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Muhammad Sultan did his Ph.D. (2015) and Postdoc (2017) in Energy & Environmental Engineering from Kyushu University (Japan). He also did Postdoc (2019) in Mechatronic Systems Engineering from Simon Fraser University (Canada). He has working experience of two years with WPI-I2CNER of Kyushu University. Currently, he is working as an Assistant Professor in Agricultural Engineering Department, Bahauddin Zakariya University (Pakistan). He has authored/co-authored 200+ journal/conference articles as well as 15+ books/book chapters. He also has editorial experience with few journals and book publishers. His research is aimed to develop energy-efficient heat- and/or water-driven temperature and humidity control systems.
This study investigates the input–output energy-flow patterns and CO2 emissions from the wheat–rice crop rotation system. In this regard, an arid region of Punjab, Pakistan was selected as the study area, comprising 4150 km2. Farmers were interviewed to collect data and information on input/output sources during the 2020 work season. The total energy from these sources was calculated using appropriate energy equivalents. Three energy indices, including energy use efficiency (ηe), energy productivity (ηp), and net energy (ρ), were defined and calculated to investigate overall energy efficiency. Moreover, the data envelopment analysis (DEA) technique was used to optimize the input energy in wheat and rice production. Finally, CO2 emissions was calculated using emissions equivalents from peer-reviewed published literature. Results showed that the average total energy consumption in rice production was twice the energy consumed in wheat production. However, the values of ηe, ηp, and ρ were higher in wheat production and calculated as 5.68, 202.3 kg/GJ, and 100.12 GJ/ha, respectively. The DEA showed the highest reduction potential in machinery energy for both crops, calculated as −42.97% in rice production and −17.48% in wheat production. The highest CO2 emissions were found in rice production and calculated as 1762.5 kg-CO2/ha. Our conclusion indicates that energy consumption and CO2 emissions from wheat–rice cropping systems can be minimized using optimized energy inputs.
Muhammad N. Ashraf; Muhammad H. Mahmood; Muhammad Sultan; Redmond R. Shamshiri; Sobhy M. Ibrahim. Investigation of Energy Consumption and Associated CO2 Emissions for Wheat–Rice Crop Rotation Farming. Energies 2021, 14, 5094 .
AMA StyleMuhammad N. Ashraf, Muhammad H. Mahmood, Muhammad Sultan, Redmond R. Shamshiri, Sobhy M. Ibrahim. Investigation of Energy Consumption and Associated CO2 Emissions for Wheat–Rice Crop Rotation Farming. Energies. 2021; 14 (16):5094.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad N. Ashraf; Muhammad H. Mahmood; Muhammad Sultan; Redmond R. Shamshiri; Sobhy M. Ibrahim. 2021. "Investigation of Energy Consumption and Associated CO2 Emissions for Wheat–Rice Crop Rotation Farming." Energies 14, no. 16: 5094.
The purpose of this study was to develop an in-vitro digestion protocol to evaluate the antioxidant potential of the peptides found in processed cheddar cheese using digestion enzymes. We first studied antioxidant and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition and antioxidant activities of processed cheddar cheese with the addition of spices e.g., cumin, clove, and black pepper made from buffalo milk and ripened for 9 months. Then we conducted an in vitro digestion of processed cheddar cheese by gastric and duodenal enzymes. Freeze-dried water (WSE) and ethanol-soluble fractions (ESE) of processed cheddar cheese were also monitored for their ACE inhibition activity and antioxidant activities. In our preliminary experiments, different levels of spices (cumin, clove, and black pepper) were tested into a cheese matrix and only one level 0.2 g/100 g (0.2%) based on cheese weight was considered good after sensory evaluation. Findings of the present study revealed that ACE-inhibitory potential was the highest in processed cheese made from buffalo milk with the addition of 0.2% cumin, clove, and black pepper. A significant increase in ACE-inhibition (%) of processed cheddar cheese, as well as its WSE and ESE, was obtained. Lower IC50 values were found after duodenal phase digestion compared to oral phase digestion.
Amal Shaukat; Muhammad Nadeem; Tahir Qureshi; Rabia Kanwal; Muhammad Sultan; Olivier Kashongwe; Redmond Shamshiri; Mian Murtaza. Effect of In Vitro Digestion on the Antioxidant and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Potential of Buffalo Milk Processed Cheddar Cheese. Foods 2021, 10, 1661 .
AMA StyleAmal Shaukat, Muhammad Nadeem, Tahir Qureshi, Rabia Kanwal, Muhammad Sultan, Olivier Kashongwe, Redmond Shamshiri, Mian Murtaza. Effect of In Vitro Digestion on the Antioxidant and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Potential of Buffalo Milk Processed Cheddar Cheese. Foods. 2021; 10 (7):1661.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmal Shaukat; Muhammad Nadeem; Tahir Qureshi; Rabia Kanwal; Muhammad Sultan; Olivier Kashongwe; Redmond Shamshiri; Mian Murtaza. 2021. "Effect of In Vitro Digestion on the Antioxidant and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Potential of Buffalo Milk Processed Cheddar Cheese." Foods 10, no. 7: 1661.
Previous researchers found that bulk coal combustion for heating was considered as one of the most important sources of air pollution, and the replacement of coal combustion resulted in significant air quality improvement, health benefits and the reduction of CO2 emission. The clean heating forms an essential part of the energy revolution, thereby significantly influencing the rural lifestyle. The pilot program for clean heating has been launched recently. However, various challenges have remained which cannot be ignored. This study critically reviews the implications, research situation, technology, and methods associated with clean heating during winter season in Northern China. The status, technical routes, and various clean heating technologies in Northern China was introduced. The authors analyzed the advantages, disadvantages, and economics of various heating systems/methods, such as the air-source heat pumps, electric heating system, wall-mounted natural gas heater system, biomass pyrolysis cogeneration clean heating. The environmental benefits of clean heating options during winter in Northern China were evaluated based on the extensive analysis. The suggestions were presented regarding the promotion of clean heating technology.
Zongxi Zhang; Yuguang Zhou; Nan Zhao; Huan Li; Bahargul Tohniyaz; Philbert Mperejekumana; Quan Hong; Rucong Wu; Gang Li; Muhammad Sultan; Ali Mohammed Ibrahim Zayan; Jinxin Cao; Riaz Ahmad; Renjie Dong. Clean heating during winter season in Northern China: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2021, 149, 111339 .
AMA StyleZongxi Zhang, Yuguang Zhou, Nan Zhao, Huan Li, Bahargul Tohniyaz, Philbert Mperejekumana, Quan Hong, Rucong Wu, Gang Li, Muhammad Sultan, Ali Mohammed Ibrahim Zayan, Jinxin Cao, Riaz Ahmad, Renjie Dong. Clean heating during winter season in Northern China: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2021; 149 ():111339.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZongxi Zhang; Yuguang Zhou; Nan Zhao; Huan Li; Bahargul Tohniyaz; Philbert Mperejekumana; Quan Hong; Rucong Wu; Gang Li; Muhammad Sultan; Ali Mohammed Ibrahim Zayan; Jinxin Cao; Riaz Ahmad; Renjie Dong. 2021. "Clean heating during winter season in Northern China: A review." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 149, no. : 111339.
The present study reports the development of a deep learning artificial intelligence (AI) model for predicting the thermal performance of evaporative cooling systems, which are widely used for thermal comfort in different applications. The existing, conventional methods for the analysis of evaporation-assisted cooling systems rely on experimental, mathematical, and empirical approaches in order to determine their thermal performance, which limits their applications in diverse and ambient spatiotemporal conditions. The objective of this research was to predict the thermal performance of three evaporation-assisted air-conditioning systems—direct, indirect, and Maisotsenko evaporative cooling systems—by using an AI approach. For this purpose, a deep learning algorithm was developed and lumped hyperparameters were initially chosen. A correlation analysis was performed prior to the development of the AI model in order to identify the input features that could be the most influential for the prediction efficiency. The deep learning algorithm was then optimized to increase the learning rate and predictive accuracy with respect to experimental data by tuning the hyperparameters, such as by manipulating the activation functions, the number of hidden layers, and the neurons in each layer by incorporating optimizers, including Adam and RMsprop. The results confirmed the applicability of the method with an overall value of R2 = 0.987 between the input data and ground-truth data, showing that the most competent model could predict the designated output features (
Hafiz Asfahan; Uzair Sajjad; Muhammad Sultan; Imtiyaz Hussain; Khalid Hamid; Mubasher Ali; Chi-Chuan Wang; Redmond Shamshiri; Muhammad Khan. Artificial Intelligence for the Prediction of the Thermal Performance of Evaporative Cooling Systems. Energies 2021, 14, 3946 .
AMA StyleHafiz Asfahan, Uzair Sajjad, Muhammad Sultan, Imtiyaz Hussain, Khalid Hamid, Mubasher Ali, Chi-Chuan Wang, Redmond Shamshiri, Muhammad Khan. Artificial Intelligence for the Prediction of the Thermal Performance of Evaporative Cooling Systems. Energies. 2021; 14 (13):3946.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHafiz Asfahan; Uzair Sajjad; Muhammad Sultan; Imtiyaz Hussain; Khalid Hamid; Mubasher Ali; Chi-Chuan Wang; Redmond Shamshiri; Muhammad Khan. 2021. "Artificial Intelligence for the Prediction of the Thermal Performance of Evaporative Cooling Systems." Energies 14, no. 13: 3946.
Energy-efficient alternative desalination and cooling systems are pivotal in addressing the incredible increase in energy and water demands worldwide. Sorption-based technology is a unique system that could help in solving the energy and water crisis and cut down the overall carbon footprint. Such systems’ performance relies on the adsorption characteristics of the employed nanoporous adsorbent. Although different nanoporous materials were developed, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are fast becoming a key working substance in water capture applications due to their interesting adsorption characteristics. Owing to the chemical tunability of MOFs, scientists developed thousands of MOFs in the last few decades. With the increasing interest in MOFs, this review paper provides a comprehensive survey of MOFs adsorbents and their roles in cooling and water desalination systems. Herein, three aspects are covered, the synthesis processes, the adsorption characteristics, and the implementation of MOFs at the system level. Many challenges are discussed, such as mass production, the energy demand for synthesis, and the chemical modulation of MOFs to enhance their adsorption characteristics. Many MOFs are presented, but the sorption characteristics of most of them have not been tested yet. Subsequently, a small number of the presented MOFs have been employed in sorption applications. Accordingly, a gap should be filled to test and employ the MOFs in sorption applications.
Ramy H. Mohammed; Ahmed Rezk; Ahmed Askalany; Ehab S. Ali; A.E. Zohir; Muhammad Sultan; Mohamed Ghazy; Mohammad Ali Abdelkareem; A.G. Olabi. Metal-organic frameworks in cooling and water desalination: Synthesis and application. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2021, 149, 111362 .
AMA StyleRamy H. Mohammed, Ahmed Rezk, Ahmed Askalany, Ehab S. Ali, A.E. Zohir, Muhammad Sultan, Mohamed Ghazy, Mohammad Ali Abdelkareem, A.G. Olabi. Metal-organic frameworks in cooling and water desalination: Synthesis and application. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2021; 149 ():111362.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRamy H. Mohammed; Ahmed Rezk; Ahmed Askalany; Ehab S. Ali; A.E. Zohir; Muhammad Sultan; Mohamed Ghazy; Mohammad Ali Abdelkareem; A.G. Olabi. 2021. "Metal-organic frameworks in cooling and water desalination: Synthesis and application." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 149, no. : 111362.
The purpose of this study was to develop an in-vitro digestion protocol to evaluate the antioxidant potential of the peptides found in processed cheddar cheese using digestion enzymes. We studied first antioxidant and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition and antioxidant activities of processed cheddar cheese with the addition of spices e.g. cumin, clove and black pepper made from buffalo milk and ripened for 9 months. Then we conducted an in vitro digestion of processed cheddar cheese by gastric and duodenal enzymes. Freeze dried water (WSE) and ethanol soluble fractions (ESE) of processed cheddar cheese were also monitored for their ACE inhibition activity and antioxidant activities. In our preliminary experiments, different levels of spices (cumin, clove and black pepper) were tested into cheese matrix and only one level 0.2g/100g (0.2%) on the basis of cheese weight was considered good concerning sensory evaluation. Significant increase in ACE-inhibition (%) of processed Cheddar cheese as well as its WSE and ESE was obtained. Lower IC50 values were found after duodenal phase digestion compared to oral phase digestion.
Amal Shaukat; Muhammad Nadeem; Tahir Mahmood Qureshi; Rabiak Kanwal; Muhammad Sultan; Olivier Basole Kashongwe; Redmond R. Shamshiri; Mian Anjum Murtaza. Effect of In Vitro Digestion on the Antioxidant and Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE)-Inhibitory Potential of Buffalo Milk Processed Cheddar Cheese. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleAmal Shaukat, Muhammad Nadeem, Tahir Mahmood Qureshi, Rabiak Kanwal, Muhammad Sultan, Olivier Basole Kashongwe, Redmond R. Shamshiri, Mian Anjum Murtaza. Effect of In Vitro Digestion on the Antioxidant and Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE)-Inhibitory Potential of Buffalo Milk Processed Cheddar Cheese. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmal Shaukat; Muhammad Nadeem; Tahir Mahmood Qureshi; Rabiak Kanwal; Muhammad Sultan; Olivier Basole Kashongwe; Redmond R. Shamshiri; Mian Anjum Murtaza. 2021. "Effect of In Vitro Digestion on the Antioxidant and Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE)-Inhibitory Potential of Buffalo Milk Processed Cheddar Cheese." , no. : 1.
Temperature and humidity control are crucial in next generation greenhouses. Plants require optimum temperature/humidity and vapor pressure deficit conditions inside the greenhouse for optimum yield. In this regard, an air-conditioning system could provide the required conditions in harsh climatic regions. In this study, the authors have summarized their published work on different desiccant and evaporative cooling options for greenhouse air-conditioning. The direct, indirect, and Maisotsenko cycle evaporative cooling systems, and multi-stage evaporative cooling systems have been summarized in this study. Different desiccant materials i.e., silica-gels, activated carbons (powder and fiber), polymer sorbents, and metal organic frameworks have also been summarized in this study along with different desiccant air-conditioning options. However, different high-performance zeolites and molecular sieves are extensively studied in literature. The authors conclude that solar operated desiccant based evaporative cooling systems could be an alternate option for next generation greenhouse air-conditioning.
Muhammad Sultan; Hadeed Ashraf; Takahiko Miyazaki; Redmond R. Shamshiri; Ibrahim A. Hameed. Temperature and Humidity Control for the Next Generation Greenhouses: Overview of Desiccant and Evaporative Cooling Systems. Next-Generation Greenhouses for Food Security 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Sultan, Hadeed Ashraf, Takahiko Miyazaki, Redmond R. Shamshiri, Ibrahim A. Hameed. Temperature and Humidity Control for the Next Generation Greenhouses: Overview of Desiccant and Evaporative Cooling Systems. Next-Generation Greenhouses for Food Security. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Sultan; Hadeed Ashraf; Takahiko Miyazaki; Redmond R. Shamshiri; Ibrahim A. Hameed. 2021. "Temperature and Humidity Control for the Next Generation Greenhouses: Overview of Desiccant and Evaporative Cooling Systems." Next-Generation Greenhouses for Food Security , no. : 1.
Pakistan is facing a severe energy crisis due to its heavy dependency on the import of costly fossil fuels, which ultimately leads to expansive electricity generation, a low power supply, and interruptive load shedding. In this regard, the utilization of available renewable energy resources within the country for production of electricity can lessen this energy crisis. Livestock waste/manure is considered the most renewable and abundant material for biogas generation. Pakistan is primarily an agricultural country, and livestock is widely kept by the farming community, in order to meet their needs. According to the 2016–2018 data on the livestock population, poultry held the largest share at 45.8%, followed by buffaloes (20.6%), cattle (12.7%), goats (10.8%), sheep (8.4%), asses (1.3%), camels (0.25%), horses (0.1%), and mules (0.05%). Different animals produce different amounts of manure, based upon their size, weight, age, feed, and type. The most manure is produced by cattle (10–20 kg/day), while poultry produce the least (0.08–0.1 kg/day). Large quantities of livestock manure are produced from each province of Pakistan; Punjab province was the highest contributor (51%) of livestock manure in 2018. The potential livestock manure production in Pakistan was 417.3 million tons (Mt) in 2018, from which 26,871.35 million m3 of biogas could be generated—with a production potential of 492.6 petajoules (PJ) of heat energy and 5521.5 MW of electricity. Due to its favorable conditions for biodigester technologies, and through the appropriate development of anaerobic digestion, the currently prevailing energy crises in Pakistan could be eliminated.
Muhammad Khan; Muhammad Ahmad; Muhammad Sultan; Ihsanullah Sohoo; Prakash Ghimire; Azlan Zahid; Abid Sarwar; Muhammad Farooq; Uzair Sajjad; Peyman Abdeshahian; Maryam Yousaf. Biogas Production Potential from Livestock Manure in Pakistan. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6751 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Khan, Muhammad Ahmad, Muhammad Sultan, Ihsanullah Sohoo, Prakash Ghimire, Azlan Zahid, Abid Sarwar, Muhammad Farooq, Uzair Sajjad, Peyman Abdeshahian, Maryam Yousaf. Biogas Production Potential from Livestock Manure in Pakistan. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (12):6751.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Khan; Muhammad Ahmad; Muhammad Sultan; Ihsanullah Sohoo; Prakash Ghimire; Azlan Zahid; Abid Sarwar; Muhammad Farooq; Uzair Sajjad; Peyman Abdeshahian; Maryam Yousaf. 2021. "Biogas Production Potential from Livestock Manure in Pakistan." Sustainability 13, no. 12: 6751.
As the world human population and industrialization keep growing, the water availability issue has forced scientists, engineers, and legislators of water supply industries to better manage water resources. Pollutant removals from wastewaters are crucial to ensure qualities of available water resources (including natural water bodies or reclaimed waters). Diverse techniques have been developed to deal with water quality concerns. Carbon based nanomaterials, especially carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with their high specific surface area and associated adsorption sites, have drawn a special focus in environmental applications, especially water and wastewater treatment. This critical review summarizes recent developments and adsorption behaviors of CNTs used to remove organics or heavy metal ions from contaminated waters via adsorption and inactivation of biological species associated with CNTs. Foci include CNTs synthesis, purification, and surface modifications or functionalization, followed by their characterization methods and the effect of water chemistry on adsorption capacities and removal mechanisms. Functionalized CNTs have been proven to be promising nanomaterials for the decontamination of waters due to their high adsorption capacity. However, most of the functional CNT applications are limited to lab-scale experiments only. Feasibility of their large-scale/industrial applications with cost-effective ways of synthesis and assessments of their toxicity with better simulating adsorption mechanisms still need to be studied.
Mian Aslam; Hsion-Wen Kuo; Walter Den; Muhammad Usman; Muhammad Sultan; Hadeed Ashraf. Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) for Water and Wastewater Treatment: Preparation to Application. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5717 .
AMA StyleMian Aslam, Hsion-Wen Kuo, Walter Den, Muhammad Usman, Muhammad Sultan, Hadeed Ashraf. Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) for Water and Wastewater Treatment: Preparation to Application. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (10):5717.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMian Aslam; Hsion-Wen Kuo; Walter Den; Muhammad Usman; Muhammad Sultan; Hadeed Ashraf. 2021. "Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) for Water and Wastewater Treatment: Preparation to Application." Sustainability 13, no. 10: 5717.
Pakistan is among the countries that have already crossed the water scarcity line, and the situation is worsened due to the recent pandemic. This is because the major budget of the country is shifted to primary healthcare activities from other development projects that included water treatment and transportation infrastructure. Consequently, water-borne diseases have increased drastically in the past few months. Therefore, there is a dire need to address this issue on a priority basis to ameliorate the worsening situation. One possible solution is to shift the focus/load from mega-projects that require a plethora of resources, money, and time to small domestic-scale systems for water treatment. For this purpose, domestic-scale solar stills are designed, fabricated, and tested in one of the harshest climatic condition areas of Pakistan, Rahim Yar Khan. A comprehensive overview of the regional climatology, including wind speed, solar potential, and ambient temperature is presented for the whole year. The analysis shows that the proposed system can adequately resolve the drinking water problems of deprived areas of Pakistan. The average water productivity of 1.5 L/d/m2 is achieved with a total investment of PKR 3000 (<$20). This real site testing data will serve as a guideline for similar system design in other arid areas globally.
Muhammad Jamil; Haseeb Yaqoob; Muhammad Farooq; Yew Teoh; Ben Xu; Khamid Mahkamov; Muhammad Sultan; Kim Ng; Muhammad Shahzad. Experimental Investigations of a Solar Water Treatment System for Remote Desert Areas of Pakistan. Water 2021, 13, 1070 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Jamil, Haseeb Yaqoob, Muhammad Farooq, Yew Teoh, Ben Xu, Khamid Mahkamov, Muhammad Sultan, Kim Ng, Muhammad Shahzad. Experimental Investigations of a Solar Water Treatment System for Remote Desert Areas of Pakistan. Water. 2021; 13 (8):1070.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Jamil; Haseeb Yaqoob; Muhammad Farooq; Yew Teoh; Ben Xu; Khamid Mahkamov; Muhammad Sultan; Kim Ng; Muhammad Shahzad. 2021. "Experimental Investigations of a Solar Water Treatment System for Remote Desert Areas of Pakistan." Water 13, no. 8: 1070.
In Pakistan, many subsurface (SS) drainage projects were launched by the Salinity Control and Reclamation Project (SCARP) to deal with twin problems (waterlogging and salinity). In some cases, sump pumps were installed for the disposal of SS effluent into surface drainage channels. Presently, sump pumps have become dysfunctional due to social and financial constraints. This study evaluates the alternate design of the Paharang drainage system that could permit the discharge of the SS drainage system in the response of gravity. The proposed design was completed after many successive trials in terms of lowering the bed level and decreasing the channel bed slope. Interconnected MS-Excel worksheets were developed to design the L-section and X-section. Design continuity of the drainage system was achieved by ensuring the bed and water levels of the receiving drain were lower than the outfalling drain. The drain cross-section was set within the present row with a few changes on the service roadside. The channel side slope was taken as 1:1.5 and the spoil bank inner and outer slopes were kept as 1:2 for the entire design. The earthwork was calculated in terms of excavation for lowering the bed level and increasing the drain section to place the excavated materials in a specific manner. The study showed that modification in the design of the Paharang drainage system is technically admissible and allows for the continuous discharge of SS drainage effluent from the area.
Muhammad Imran; Jinlan Xu; Muhammad Sultan; Redmond Shamshiri; Naveed Ahmed; Qaiser Javed; Hafiz Asfahan; Yasir Latif; Muhammad Usman; Riaz Ahmad. Free Discharge of Subsurface Drainage Effluent: An Alternate Design of the Surface Drain System in Pakistan. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4080 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Imran, Jinlan Xu, Muhammad Sultan, Redmond Shamshiri, Naveed Ahmed, Qaiser Javed, Hafiz Asfahan, Yasir Latif, Muhammad Usman, Riaz Ahmad. Free Discharge of Subsurface Drainage Effluent: An Alternate Design of the Surface Drain System in Pakistan. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (7):4080.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Imran; Jinlan Xu; Muhammad Sultan; Redmond Shamshiri; Naveed Ahmed; Qaiser Javed; Hafiz Asfahan; Yasir Latif; Muhammad Usman; Riaz Ahmad. 2021. "Free Discharge of Subsurface Drainage Effluent: An Alternate Design of the Surface Drain System in Pakistan." Sustainability 13, no. 7: 4080.
Adsorption-based heat transformation systems are studied from the twentieth century; however, their performance is low to replace conventional systems. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are providing a new class of micro- and nano-porous organic adsorbents. These have adjustable geometry/topology with a large surface area and pore volume. A comparison of the coefficient of performance (COP) between the MOFs and conventional adsorbents-based cooling systems is made for the years 1975–2020. Conventional adsorbents achieve COP of 0.85, whereas it is improved to 2.00 in the case of MOFs. The main bottleneck in the lower COP level is the low adsorption equilibrium amount. This study is aimed to provide comprehensive detail of water-vapor adsorption equilibrium and physicochemical properties of hydrophilic MOFs. Zn based MOFs are not stable in the presence of water-vapors, whereas MIL series, Zr, Ni, and Cu based MOFs are relatively more stable. Among the studied MOFs, MIL-101(Cr) possesses the highest adsorption uptake of 1.45 kg/kg at 25 °C (saturation condition) and outperformed for heat transformation applications. Its uptake can be increased to 1.60 kg/kg by coating with graphite oxide. For water desalination, MIL-53(Al) exhibits specific daily water production of 25.5 m3/ton.day (maximum) with a specific cooling power of 789.4 W/kg. Both MIL adsorbents are found promising which can be considered for various adsorption applications.
Sahrish Ashraf; Muhammad Sultan; Majid Bahrami; Claire McCague; Muhammad W. Shahzad; Mohammad Amani; Redmond R. Shamshiri; Hafiz Muhammad Ali. Recent progress on water vapor adsorption equilibrium by metal-organic frameworks for heat transformation applications. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 2021, 124, 105242 .
AMA StyleSahrish Ashraf, Muhammad Sultan, Majid Bahrami, Claire McCague, Muhammad W. Shahzad, Mohammad Amani, Redmond R. Shamshiri, Hafiz Muhammad Ali. Recent progress on water vapor adsorption equilibrium by metal-organic frameworks for heat transformation applications. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer. 2021; 124 ():105242.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSahrish Ashraf; Muhammad Sultan; Majid Bahrami; Claire McCague; Muhammad W. Shahzad; Mohammad Amani; Redmond R. Shamshiri; Hafiz Muhammad Ali. 2021. "Recent progress on water vapor adsorption equilibrium by metal-organic frameworks for heat transformation applications." International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 124, no. : 105242.
Poultry are one of the most vulnerable species of its kind once the temperature-humidity nexus is explored. This is so because the broilers lack sweat glands as compared to humans and undergo panting process to mitigate their latent heat (moisture produced in the body) in the air. As a result, moisture production inside poultry house needs to be maintained to avoid any serious health and welfare complications. Several strategies such as compressor-based air-conditioning systems have been implemented worldwide to attenuate the heat stress in poultry, but these are not economical. Therefore, this study focuses on the development of low-cost and environmentally friendly improved evaporative cooling systems (DEC, IEC, MEC) from the viewpoint of heat stress in poultry houses. Thermodynamic analysis of these systems was carried out for the climatic conditions of Multan, Pakistan. The results appreciably controlled the environmental conditions which showed that for the months of April, May, and June, the decrease in temperature by direct evaporative cooling (DEC), indirect evaporative cooling (IEC), and Maisotsenko-Cycle evaporative cooling (MEC) systems is 7–10 °C, 5–6.5 °C, and 9.5–12 °C, respectively. In case of July, August, and September, the decrease in temperature by DEC, IEC, and MEC systems is 5.5–7 °C, 3.5–4.5 °C, and 7–7.5 °C, respectively. In addition, drop in temperature-humidity index (THI) values by DEC, IEC, and MEC is 3.5–9 °C, 3–7 °C, and 5.5–10 °C, respectively for all months. Optimum temperature and relative humidity conditions are determined for poultry birds and thereby, systems’ performance is thermodynamically evaluated for poultry farms from the viewpoint of THI, temperature-humidity-velocity index (THVI), and thermal exposure time (ET). From the analysis, it is concluded that MEC system performed relatively better than others due to its ability of dew-point cooling and achieved THI threshold limit with reasonable temperature and humidity indexes.
Khawar Shahzad; Muhammad Sultan; Muhammad Bilal; Hadeed Ashraf; Muhammad Farooq; Takahiko Miyazaki; Uzair Sajjad; Imran Ali; Muhammad Hussain. Experiments on Energy-Efficient Evaporative Cooling Systems for Poultry Farm Application in Multan (Pakistan). Sustainability 2021, 13, 2836 .
AMA StyleKhawar Shahzad, Muhammad Sultan, Muhammad Bilal, Hadeed Ashraf, Muhammad Farooq, Takahiko Miyazaki, Uzair Sajjad, Imran Ali, Muhammad Hussain. Experiments on Energy-Efficient Evaporative Cooling Systems for Poultry Farm Application in Multan (Pakistan). Sustainability. 2021; 13 (5):2836.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhawar Shahzad; Muhammad Sultan; Muhammad Bilal; Hadeed Ashraf; Muhammad Farooq; Takahiko Miyazaki; Uzair Sajjad; Imran Ali; Muhammad Hussain. 2021. "Experiments on Energy-Efficient Evaporative Cooling Systems for Poultry Farm Application in Multan (Pakistan)." Sustainability 13, no. 5: 2836.
This study provides insights into the feasibility of a desiccant dehumidification-based Maisotsenko cycle evaporative cooling (M-DAC) system for greenhouse air-conditioning application. Conventional cooling techniques include direct evaporative cooling, refrigeration systems, and passive/active ventilation. which are commonly used in Pakistan; however, they are either not feasible due to their energy cost, or they cannot efficiently provide an optimum microclimate depending on the regions, the growing seasons, and the crop being cultivated. The M-DAC system was therefore proposed and evaluated as an alternative solution for air conditioning to achieve optimum levels of vapor pressure deficit (VPD) for greenhouse crop production. The objective of this study was to investigate the thermodynamic performance of the proposed system from the viewpoints of the temperature gradient, relative humidity level, VPD, and dehumidification gradient. Results showed that the standalone desiccant air-conditioning (DAC) system created maximum dehumidification gradient (i.e., 16.8 g/kg) and maximum temperature gradient (i.e., 8.4 °C) at 24.3 g/kg and 38.6 °C ambient air conditions, respectively. The DAC coupled with a heat exchanger (DAC+HX) created a temperature gradient nearly equal to ambient air conditions, which is not in the optimal range for greenhouse growing conditions. Analysis of the M-DAC system showed that a maximum air temperature gradient, i.e., 21.9 °C at 39.2 °C ambient air condition, can be achieved, and is considered optimal for most greenhouse crops. Results were validated with two microclimate models (OptDeg and Cft) by taking into account the optimality of VPD at different growth stages of tomato plants. This study suggests that the M-DAC system is a feasible method to be considered as an efficient solution for greenhouse air-conditioning under the climate conditions of Multan (Pakistan).
Hadeed Ashraf; Muhammad Sultan; Redmond Shamshiri; Farrukh Abbas; Muhammad Farooq; Uzair Sajjad; Hafiz Md-Tahir; Muhammad Mahmood; Fiaz Ahmad; Yousaf Taseer; Aamir Shahzad; Badar Niazi. Dynamic Evaluation of Desiccant Dehumidification Evaporative Cooling Options for Greenhouse Air-Conditioning Application in Multan (Pakistan). Energies 2021, 14, 1097 .
AMA StyleHadeed Ashraf, Muhammad Sultan, Redmond Shamshiri, Farrukh Abbas, Muhammad Farooq, Uzair Sajjad, Hafiz Md-Tahir, Muhammad Mahmood, Fiaz Ahmad, Yousaf Taseer, Aamir Shahzad, Badar Niazi. Dynamic Evaluation of Desiccant Dehumidification Evaporative Cooling Options for Greenhouse Air-Conditioning Application in Multan (Pakistan). Energies. 2021; 14 (4):1097.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHadeed Ashraf; Muhammad Sultan; Redmond Shamshiri; Farrukh Abbas; Muhammad Farooq; Uzair Sajjad; Hafiz Md-Tahir; Muhammad Mahmood; Fiaz Ahmad; Yousaf Taseer; Aamir Shahzad; Badar Niazi. 2021. "Dynamic Evaluation of Desiccant Dehumidification Evaporative Cooling Options for Greenhouse Air-Conditioning Application in Multan (Pakistan)." Energies 14, no. 4: 1097.
Farm tractors in cultivation consume a big amount of fossil fuels and emit greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Improving traction performance and power transfer indices of wheeled tractors and field terrain soil with higher traction (pull ability) at optimal travel reduction (TR) can optimize energy utilization. This study compares the traction performance, fuel consumption, and field productivity, of a farm tractor equipped with a new drive wheel “rigid lugged wheel (RLW)” and conventional tire wheel (CTW) in field tillage operations. Tractor with RLW resulted 24.6 kN drawbar pull and 6.6 km.h−1 travel speed at 80% tractive efficiency and 15.6% TR. While with CTW, the drawbar pull and the travel speed were 23.2 kN and 6.0 km h−1 respectively at 68% tractive efficiency and 36.3% TR. The RLW resulted in improved traction performance with similar equipment weight. Tractor with RLW also resulted 220.5% lower TR, 14.8% higher field productivity, and 15.4% lower fuel consumption. RLW can control equipment weight and field traffic intensity with the improved traction performance of wheeled tractors and will make the field operations more energy-efficient and economical. For enhanced field drivability of RLW, further work is required to test for diverse field conditions and differently sized tractors.
Hafiz Md-Tahir; Jumin Zhang; Junfang Xia; Yong Zhou; Hua Zhou; Jun Du; Muhammad Sultan; Hafiza Mamona. Experimental Investigation of Traction Power Transfer Indices of Farm-Tractors for Efficient Energy Utilization in Soil Tillage and Cultivation Operations. Agronomy 2021, 11, 168 .
AMA StyleHafiz Md-Tahir, Jumin Zhang, Junfang Xia, Yong Zhou, Hua Zhou, Jun Du, Muhammad Sultan, Hafiza Mamona. Experimental Investigation of Traction Power Transfer Indices of Farm-Tractors for Efficient Energy Utilization in Soil Tillage and Cultivation Operations. Agronomy. 2021; 11 (1):168.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHafiz Md-Tahir; Jumin Zhang; Junfang Xia; Yong Zhou; Hua Zhou; Jun Du; Muhammad Sultan; Hafiza Mamona. 2021. "Experimental Investigation of Traction Power Transfer Indices of Farm-Tractors for Efficient Energy Utilization in Soil Tillage and Cultivation Operations." Agronomy 11, no. 1: 168.
This study reports on the investigation of the performance of single and two-stage liquid and solid desiccant dehumidification systems and two-stage combined liquid and solid desiccant dehumidification systems with reference to humid climates. The research focus is on a dehumidification system capacity of 25 kW designed for room air conditioning application using the thermal models reported in the literature. RD-type silica gel and LiCl are used as solid and liquid desiccant materials, respectively. In this study, the application of proposed system for deep drying application is also explored. Condensation rate and moisture removal efficiency are chosen as performance parameters for room air conditioning application, whereas air outlet temperature is chosen as performance parameter for deep drying application. Further, for a given range of operating parameters, influences of air inlet humidity ratio, flow rate, and inlet temperature on performance parameters of the systems are investigated. In humid climatic conditions, it has been observed that a two-stage liquid desiccant dehumidification system is more effective for room air conditioning application, and two-stage solid desiccant dehumidification system is more suitable for deep drying application in the temperature range of 50 to 70 °C, while single-stage solid desiccant and two-stage combined liquid and solid desiccant dehumidification systems are more effective for low temperature, i.e., 30 to 50 °C deep drying application.
B. Naik; Mullapudi Joshi; P. Muthukumar; Muhammad Sultan; Takahiko Miyazaki; Redmond Shamshiri; Hadeed Ashraf. Investigating Solid and Liquid Desiccant Dehumidification Options for Room Air-Conditioning and Drying Applications. Sustainability 2020, 12, 10582 .
AMA StyleB. Naik, Mullapudi Joshi, P. Muthukumar, Muhammad Sultan, Takahiko Miyazaki, Redmond Shamshiri, Hadeed Ashraf. Investigating Solid and Liquid Desiccant Dehumidification Options for Room Air-Conditioning and Drying Applications. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (24):10582.
Chicago/Turabian StyleB. Naik; Mullapudi Joshi; P. Muthukumar; Muhammad Sultan; Takahiko Miyazaki; Redmond Shamshiri; Hadeed Ashraf. 2020. "Investigating Solid and Liquid Desiccant Dehumidification Options for Room Air-Conditioning and Drying Applications." Sustainability 12, no. 24: 10582.
Optimum microclimate parameters, including air temperature (T), relative humidity (RH) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) that are uniformly distributed inside greenhouse crop production systems are essential to prevent yield loss and fruit quality. The objective of this research was to determine the spatial and temporal variations in the microclimate data of a commercial greenhouse with tomato plants located in the mid-west of Iran. For this purpose, wireless sensor data fusion was incorporated with a membership function model called Optimality Degree (OptDeg) for real-time monitoring and dynamic assessment of T, RH and VPD in different light conditions and growth stages of tomato. This approach allows growers to have a simultaneous projection of raw data into a normalized index between 0 and 1. Custom-built hardware and software based on the concept of the Internet-of-Things, including Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LoRaWAN) transmitter nodes, a multi-channel LoRaWAN gateway and a web-based data monitoring dashboard were used for data collection, data processing and monitoring. The experimental approach consisted of the collection of meteorological data from the external environment by means of a weather station and via a grid of 20 wireless sensor nodes distributed in two horizontal planes at two different heights inside the greenhouse. Offline data processing for sensors calibration and model validation was carried in multiple MATLAB Simulink blocks. Preliminary results revealed a significant deviation of the microclimate parameters from optimal growth conditions for tomato cultivation due to the inaccurate timer-based heating and cooling control systems used in the greenhouse. The mean OptDeg of T, RH and VPD were 0.67, 0.94, 0.94 in January, 0.45, 0.36, 0.42 in June and 0.44, 0.0, 0.12 in July, respectively. An in-depth analysis of data revealed that averaged OptDeg values, as well as their spatial variations in the horizontal profile were closer to the plants’ comfort zone in the cold season as compared with those in the warm season. This was attributed to the use of heating systems in the cold season and the lack of automated cooling devices in the warm season. This study confirmed the applicability of using IoT sensors for real-time model-based assessment of greenhouse microclimate on a commercial scale. The presented IoT sensor node and the Simulink model provide growers with a better insight into interpreting crop growth environment. The outcome of this research contributes to the improvement of closed-field cultivation of tomato by providing an integrated decision-making framework that explores microclimate variation at different growth stages in the production season.
Sayed Moin-Eddin Rezvani; Hamid Zare Abyaneh; Redmond R. Shamshiri; Siva K. Balasundram; Volker Dworak; Mohsen Goodarzi; Muhammad Sultan; Benjamin Mahns. IoT-Based Sensor Data Fusion for Determining Optimality Degrees of Microclimate Parameters in Commercial Greenhouse Production of Tomato. Sensors 2020, 20, 6474 .
AMA StyleSayed Moin-Eddin Rezvani, Hamid Zare Abyaneh, Redmond R. Shamshiri, Siva K. Balasundram, Volker Dworak, Mohsen Goodarzi, Muhammad Sultan, Benjamin Mahns. IoT-Based Sensor Data Fusion for Determining Optimality Degrees of Microclimate Parameters in Commercial Greenhouse Production of Tomato. Sensors. 2020; 20 (22):6474.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSayed Moin-Eddin Rezvani; Hamid Zare Abyaneh; Redmond R. Shamshiri; Siva K. Balasundram; Volker Dworak; Mohsen Goodarzi; Muhammad Sultan; Benjamin Mahns. 2020. "IoT-Based Sensor Data Fusion for Determining Optimality Degrees of Microclimate Parameters in Commercial Greenhouse Production of Tomato." Sensors 20, no. 22: 6474.
In this study, experimental apparatus of desiccant dehumidification was developed at lab-scale, using silica gel as a desiccant material. Experimental data were obtained at various ambient air conditions, while focusing the climatic conditions of Multan (Pakistan). A steady-state analysis approach for the desiccant dehumidification process was used, and thereby the slope of desiccant dehumidification line on psychrometric chart (ϕ*) was determined. It has been found that ϕ* = 0.22 in case of silica gel which is lower than the hydrophilic polymeric sorbent, i.e., ϕ* = 0.31. The study proposed two kinds of systems, i.e., (i) standalone desiccant air-conditioning (DAC) and (ii) Maisotsenko-cycle-assisted desiccant air-conditioning (M-DAC) systems. In addition, two kinds of desiccant material (i.e., silica gel and hydrophilic polymeric sorbent) were investigated from the thermodynamic point of view for both system types, using the experimental data and associated results. The study aimed to determine the optimum air-conditioning (AC) system type, as well as adsorbent material for building AC application. In this regard, perspectives of dehumidification capacity, cooling capacity, and thermal coefficient of performance (COP) are taken into consideration. According to the results, hydrophilic polymeric sorbent gave a higher performance, as compared to silica gel. In case of both systems, the performance was improved with the addition of Maisotsenko cycle evaporative cooling unit. The maximum thermal COP was achieved by using a polymer-based M-DAC system, i.e., 0.47 at 70 °C regeneration temperature.
Muhammad Aleem; Ghulam Hussain; Muhammad Sultan; Takahiko Miyazaki; Muhammad Mahmood; Muhammad Sabir; Abdul Nasir; Faizan Shabir; Zahid Khan. Experimental Investigation of Desiccant Dehumidification Cooling System for Climatic Conditions of Multan (Pakistan). Energies 2020, 13, 5530 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Aleem, Ghulam Hussain, Muhammad Sultan, Takahiko Miyazaki, Muhammad Mahmood, Muhammad Sabir, Abdul Nasir, Faizan Shabir, Zahid Khan. Experimental Investigation of Desiccant Dehumidification Cooling System for Climatic Conditions of Multan (Pakistan). Energies. 2020; 13 (21):5530.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Aleem; Ghulam Hussain; Muhammad Sultan; Takahiko Miyazaki; Muhammad Mahmood; Muhammad Sabir; Abdul Nasir; Faizan Shabir; Zahid Khan. 2020. "Experimental Investigation of Desiccant Dehumidification Cooling System for Climatic Conditions of Multan (Pakistan)." Energies 13, no. 21: 5530.
Okra possesses a short shelf-life which limits its marketability, thereby, the present study investigates the individual and combined effect of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on the postharvest storage life of okra. The treated/ untreated okra samples were stored at ambient (i.e., 27 °C) and low (i.e., 7 °C) temperatures for eight and 20 days, respectively. Results revealed that the 1-MCP and/or MAP treatment successfully inhibited fruit softening, reduction in mucilage viscosity, and color degradation (hue angle, ∆E, and BI) in the product resulting in a longer period of shelf-life. However, MAP with or without 1-MCP was more effective to reduce weight loss in okra stored at both ambient and cold storage conditions. Additionally, ascorbic acid and total antioxidants were also retained in 1-MCP with MAP during cold storage. The 1-MCP in combination with MAP effectively suppressed respiration rate and ethylene production for four days and eight days at 27 °C and 7 °C temperature conditions, respectively. According to the results, relatively less chilling injury stress also resulted when 1-MCP combined with MAP. The combined treatment of okra pods with 1-MCP and MAP maintained the visual quality of the product in terms of overall acceptability for four days at 20 °C and 20 days at 7 °C.
Rabia Kanwal; Hadeed Ashraf; Muhammad Sultan; Irrum Babu; Zarina Yasmin; Muhammad Nadeem; Muhammad Asghar; Redmond R. Shamshiri; Sobhy M. Ibrahim; Nisar Ahmad; Muhammad A. Imran; Yuguang Zhou; Riaz Ahmad. Effect of 1-Methyl Cyclopropane and Modified Atmosphere Packaging on the Storage of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.): Theory and Experiments. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7547 .
AMA StyleRabia Kanwal, Hadeed Ashraf, Muhammad Sultan, Irrum Babu, Zarina Yasmin, Muhammad Nadeem, Muhammad Asghar, Redmond R. Shamshiri, Sobhy M. Ibrahim, Nisar Ahmad, Muhammad A. Imran, Yuguang Zhou, Riaz Ahmad. Effect of 1-Methyl Cyclopropane and Modified Atmosphere Packaging on the Storage of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.): Theory and Experiments. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (18):7547.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRabia Kanwal; Hadeed Ashraf; Muhammad Sultan; Irrum Babu; Zarina Yasmin; Muhammad Nadeem; Muhammad Asghar; Redmond R. Shamshiri; Sobhy M. Ibrahim; Nisar Ahmad; Muhammad A. Imran; Yuguang Zhou; Riaz Ahmad. 2020. "Effect of 1-Methyl Cyclopropane and Modified Atmosphere Packaging on the Storage of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.): Theory and Experiments." Sustainability 12, no. 18: 7547.
In this study, the ideal adsorption cycle behavior of eight activated carbon and refrigerant pairs is evaluated. The selected pairs are KOH6-PR/ethanol, WPT-AC/ethanol, Maxsorb-III/methanol, Maxsorb-III/CO2, Maxsorb-III/n-butane, Maxsorb-III/R-134a, SAC-2/R32 and Maxsorb-III/R507a. The following cooling performance parameters are evaluated for all pairs: specific cooling energy (SCE), concentration difference (ΔW) and coefficient of performance (COP) of ideal adsorption cooling and refrigeration cycles. The evaporator temperatures for the applications of adsorption cooling and refrigeration are selected as 7 and −5 °C, respectively. It is found that the Maxsorb-III/methanol pair has shown the highest specific cooling energy and coefficient of performance in a wide range of desorption temperatures; i.e., for the adsorption cooling cycle it has SCE and COP of 639.83 kJ/kg and 0.803, respectively, with desorption temperatures of 80°C. The KOH6-PR/ethanol and the WPT-AC/ethanol pairs also give good performances comparable to that of the Maxsorb-III/methanol pair. However, the SAC-2/R32 pair possesses a higher concentration difference than the Maxsorb-III/methanol, KOH6-PR/ethanol and WPT-AC/ethanol pairs but shows a lower performance. This is due to the lower isosteric heat of adsorption of SAC-2/R32 compared to these pairs. It is found that Maxsorb-III/methanol, KOH6-PR/ethanol and WPT-AC/ethanol are the most promising pairs for application in designing adsorption cooling and refrigeration systems.
Faizan Shabir; Muhammad Sultan; Yasir Niaz; Muhammad Usman; Sobhy Ibrahim; Yongqiang Feng; B. Naik; Abdul Nasir; & Dr. Imran Ali. Steady-State Investigation of Carbon-Based Adsorbent–Adsorbate Pairs for Heat Transformation Application. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7040 .
AMA StyleFaizan Shabir, Muhammad Sultan, Yasir Niaz, Muhammad Usman, Sobhy Ibrahim, Yongqiang Feng, B. Naik, Abdul Nasir, & Dr. Imran Ali. Steady-State Investigation of Carbon-Based Adsorbent–Adsorbate Pairs for Heat Transformation Application. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (17):7040.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFaizan Shabir; Muhammad Sultan; Yasir Niaz; Muhammad Usman; Sobhy Ibrahim; Yongqiang Feng; B. Naik; Abdul Nasir; & Dr. Imran Ali. 2020. "Steady-State Investigation of Carbon-Based Adsorbent–Adsorbate Pairs for Heat Transformation Application." Sustainability 12, no. 17: 7040.