opened crack areas.
Choonghyun Kang; Taewan Kim. Curable Area Substantiation of Self-Healing in Concrete Using Neutral Axis. Applied Sciences 2019, 9, 1537 .
AMA StyleChoonghyun Kang, Taewan Kim. Curable Area Substantiation of Self-Healing in Concrete Using Neutral Axis. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9 (8):1537.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChoonghyun Kang; Taewan Kim. 2019. "Curable Area Substantiation of Self-Healing in Concrete Using Neutral Axis." Applied Sciences 9, no. 8: 1537.
Herein, an experimental investigation of the mechanical properties of alkali-activated slag cement (AASC) mixed with polyaluminium chloride (PAC) was conducted. The alkali activators were 5% sodium hydroxide and 5% sodium silicate of binder weight. The PAC substitution rate was varied by adjusting the mixing water weight from 0% to 10%, and the obtained samples were characterized by compression testing, X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mercury intrusion porosimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. PAC substitution formed a dense C-A-S-H gel and Friedel's salt. SEM observations revealed that a dense matrix of hydration products and Friedel's salt existed in the pores. Moreover, greater amounts of PAC result in better mechanical performance. Thus, these hydration products enhance the strength of AASC by compacting the matrix and filling the voids.
Taewan Kim. The effects of polyaluminum chloride on the mechanical and microstructural properties of alkali-activated slag cement paste. Cement and Concrete Composites 2018, 96, 46 -54.
AMA StyleTaewan Kim. The effects of polyaluminum chloride on the mechanical and microstructural properties of alkali-activated slag cement paste. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2018; 96 ():46-54.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTaewan Kim. 2018. "The effects of polyaluminum chloride on the mechanical and microstructural properties of alkali-activated slag cement paste." Cement and Concrete Composites 96, no. : 46-54.
The use of Na2CO3 to improve the mechanical properties of high-volume slag cement (HVSC) is experimentally investigated in this study. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) was replaced with 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90% ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS) by weight. Na2CO3 was added at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 wt.% of HVSC (OPC + GGBFS). The compressive strength, water absorption, ultrasonic pulse velocity, dry shrinkage, and X-ray diffraction spectra of the Na2CO3-activated HVSC pastes were analyzed. The results indicate that Na2CO3 was effective for improving the strength of HVSC samples at both early and later ages. There was a trend of increasing HVSC sample strength with increasing Na2CO3 content. The 5% Na2CO3-activated HVSC (50% OPC + 50% GGBFS) paste had the best combination of early to later-age strength development and exhibited the highest UPV and the lowest water absorption among the Na2CO3-activated HVSC samples at later age.
Taewan Kim; Yubin Jun. Mechanical Properties of Na2CO3-Activated High-Volume GGBFS Cement Paste. Advances in Civil Engineering 2018, 2018, 1 -9.
AMA StyleTaewan Kim, Yubin Jun. Mechanical Properties of Na2CO3-Activated High-Volume GGBFS Cement Paste. Advances in Civil Engineering. 2018; 2018 ():1-9.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTaewan Kim; Yubin Jun. 2018. "Mechanical Properties of Na2CO3-Activated High-Volume GGBFS Cement Paste." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018, no. : 1-9.
Alkali activated slag cement (AASC) mixed with two types of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) is studied. Two slags, GBFS-A and GGBFS-B, were replaced in 10 % increments and blended into 11 cases. The alkali activator is a 5 % activator (5% NaOH + 5 % Na₂SiO₃) and a 10 % activator (10 % NaOH + 10 % Na₂SiO₃) and the W/B ratio is 0.45. Experiments were performed on compressive strength, and XRD, MIP, and SEM/EDS analyses were conducted. The results showed that the strength change according to the mixing ratio in the 5 % activator was less than 5 %. However, in the 10 % activator, the strength of R10 (GGBFS-A 100 %) was 20.9 % higher than that of R0 (GGBFS-B 100 %). The XRD results showed that the 5 % activator samples had little difference in peaks from the reaction product. The 10 % activator decreased the amorphous phase as the GGFBS-A ratio increased, indicating that GGBFS-A hydration was higher in the same conditions. The MIP results also showed that the 10% activator specimens had porosity and pore size lower than those with the 5 % activator. The SEM/EDS analysis showed that a high density of C-S-H with a high Ca/Si ratio was produced as the concentration of activator increased. The strength properties of the AASC of the two types of GGBFS blends are affected by the composition and ratio of each GGBFS and the concentration of alkali activator has a major influence. In the 10% high activator environment, with higher basicity and a higher hydraulic modulus, the increase was accordingly stronger, whereas the 5% lower activator did not show this trend. Therefore, it is considered that the strength characteristics by the basicity and hydraulic modulus are affected by the degree of hydration of GGBFS due to the high activator concentration.
Choonghyun Kang; Taewan Kim. The Strength Properties of Alkali-Activated Cement with Blended Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag. Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute 2018, 30, 315 -324.
AMA StyleChoonghyun Kang, Taewan Kim. The Strength Properties of Alkali-Activated Cement with Blended Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag. Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute. 2018; 30 (3):315-324.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChoonghyun Kang; Taewan Kim. 2018. "The Strength Properties of Alkali-Activated Cement with Blended Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag." Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute 30, no. 3: 315-324.