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Till Zimmermann
Department of Technological Design and Development, Faculty of Production Engineering, University of Bremen, Bremen D-28359, Germany

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Journal article
Published: 13 October 2016 in Journal of Industrial Ecology
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An increasing number of elements from the periodic table are being used in a growing number of products, enabling new material and product functionalities. Materials of high importance and high supply risks are usually referred to as critical materials. Many materials that are often considered critical are used in ways leading to their dissipative loss along the product life cycle. So far, the issue of material dissipation has been dealt with mainly on a rather aggregated level. Detailed knowledge on the occurrence and amount of dissipative losses in the life cycle of specific products is only scarcely available. Addressing this, a substance flow analysis of different critical metals along the life cycle of selected products is presented in this article. With regard to products used in Germany, the flows of indium and gallium used in copper-indium-gallium-selenide (CIGS) photovoltaic cells, germanium used in polymerization catalysts, and yttrium used in thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) have been analyzed. The results comprise detailed knowledge about the life cycle stages in which dissipative losses occur and about the receiving media. In all case studies, a complete or almost complete dissipative loss can be observed, mainly to landfills and other material flows. In all case studies, material production can be identified as hotspots for dissipative losses. In two case studies fabrication and manufacturing (F&M for CIGS and TBCs) and in one case study end of life (polymerization catalysts) can be identified as further hotspots for dissipative losses. In addition, actions for reducing dissipation along the life cycle are discussed, targeting aspects such as the recovery of critical metals as by-products, efficiency in F&M processes, and lack of recycling processes. Lack of economic incentives to apply more-efficient technologies and processes already available is a key aspect in this regard.

ACS Style

Till Zimmermann. Uncovering the Fate of Critical Metals: Tracking Dissipative Losses along the Product Life Cycle. Journal of Industrial Ecology 2016, 21, 1198 -1211.

AMA Style

Till Zimmermann. Uncovering the Fate of Critical Metals: Tracking Dissipative Losses along the Product Life Cycle. Journal of Industrial Ecology. 2016; 21 (5):1198-1211.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Till Zimmermann. 2016. "Uncovering the Fate of Critical Metals: Tracking Dissipative Losses along the Product Life Cycle." Journal of Industrial Ecology 21, no. 5: 1198-1211.

Book chapter
Published: 07 August 2015 in Handbook of Research methods and Applications in Environmental Studies
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ACS Style

Till Zimmermann; Stefan Gößling-Reisemann; Matthias Rüth. Dynamic product-centric MFA. Handbook of Research methods and Applications in Environmental Studies 2015, 247 -275.

AMA Style

Till Zimmermann, Stefan Gößling-Reisemann, Matthias Rüth. Dynamic product-centric MFA. Handbook of Research methods and Applications in Environmental Studies. 2015; ():247-275.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Till Zimmermann; Stefan Gößling-Reisemann; Matthias Rüth. 2015. "Dynamic product-centric MFA." Handbook of Research methods and Applications in Environmental Studies , no. : 247-275.

Journal article
Published: 14 March 2014 in Resources
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Metal mobilization in general, as well as the number of metals used in products to increase performance and provide sometimes unique functionalities, has increased steadily in the past decades. Materials, such as indium, gallium, platinum group metals (PGM), and rare earths (RE), are used ever more frequently in high-tech applications and their criticality as a function of economic importance and supply risks has been highlighted in various studies. Nevertheless, recycling rates are often below one percent. Against this background, secondary flows of critical metals from three different end-of-life products up to 2020 are modeled and losses along the products’ end-of-life (EOL) chain are identified. Two established applications of PGM and RE–industrial catalysts and thermal barrier coatings–and CIGS photovoltaic cells as a relatively new product have been analyzed. In addition to a quantification of future EOL flows, the analysis showed that a relatively well working recycling system exists for PGM-bearing catalysts, while a complete loss of critical metals occurs for the other applications. The reasons include a lack of economic incentives, technologically caused material dissipation and other technological challenges.

ACS Style

Till Zimmermann; Stefan Gößling-Reisemann. Recycling Potentials of Critical Metals-Analyzing Secondary Flows from Selected Applications. Resources 2014, 3, 291 -318.

AMA Style

Till Zimmermann, Stefan Gößling-Reisemann. Recycling Potentials of Critical Metals-Analyzing Secondary Flows from Selected Applications. Resources. 2014; 3 (1):291-318.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Till Zimmermann; Stefan Gößling-Reisemann. 2014. "Recycling Potentials of Critical Metals-Analyzing Secondary Flows from Selected Applications." Resources 3, no. 1: 291-318.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2013 in Science of The Total Environment
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This study deals with dissipative losses of critical materials between the life-cycle stages of manufacturing and end-of-life. Following the EU definition for critical materials, a screening of dissipative losses for the respective materials has been performed based on existing data and the most significant data gaps have been identified. Furthermore, a classification scheme for dissipative losses (dissipation into environment, dissipation into other material flows, dissipation to landfills) and for assessing their degree has been developed and a first qualitative assessment applying this classification scheme has been performed. In combination with existing criticality assessments, the results can be used to generate a map of metals indicating future research needs for analyzing metal dissipation in detail. The results include quantitative estimates of dissipative losses (where feasible) along the chosen life-cycle stages, and discuss research needs for analysis and avoidance of dissipative losses for improved resource efficiency.

ACS Style

Till Zimmermann; Stefan Gößling-Reisemann. Critical materials and dissipative losses: A screening study. Science of The Total Environment 2013, 461-462, 774 -780.

AMA Style

Till Zimmermann, Stefan Gößling-Reisemann. Critical materials and dissipative losses: A screening study. Science of The Total Environment. 2013; 461-462 ():774-780.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Till Zimmermann; Stefan Gößling-Reisemann. 2013. "Critical materials and dissipative losses: A screening study." Science of The Total Environment 461-462, no. : 774-780.

Journal article
Published: 27 August 2013 in Resources
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The ambitious targets for renewable energies in Germany indicate that the steady growth of installed capacity of the past years will continue for the coming decades. This development is connected with significant material flows—primary material demand as well as secondary material flows. These flows have been analyzed for Germany up to the year 2050 using a statistical model for the turbines’ discard patterns. The analysis encompasses the flows of bulk metals, plastics, and rare earths (required for permanent magnets in gearless converters). Different expansion scenarios for wind energy are considered as well as different turbine technologies, future development of hub height and rotor diameter, and an enhanced deployment of converters located offshore. In addition to the direct material use, the total material requirement has been calculated using the material input per service unit (MIPS) concept. The analysis shows that the demand for iron, steel, and aluminum will not exceed around 6% of the current domestic consumption. The situation for rare earths appears to be different with a maximum annual neodymium demand for wind energy converters corresponding to about a quarter of the overall 2010 consumption. It has been shown that by efficiently utilizing secondary material flows a net material demand reduction of up to two thirds by 2050 seems possible, (i.e., if secondary material flows are fully used to substitute primary material demand).

ACS Style

Till Zimmermann; Max Rehberger; Stefan Gößling-Reisemann. Material Flows Resulting from Large Scale Deployment of Wind Energy in Germany. Resources 2013, 2, 303 -334.

AMA Style

Till Zimmermann, Max Rehberger, Stefan Gößling-Reisemann. Material Flows Resulting from Large Scale Deployment of Wind Energy in Germany. Resources. 2013; 2 (3):303-334.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Till Zimmermann; Max Rehberger; Stefan Gößling-Reisemann. 2013. "Material Flows Resulting from Large Scale Deployment of Wind Energy in Germany." Resources 2, no. 3: 303-334.

Book chapter
Published: 23 July 2013 in IT-gestütztes Ressourcen- und Energiemanagement
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Die Analysen von Stoff- und Energieströmen sind oft die Grundlage für die Erhöhung der Ressourceneffizienz. Durch Abbilden und Analysieren der Materialströme werden nicht optimal genutzte Ströme aufgezeigt und Optimierungsmaßnahmen können entwickelt werden, um die Ressourceneffizienz zu erhöhen. Materialstromeffizienz und Energieeffizienz liegen sehr nah beieinander, daher ist es sinnvoll diese zusammen zu betrachten. In Nordwestdeutschland haben sich in 2012 Experten auf den Gebieten der Stoff- und Energieströme in einer Arbeitsgruppe zusammen getan um ihre Expertise zu bündeln und gemeinsame Aktivitäten zu koordinieren. Die Kompetenzen reichen von ökobilanzieller Betrachtung, abfallwirtschaftlicher Fragestellung, Produktionstechnik sowie die Entwicklung und Anwendung Stoffstrom- und Energiestrombasierter Software. Die beteiligten Institutionen verfügen über langjährige Projekterfahrung auf dem Gebiet und tauschen sich regelmäßig aus. Die Arbeitsgruppe zielt vor allem darauf ab, dass durch die Kompetenzbündelung Projektideen im größeren Maßstab umgesetzt werden können. Weiterhin stellt der Arbeitskreis eine zentrale Anlaufstelle für alle Fragen rund um die Themen Nachhaltigkeit im Unternehmen, Ressourceneffizienz und ökologische Bewertung von Produkten und Prozessen dar.

ACS Style

Alexandra Pehlken; Stefan Gössling-Reisemann; Till Zimmermann; Henning Albers; Martin Wittmaier; Marc Allan Redecker; Jorge Marx Gómez. Arbeitskreis Stoff- und Energieströme Bremen – Oldenburg: ein Kurzporträt. IT-gestütztes Ressourcen- und Energiemanagement 2013, 145 -147.

AMA Style

Alexandra Pehlken, Stefan Gössling-Reisemann, Till Zimmermann, Henning Albers, Martin Wittmaier, Marc Allan Redecker, Jorge Marx Gómez. Arbeitskreis Stoff- und Energieströme Bremen – Oldenburg: ein Kurzporträt. IT-gestütztes Ressourcen- und Energiemanagement. 2013; ():145-147.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alexandra Pehlken; Stefan Gössling-Reisemann; Till Zimmermann; Henning Albers; Martin Wittmaier; Marc Allan Redecker; Jorge Marx Gómez. 2013. "Arbeitskreis Stoff- und Energieströme Bremen – Oldenburg: ein Kurzporträt." IT-gestütztes Ressourcen- und Energiemanagement , no. : 145-147.

Journal article
Published: 06 July 2012 in The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment
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The purpose of this project was to provide a parameterized LCA tool that allows performing site specific life cycle assessments for different wind energy converter types by varying a limited number of relevant parameters. Hereby, it addresses the limited transferability of WEC LCA results to other sites as well as the increasing demand for such data. Basis of the work was an extensive primary data collection at the respective production facilities and other relevant stakeholders like site assessment, service etc. Most of the required data was available at first hand and was completed with data from literature and LCA databases. Based on this data, a complex parameterized material flow model has been built and different product variants have been pre-defined within the model, including relevant production processes and upstream. The pre-definition of these product variants allows reducing the minimum number of parameters that need to be configured for site specific LCAs from a total of over 330 to just nine parameters. In the future, choosing the right type of technology for specific sites will become more important; especially in the face of increasing land use conflicts and increasing competition between renewable energy technologies. Site and technology specific LCAs prove to be a valuable tool for this assessment. Tools like the presented significantly reduce the effort required for performing these LCAs. Additionally, they can be used for various other purposes like environmental assessments of different repowering scenarios and eco design.

ACS Style

Till Zimmermann. Parameterized tool for site specific LCAs of wind energy converters. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 2012, 18, 49 -60.

AMA Style

Till Zimmermann. Parameterized tool for site specific LCAs of wind energy converters. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. 2012; 18 (1):49-60.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Till Zimmermann. 2012. "Parameterized tool for site specific LCAs of wind energy converters." The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 18, no. 1: 49-60.