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Classified as Group 1 carcinogens aflatoxins (AFs) are of major concern for food safety and public health. Within the AFs group, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) occurs at the highest levels in different food products and is considered as the most potent representative. A total of 463 samples of products susceptible to contamination with AFB1 and commonly consumed in Serbia were collected and analyzed. Consumption surveys were performed using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and 24-h recall-based method. Monte Carlo simulation of 100,000 iterations was performed to estimate the intake of AFB1 through each food category, while a simple distribution approach was performed to estimate overall exposure of tested population groups. Risk characterization was performed by calculation of the Margin of Exposure (MOE) and by calculation of the number of possible hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cases. The highest exposure was observed in children with the mean overall estimated daily intake (EDI) in the range of 0.79–1.10 and 1.20–1.66 ng kg−1 bw day−1, followed by adolescents 0.56–0.81 and 0.94–1.32 ng kg−1 bw day−1, adult females 0.52–0.72 and 0.56–0.76 ng kg−1 bw day−1 and adult males with the mean overall EDI in the range of 0.39–0.56 and 0.47–0.66 ng kg−1 bw day−1 depending on consumption survey method and for the lower (LB) and upper bound (UB) scenario. MOE values that resulted from the mean values of the overall EDI of AFB1 were low, indicating high concern for all population groups. Based on obtained mean values of the overall EDI higher estimates of possible HCC cases caused by exposure to AFB1 were in the range of 0.01–0.02 cases/year/105 individuals, depending on the population group.
Bozidar Udovicki; Nikola Tomic; Bojana Spirovic Trifunovic; Sasa Despotovic; Jelena Jovanovic; Liesbeth Jacxsens; Andreja Rajkovic. Risk assessment of dietary exposure to aflatoxin B1 in Serbia. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2021, 151, 112116 .
AMA StyleBozidar Udovicki, Nikola Tomic, Bojana Spirovic Trifunovic, Sasa Despotovic, Jelena Jovanovic, Liesbeth Jacxsens, Andreja Rajkovic. Risk assessment of dietary exposure to aflatoxin B1 in Serbia. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2021; 151 ():112116.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBozidar Udovicki; Nikola Tomic; Bojana Spirovic Trifunovic; Sasa Despotovic; Jelena Jovanovic; Liesbeth Jacxsens; Andreja Rajkovic. 2021. "Risk assessment of dietary exposure to aflatoxin B1 in Serbia." Food and Chemical Toxicology 151, no. : 112116.
The aim of this study was to compare the sensory quality and acceptance of dried ready-to-eat beetroot snacks as a result of different drying methods applied: supercritical CO2-drying (scCO2-drying), frying, and freeze-drying. Descriptive sensory analysis, quality rating (10 assessors), and consumer acceptance testing (n = 102) were performed. Mean overall quality scores within the range of “very good” quality were found only in non-precooked scCO2-dried samples which were characterized by typical magenta color, low level of shape and surface deformations, pronounced brittleness and crispiness, and good rehydration during mastication. The other samples were in the range of “good” quality. The pre-cooking step before scCO2-drying negatively influenced the sensory quality parameters, particularly appearance. Around 60% of tested consumers showed a preference for the fried and non-precooked scCO2-dried samples. The drivers of liking were mostly related to the characteristics of the product, which was salted, fried, and crispy, with an oily and overburnt flavor, i.e., the product most similar to commercial potato chips products. Freeze-drying had a negative effect primarily on appearance and flavor. According to the sensory evaluation conducted, direct scCO2-drying without a pre-cooking step showed itself as a promising alternative drying technology in the production of dried beetroot snacks.
Nikola Tomic; Ilija Djekic; Gerard Hofland; Nada Smigic; Bozidar Udovicki; Andreja Rajkovic. Comparison of Supercritical CO2-Drying, Freeze-Drying and Frying on Sensory Properties of Beetroot. Foods 2020, 9, 1201 .
AMA StyleNikola Tomic, Ilija Djekic, Gerard Hofland, Nada Smigic, Bozidar Udovicki, Andreja Rajkovic. Comparison of Supercritical CO2-Drying, Freeze-Drying and Frying on Sensory Properties of Beetroot. Foods. 2020; 9 (9):1201.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNikola Tomic; Ilija Djekic; Gerard Hofland; Nada Smigic; Bozidar Udovicki; Andreja Rajkovic. 2020. "Comparison of Supercritical CO2-Drying, Freeze-Drying and Frying on Sensory Properties of Beetroot." Foods 9, no. 9: 1201.
Drinking water quality has been regulated in most European countries for nearly two decades by the drinking water directive 98/83/EC. The directive is now under revision with the goal of meeting stricter demands for safe water for all citizens, as safe water has been recognized as a human right by the United Nations. An important change to the directive is the implementation of a risk-based approach in all regulated water supplies. The European Union Framework Seventh Programme Aquavalens project has developed several new detection technologies for pathogens and indicators and tested them in water supplies in seven European countries. One of the tasks of the project was to evaluate the impact of these new techniques on water safety and on water safety management. Data were collected on risk factors to water safety for five large supplies in Denmark, Germany, Spain and the UK, and for fifteen small water supplies in Scotland, Portugal and Serbia, via a questionnaire aiming to ascertain risk factors and the stage of implementation of Water Safety Plans, and via site-specific surveys known as Sanitary Site Inspection. Samples were collected from the water supplies from all stages of water production to delivery. Pathogens were detected in around 23% of the 470 samples tested. Fecal contamination was high in raw water and even in treated water at the small supplies. Old infrastructure was considered a challenge at all the water supplies. The results showed that some of the technique, if implemented as part of the water safety management, can detect rapidly the most common waterborne pathogens and fecal pollution indicators and therefore have a great early warning potential; can improve water safety for the consumer; can validate whether mitigation methods are working as intended; and can confirm the quality of the water at source and at the tap.
Maria J. Gunnarsdottir; Sigurdur M. Gardarsson; Maria J. Figueras; Clàudia Puigdomènech; Rubén Juárez; Gemma Saucedo; M. José Arnedo; Ricardo Santos; Silvia Monteiro; Lisa Avery; Eulyn Pagaling; Richard Allan; Claire Abel; Janis Eglitis; Beate Hambsch; Michael Hügler; Andreja Rajkovic; Nada Smigic; Bozidar Udovicki; Hans-Jörgen Albrechtsen; Alma López-Avilés; Paul Hunter. Water safety plan enhancements with improved drinking water quality detection techniques. Science of The Total Environment 2019, 698, 134185 .
AMA StyleMaria J. Gunnarsdottir, Sigurdur M. Gardarsson, Maria J. Figueras, Clàudia Puigdomènech, Rubén Juárez, Gemma Saucedo, M. José Arnedo, Ricardo Santos, Silvia Monteiro, Lisa Avery, Eulyn Pagaling, Richard Allan, Claire Abel, Janis Eglitis, Beate Hambsch, Michael Hügler, Andreja Rajkovic, Nada Smigic, Bozidar Udovicki, Hans-Jörgen Albrechtsen, Alma López-Avilés, Paul Hunter. Water safety plan enhancements with improved drinking water quality detection techniques. Science of The Total Environment. 2019; 698 ():134185.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaria J. Gunnarsdottir; Sigurdur M. Gardarsson; Maria J. Figueras; Clàudia Puigdomènech; Rubén Juárez; Gemma Saucedo; M. José Arnedo; Ricardo Santos; Silvia Monteiro; Lisa Avery; Eulyn Pagaling; Richard Allan; Claire Abel; Janis Eglitis; Beate Hambsch; Michael Hügler; Andreja Rajkovic; Nada Smigic; Bozidar Udovicki; Hans-Jörgen Albrechtsen; Alma López-Avilés; Paul Hunter. 2019. "Water safety plan enhancements with improved drinking water quality detection techniques." Science of The Total Environment 698, no. : 134185.
The aim of this study was to analyze the stability of sensory properties and secondary metabolites in supercritical-CO2 (scCO2) dried ‘Elstar’ apple cuts/snacks during twelve months of storage at ‘room’ temperature. Air-drying and freeze-drying were used as reference methods. ScCO2-dried apple packed in aluminum-polyethylene bags under nitrogen gas retained a high sensory and nutritional quality, and acceptance level until the end of the observed period. The overall acceptance scores of these apples after 6 and 12 months of storage remained in the range of neutral consumer attitude “neither like nor dislike”. Packaging under nitrogen gas preserved the content of flavonols (≥0.14 g/kg), dihydrochalcones (≥0.10 g/kg), hydroxycinnamic acids (≥0.18 g/kg), triterpenes (≥5.72 g/kg), and proanthocyanidins (≥0.08 g/kg) in dried apple irrespective of the drying method applied. The comparison with the conventional drying processes demonstrated that scCO2-drying represents a promising alternative technology for the production of dried apple snacks. The study was assisted by the evaluation of consumer attitudes towards dried fruit and drying technologies. Freeze-drying, air-drying and scCO2-drying were recognized by the tested consumers as trustful drying-processes, with expressed interests in buying scCO2-dried products if the technology was scientifically proven as excellent in preserving nutrients, color and taste of food products.
Nikola Tomic; Ilija Djekic; Alessandro Zambon; Sara Spilimbergo; Siméon Bourdoux; Emma Holtze; Gerard Hofland; Stefania Sut; Stefano Dall’Acqua; Nada Smigic; Bozidar Udovicki; Andreja Rajkovic. Challenging chemical and quality changes of supercritical Co2 dried apple during long-term storage. LWT 2019, 110, 132 -141.
AMA StyleNikola Tomic, Ilija Djekic, Alessandro Zambon, Sara Spilimbergo, Siméon Bourdoux, Emma Holtze, Gerard Hofland, Stefania Sut, Stefano Dall’Acqua, Nada Smigic, Bozidar Udovicki, Andreja Rajkovic. Challenging chemical and quality changes of supercritical Co2 dried apple during long-term storage. LWT. 2019; 110 ():132-141.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNikola Tomic; Ilija Djekic; Alessandro Zambon; Sara Spilimbergo; Siméon Bourdoux; Emma Holtze; Gerard Hofland; Stefania Sut; Stefano Dall’Acqua; Nada Smigic; Bozidar Udovicki; Andreja Rajkovic. 2019. "Challenging chemical and quality changes of supercritical Co2 dried apple during long-term storage." LWT 110, no. : 132-141.
The main objective of this research was to perform an exposure assessment of aflatoxins intake through consumption of maize products in Serbia, Croatia, and Greece. Food consumption survey of maize-based products has been performed during 2017 in the three countries with at least 1,000 interviewees per country covering their dietary habits and body weight. Values for the concentration of aflatoxins were extracted from available research published in the last ten years. Finally, a Monte Carlo analysis of 100,000 iterations was performed to estimate the intake of aflatoxins from consumption of maize-based products. Results revealed that the estimated average exposure of adults to aflatoxins, from maize consumption, in each of the three countries was between 0.44 ng kg−1 bw day−1 and 5.59 ng kg−1 bw day−1. Margin of exposure values for the mean exposure levels, in all three countries, were between 30 and 389. Estimations for hepatocellular carcinoma cases/year/105 individuals, depending on the HBsAg+ prevalence, were 0.075–0.098, 0.006–0.008 and 0.020–0.026 for Serbia, Croatia and Greece, respectively.
Bozidar Udovicki; Ilija Djekic; Jasenka Gajdos Kljusuric; Maria Papageorgiou; Adriana Skendi; Jelena Djugum; Andreja Rajkovic. Exposure assessment and risk characterization of aflatoxins intake through consumption of maize products in the adult populations of Serbia, Croatia and Greece. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 2019, 36, 940 -951.
AMA StyleBozidar Udovicki, Ilija Djekic, Jasenka Gajdos Kljusuric, Maria Papageorgiou, Adriana Skendi, Jelena Djugum, Andreja Rajkovic. Exposure assessment and risk characterization of aflatoxins intake through consumption of maize products in the adult populations of Serbia, Croatia and Greece. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A. 2019; 36 (6):940-951.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBozidar Udovicki; Ilija Djekic; Jasenka Gajdos Kljusuric; Maria Papageorgiou; Adriana Skendi; Jelena Djugum; Andreja Rajkovic. 2019. "Exposure assessment and risk characterization of aflatoxins intake through consumption of maize products in the adult populations of Serbia, Croatia and Greece." Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 36, no. 6: 940-951.
The objective of this research was to perform an exposure assessment of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) intake through the consumption of milk and yoghurt by the student population in Serbia and Greece. A food consumption survey of milk and yoghurt was performed during the first half of 2018 in the two countries with at least 500 interviewees (aged between 18 and 27 years) per country, covering their dietary habits and body weight based on one-day and seven-day recall methods. Values for the concentration of AFM1 were extracted from published research. Finally, a Monte Carlo analysis of 100,000 iterations was performed to estimate the intake of AFM1 from the consumption of the two dairy products. Results revealed that the estimated average exposure of students to AFM1 was in the range of 1.238–2.674 ng kg−1 bw day−1 for Serbia, and 0.350–0.499 ng kg−1 bw day−1 for Greece, depending on the dietary recall method employed. High estimations for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cases/year/105 individuals, depending on the prevalence of Hepatitis B virus surface antigen positive individuals (HBsAg+), were 0.0036–0.0047 and 0.0007–0.0009 for Serbia and Greece, respectively. Presented Margin of Exposure (MOE) and Hazard Index (HI) values indicate increased risk from exposure to AFM1, particularly in Serbia.
Bozidar Udovicki; Ilija Djekic; Eleni P. Kalogianni; Andreja Rajkovic. Exposure Assessment and Risk Characterization of Aflatoxin M1 Intake through Consumption of Milk and Yoghurt by Student Population in Serbia and Greece. Toxins 2019, 11, 205 .
AMA StyleBozidar Udovicki, Ilija Djekic, Eleni P. Kalogianni, Andreja Rajkovic. Exposure Assessment and Risk Characterization of Aflatoxin M1 Intake through Consumption of Milk and Yoghurt by Student Population in Serbia and Greece. Toxins. 2019; 11 (4):205.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBozidar Udovicki; Ilija Djekic; Eleni P. Kalogianni; Andreja Rajkovic. 2019. "Exposure Assessment and Risk Characterization of Aflatoxin M1 Intake through Consumption of Milk and Yoghurt by Student Population in Serbia and Greece." Toxins 11, no. 4: 205.
Purpose Supercritical carbon dioxide (sc-CO2) is a promising novel treatment that might be used in the food industry, such as sc-CO2 pasteurisation and sc-CO2 drying. Before sc-CO2 treated foodstuffs may be introduced to European market, they have to be authorised according to novel food regulation. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to give an overview of available literature data on sc-CO2 treated fruits and vegetables, which might be used for novel food authorisation. Design/methodology/approach The paper is based on literature data available via Science Direct, EBSCO and Wiley concerning sc-CO2 pasteurisation and drying of fruits/vegetables. Studies performed on animal foodstuffs were manually excluded, while articles related to novel foods and legislation were included in the study. Findings Database search resulted 34 articles related to microbiological and compositional/nutritional changes in sc-CO2 treated foods. Obtained data indicated that sc-CO2 pasteurisation is effective in inactivating microorganisms in liquids, while no general conclusion on the microbiological quality of sc-CO2 pasteurised solid foods or sc-CO2 dried foods could be made. Available literature data showed that sc-CO2 pasteurisation did not result in significant compositional/nutritional changes in liquids, while for sc-CO2 pasteurised solid foods or sc-CO2 dried foods, one is not able to make common conclusions due to insufficient research data. Therefore, additional research and case-by-case study for each treated food have to be prepared. Originality/value This study is original to the extent that it brought together available information on sc-CO2 pasteurised and dried foods, needed the novel food application.
Nada Smigic; Ilija Djekic; Nikola Tomic; Bozidar Udovicki; Andreja Rajkovic. The potential of foods treated with supercritical carbon dioxide (sc-CO2) as novel foods. British Food Journal 2019, 121, 815 -834.
AMA StyleNada Smigic, Ilija Djekic, Nikola Tomic, Bozidar Udovicki, Andreja Rajkovic. The potential of foods treated with supercritical carbon dioxide (sc-CO2) as novel foods. British Food Journal. 2019; 121 (3):815-834.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNada Smigic; Ilija Djekic; Nikola Tomic; Bozidar Udovicki; Andreja Rajkovic. 2019. "The potential of foods treated with supercritical carbon dioxide (sc-CO2) as novel foods." British Food Journal 121, no. 3: 815-834.
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the hygienic design of a scalable unit for supercritical carbon dioxide drying of food. Design/methodology/approach For the purpose of this study, a checklist has been developed, covering requirements from sanitary standards and industry-tailored guidelines. Beyond hygienic design, failure mode and effects analysis of the results were performed to assess the potential food safety risks that may arise from failures to hygienic design requirements. Findings The overall score of the hygienic design was 46 percent. This kind of evaluation revealed two types of nonconformities. The first type was related to inadequate sanitary procedures. The second type was associated to design failures. Research limitations/implications The highest risk was designated to problems related to cleaning and sanitation followed by risks associated with the formation of dead zones and biofilms. Practical implications This study provides valuable insight to engineers and food technologists on hygienic design issues. Originality/value Application of a similar methodology was used for evaluating hygienic design of other non-thermal food technologies.
Ilija Djekic; Nikola Tomic; Nada Smigic; Bozidar Udovicki; Gerard Hofland; Andreja Rajkovic. Hygienic design of a unit for supercritical fluid drying – case study. British Food Journal 2018, 120, 2155 -2165.
AMA StyleIlija Djekic, Nikola Tomic, Nada Smigic, Bozidar Udovicki, Gerard Hofland, Andreja Rajkovic. Hygienic design of a unit for supercritical fluid drying – case study. British Food Journal. 2018; 120 (9):2155-2165.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIlija Djekic; Nikola Tomic; Nada Smigic; Bozidar Udovicki; Gerard Hofland; Andreja Rajkovic. 2018. "Hygienic design of a unit for supercritical fluid drying – case study." British Food Journal 120, no. 9: 2155-2165.
The aim of this study was to develop a quality index and examine the effects of drying apples using three technologies (supercritical CO2 drying, air drying and freeze drying) during a period of six months in ambient conditions. Based on nine quality parameters (textural, colour and sensory properties), a mathematical model for calculating a single total quality index (TQI) of dried apples packed in different types of packaging in normal and modified atmosphere has been introduced. At the beginning of the study, apples dried in supercritical CO2 had the best scores. After six months, samples dried in supercritical CO2 and freeze dried apples, both packed in polyethylene coated aluminium with 100% N2, scored similarly. The six month shelf-life research revealed that measurable changes occur during the second half of the shelf-life when it is possible to clearly distinguish differences in the overall quality index of different dried apple slices.
Ilija Djekic; Nikola Tomic; Siméon Bourdoux; Sara Spilimbergo; Nada Smigic; Bozidar Udovicki; Gerard Hofland; Frank Devlieghere; Andreja Rajkovic. Comparison of three types of drying (supercritical CO2, air and freeze) on the quality of dried apple – Quality index approach. LWT 2018, 94, 64 -72.
AMA StyleIlija Djekic, Nikola Tomic, Siméon Bourdoux, Sara Spilimbergo, Nada Smigic, Bozidar Udovicki, Gerard Hofland, Frank Devlieghere, Andreja Rajkovic. Comparison of three types of drying (supercritical CO2, air and freeze) on the quality of dried apple – Quality index approach. LWT. 2018; 94 ():64-72.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIlija Djekic; Nikola Tomic; Siméon Bourdoux; Sara Spilimbergo; Nada Smigic; Bozidar Udovicki; Gerard Hofland; Frank Devlieghere; Andreja Rajkovic. 2018. "Comparison of three types of drying (supercritical CO2, air and freeze) on the quality of dried apple – Quality index approach." LWT 94, no. : 64-72.
With an average annual production of 6.9 M tonnes and 2.5 M tonnes of maize and wheat respectively, Serbia is one of the main grain producers and exporters in Europe. Cereals are also the major staple food in Serbian diet. In view of the high cereal consumption, for human and animal nutrition, the presence of mycotoxins entails a high public health risk of chronic exposure to mycotoxins. This study provides an overview of the incidence of predominant mycotoxins, mainly in cereal and dairy products, in Serbia, in the 2004–2016, using data reported in the scientific literature. The study demonstrated that the total prevalence of aflatoxins was 62.9% (n = 12,517) with 26.2% of the samples exceeding the EU limits during this period. Results obtained for T-2/HT-2 (n = 523), deoxynivalenol (n = 2907), fumonisins (n = 998), zearalenone (n = 689) and ochratoxin A (n = 740) indicated the prevalence of 45.5%, 42.9%, 63.3%, 39.3% and 28.1%, respectively. For these mycotoxins, the EU limits were less frequently exceeded. Comprehensive collection and analysis of all accessible information reviewed in this paper showed moderate incidence and prevalence of mycotoxins in Serbia, with an exception of the 2012 drought year and the 2014 flood year.
Bozidar Udovicki; Kris Audenaert; Sarah De Saeger; Andreja Rajkovic. Overview on the Mycotoxins Incidence in Serbia in the Period 2004–2016. Toxins 2018, 10, 279 .
AMA StyleBozidar Udovicki, Kris Audenaert, Sarah De Saeger, Andreja Rajkovic. Overview on the Mycotoxins Incidence in Serbia in the Period 2004–2016. Toxins. 2018; 10 (7):279.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBozidar Udovicki; Kris Audenaert; Sarah De Saeger; Andreja Rajkovic. 2018. "Overview on the Mycotoxins Incidence in Serbia in the Period 2004–2016." Toxins 10, no. 7: 279.
The emetic syndrome of Bacillus cereus is a food intoxication caused by cereulide (CER) and manifested by emesis, nausea and in most severe cases with liver failure. While acute effects have been studied in the aftermath of food intoxication, an exposure to low doses of cereulide might cause unnoticed damages to the intestines and liver. The toxicity which relies on the mitochondrial dysfunction was assessed on Caco-2 and HepG2 cells after exposure of one, three and ten days to a range of low doses of cereulide. Oxygen consumption rate analyses were used to study the impact of low doses of CER on the bioenergetics functions of undifferentiated Caco-2 and HepG2 cells using Seahorse XF extracellular flux analyzer. Both Caco-2 and HepG2 cells experienced measurable mitochondrial impairment after prolonged exposure of 10 days to 0.25 nM of cereulide. Observed mitochondrial dysfunction was greatly reflected in reduction of maximal cell respiration. At 0.50 nM CER, mitochondrial respiration was almost completely shut down, especially in HepG2 cells. These results corresponded with a severe reduction in the amount of cells and an altered morphology, observed by microscopic examination of the cells. Accurate and robust quantification of basal respiration, ATP production, proton leak, maximal respiration, spare respiratory capacity, and non-mitochondrial respiration allowed better understanding of the effects of cereulide in underlying respiratory malfunctions in low-dose exposure.
Marlies Decleer; Jelena Jovanovic; Anita Vakula; Bozidar Udovicki; Rock-Seth E. K. Agoua; Annemieke Madder; Sarah De Saeger; Andreja Rajkovic. Oxygen Consumption Rate Analysis of Mitochondrial Dysfunction Caused by Bacillus cereus Cereulide in Caco-2 and HepG2 Cells. Toxins 2018, 10, 266 .
AMA StyleMarlies Decleer, Jelena Jovanovic, Anita Vakula, Bozidar Udovicki, Rock-Seth E. K. Agoua, Annemieke Madder, Sarah De Saeger, Andreja Rajkovic. Oxygen Consumption Rate Analysis of Mitochondrial Dysfunction Caused by Bacillus cereus Cereulide in Caco-2 and HepG2 Cells. Toxins. 2018; 10 (7):266.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarlies Decleer; Jelena Jovanovic; Anita Vakula; Bozidar Udovicki; Rock-Seth E. K. Agoua; Annemieke Madder; Sarah De Saeger; Andreja Rajkovic. 2018. "Oxygen Consumption Rate Analysis of Mitochondrial Dysfunction Caused by Bacillus cereus Cereulide in Caco-2 and HepG2 Cells." Toxins 10, no. 7: 266.