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Dr. Amira Khattak
Prince Sultan University

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Research Keywords & Expertise

0 South Asia
0 global value chain
0 Upgrading
0 Environmental and social upgrading
0 Buyers-suppliers relationships

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Upgrading
South Asia
Global apparel industry

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Short Biography

Amira Khattak is an Assistant Professor of Marketing and Associate Chair of Marketing Program in the College of Business Administration, Prince Sultan University, Saudi Arabia. Amira is a member of advisory and editorial boards of various local and international journals. Amira has published in reputed journals including Competition and Change: The Journal of Globalisation, Financialisation and Political Economy, British Food Journal, Critical Perspectives on International Business, Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, European Journal of International Management and Emerald Journal of Emerging Market Cases.

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Earlycite article
Published: 08 June 2021 in Business Process Management Journal
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Purpose Organizational citizenship behavior for the environment (OCBE) is vital for manufacturing firms' ability to improve their triple bottom line (TBL) performance. This study's objective was to examine the direct relationship between three OCBE key dimensions, i.e. eco-initiatives (EIs), eco-civic-initiatives and eco-helping (EH) and TBL performance, i.e. economic (ECOP), social (SOP) and environmental (ENP). Design/methodology/approach The quantitative design was used based on the positivist approach. A sample of 350 manufacturing firms was targeted using random probability sampling via a survey questionnaire. The data were analyzed through the structural equation modeling (SEM) technique employing AMOS 24 software. Findings Research findings confirmed a significant direct positive relationship between components of OCBE, i.e. EIs, eco-civic- initiatives and EH and TBL performance within ISO14001-certified Malaysian manufacturing firms. Research limitations/implications This research presents vital implications for both managers and organizations. The findings revealed that the three OCBE key dimensions, i.e. (EIs, eco-civic-initiatives and EH) are essential for enhancing TBL performance (ECOP, SOP and ENP), respectively. Manufacturing firms should modify the traditional OCB toward pro-environmental OCBE to improve TBL performance. Originality/value This research focuses on the impact of OCBE key types, i.e. EIs, eco-civic-initiatives and EH on TBL performance (ECOP, ENP and SOP) dimensions among ISO14001-certified Malaysian manufacturing firms.

ACS Style

Noor Ullah Khan; Ateeq-Ur- Rehman Irshad; Adeel Ahmed; Amira Khattak. Do organizational citizenship behavior for the environment predict triple bottom line performance in manufacturing firms? Business Process Management Journal 2021, 27, 1033 -1053.

AMA Style

Noor Ullah Khan, Ateeq-Ur- Rehman Irshad, Adeel Ahmed, Amira Khattak. Do organizational citizenship behavior for the environment predict triple bottom line performance in manufacturing firms? Business Process Management Journal. 2021; 27 (4):1033-1053.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Noor Ullah Khan; Ateeq-Ur- Rehman Irshad; Adeel Ahmed; Amira Khattak. 2021. "Do organizational citizenship behavior for the environment predict triple bottom line performance in manufacturing firms?" Business Process Management Journal 27, no. 4: 1033-1053.

Earlycite article
Published: 11 May 2021 in European Journal of Innovation Management
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate how digital platforms capability, improvisational capability and organizational readiness directly affect innovation performance. This study also explores how organizational readiness acts as mediator. Design/methodology/approach This empirical study is based on quantitative research design. Data were collected from 647 managers of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) working in Pakistan. Correlations and regression techniques were used for analyses. The Preacher and Hayes technique, the Sobel test and Bootstrap techniques were used to test mediation effect. Findings The results reveal a significant and positive relationship of digital platforms capability, improvisational capability and organizational readiness with innovation performance. Organizational readiness fully mediates the relationships between digital platforms capability and innovation performance link as well as between improvisational capability and innovation performance link. Originality/value In the age of digital economy the achievement of innovation performance is very important for SMEs. Businesses are shifting from traditional operational activities to digitalization. This study is imperative to offer new realm of modern technologies by exploring the role of digital platform capability, improvisational capability and organizational readiness for achieving innovation performance in digital economy.

ACS Style

Wen Jun; Muhammad Hamid Nasir; Zahid Yousaf; Amira Khattak; Muhammad Yasir; Asad Javed; Syed Hamad Shirazi. Innovation performance in digital economy: does digital platform capability, improvisation capability and organizational readiness really matter? European Journal of Innovation Management 2021, ahead-of-p, 1 .

AMA Style

Wen Jun, Muhammad Hamid Nasir, Zahid Yousaf, Amira Khattak, Muhammad Yasir, Asad Javed, Syed Hamad Shirazi. Innovation performance in digital economy: does digital platform capability, improvisation capability and organizational readiness really matter? European Journal of Innovation Management. 2021; ahead-of-p (ahead-of-p):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wen Jun; Muhammad Hamid Nasir; Zahid Yousaf; Amira Khattak; Muhammad Yasir; Asad Javed; Syed Hamad Shirazi. 2021. "Innovation performance in digital economy: does digital platform capability, improvisation capability and organizational readiness really matter?" European Journal of Innovation Management ahead-of-p, no. ahead-of-p: 1.

Journal article
Published: 25 April 2021 in Publications
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This bibliometric study examines the overall research trends and productivity in the field of virtual reality (VR) in higher education. Bibliometric data were retrieved from Scopus databases. The findings suggest a rising trend in terms of citations and publications showing increased interest in the VR domain have been seen during the last few decades. The year in which the most citations of this type occurred was 2009, in which 1913 citations were recorded, whereas 2019 was the most productive year, as 127 documents on this subject were published in that year. The data analysis revealed that all the top ten researchers belong to Australia. Further, the top three researchers (Gregory S., Lee, M.J.W., and Wood, D.), countries (United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia), organizations (Charles Sturt University, Queensland University of Technology, and University of New England, Australia), journals (Computers and Education, International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, and Journal of Surgical Education) and collaborations (Australia and New Zealand, United States and the United Kingdom, and Australia and the United Kingdom) belong to developed countries. Virtual reality, virtual worlds, augmented reality, e-learning, and simulations are the top keywords used in the VR domain. The thematic evolution of the keyword shows the importance of “Virtual Reality” as a keyword throughout the 27 years of its existence (1994–2020). Furthermore, the main finding of the study is the interdisciplinary nature of the VR domain, which extends from the field of computer sciences to other disciplines.

ACS Style

Shaista Rashid; Amira Khattak; Murtaza Ashiq; Shafiq Ur Rehman; Muhammad Rashid Rasool. Educational Landscape of Virtual Reality in Higher Education: Bibliometric Evidences of Publishing Patterns and Emerging Trends. Publications 2021, 9, 17 .

AMA Style

Shaista Rashid, Amira Khattak, Murtaza Ashiq, Shafiq Ur Rehman, Muhammad Rashid Rasool. Educational Landscape of Virtual Reality in Higher Education: Bibliometric Evidences of Publishing Patterns and Emerging Trends. Publications. 2021; 9 (2):17.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shaista Rashid; Amira Khattak; Murtaza Ashiq; Shafiq Ur Rehman; Muhammad Rashid Rasool. 2021. "Educational Landscape of Virtual Reality in Higher Education: Bibliometric Evidences of Publishing Patterns and Emerging Trends." Publications 9, no. 2: 17.

Journal article
Published: 26 March 2021 in Education Sciences
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This scientometric study examines the overall research trends, publication and citation structures, authorship and collaboration patterns, bibliographic coupling, and productivity patterns in the field of social support in education. Bibliometric data consisting of 545 documents was retrieved from the Scopus database during a period of 43 years (1977–2020) on 1 January 2021. Data analysis was performed using various scientometric software including MS Excel, VOS Viewer, Biblioshiny, CiteSpace and ScientoPy. The results of the study revealed that the first publication on this topic appeared in 1977, however, the major increase was observed during 2017–2020, whereas the maximum number of publications (N = 57) in a single year was published in the year 2020. Similarly, the highest number of citations (n = 1002) were observed in the year 1995 with an average of 334 citations per document. The most productive countries were the United States (N = 194), the United Kingdom (N = 56), and Australia (N = 50 publications). Results further indicated that more than 50.7% of the research in the social support area was done in medicine. Overall, the findings of the study reveal that most of the research in the aforementioned field originated from the developed countries which can be related to the developments in the medical field. The study indicates the importance of social support in the educational context due to an increased trend of inclusion and diversity in the education field. This research is the first bibliometric study in the field of social support in education.

ACS Style

Shaista Rashid; Shafiq Rehman; Murtaza Ashiq; Amira Khattak. A Scientometric Analysis of Forty-Three Years of Research in Social Support in Education (1977–2020). Education Sciences 2021, 11, 149 .

AMA Style

Shaista Rashid, Shafiq Rehman, Murtaza Ashiq, Amira Khattak. A Scientometric Analysis of Forty-Three Years of Research in Social Support in Education (1977–2020). Education Sciences. 2021; 11 (4):149.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shaista Rashid; Shafiq Rehman; Murtaza Ashiq; Amira Khattak. 2021. "A Scientometric Analysis of Forty-Three Years of Research in Social Support in Education (1977–2020)." Education Sciences 11, no. 4: 149.

Journal article
Published: 08 January 2021 in Publications
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The scientific community’s growing interest in green marketing research can be traced through the abundance of published literature on the topic. However, there is still a lack of a comprehensive and systematic research focusing on the evolution of this field. The main objective of this paper was to consolidate the state-of-the-art research on green marketing through a bibliometric study of articles published from 1977 to 2020, and to analyze and present the results from the perspective of growing trends in the field; productive and influential countries, institutions, authors, articles, and research journals; keywords; authorship patterns; and international collaborations. The study results indicate a gradual increase in green marketing research from 1977 to 2020, more so in the last five years. A total of 1025 scholarly documents were published in 634 journals during this period and listed in the Web of Science (WOS). The top 10 most productive countries were then analyzed. A great number of institutions from both developing countries (in terms of article count) and developed countries (in terms of citation scores), were compared. Finally, based on keywords and a three-factor analysis, it was concluded that green marketing, sustainability, sustainable development, environment marketing and sustainable marketing have attracted extensive attention during the past decade as keywords.

ACS Style

Farida Saleem; Amira Khattak; Shafiq Ur Rehman; Murtaza Ashiq. Bibliometric Analysis of Green Marketing Research from 1977 to 2020. Publications 2021, 9, 1 .

AMA Style

Farida Saleem, Amira Khattak, Shafiq Ur Rehman, Murtaza Ashiq. Bibliometric Analysis of Green Marketing Research from 1977 to 2020. Publications. 2021; 9 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Farida Saleem; Amira Khattak; Shafiq Ur Rehman; Murtaza Ashiq. 2021. "Bibliometric Analysis of Green Marketing Research from 1977 to 2020." Publications 9, no. 1: 1.

Journal article
Published: 03 August 2020 in Sustainability
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Corporate environmentalism recognizes the importance of environmental issues to a corporation and how it integrates these issues into its strategy. Studies in the US and Spain have identified three variables, namely, public concern, regulatory pressures and competitive advantage to be significant in influencing corporate environmentalism. Emerging countries, although significant contributors to global environmental concerns have generally been ignored in the corporate environmentalism literature. We collected data through a questionnaire survey from managers operating in a variety of industries in Pakistan, an emerging market. Structural equation modeling technique was used for data analysis. Results show that, unlike in the developed countries, customer concern is not an antecedent of corporate environmentalism. Top management commitment was found to be important, both directly and as a mediating variable which has important implications for research and policy in this context.

ACS Style

Farida Saleem; C. Gopinath; Amira Khattak; Saiqa Qureshi; Alawiya Allui; Ahmad Adeel. Corporate Environmentalism: An Emerging Economy Perspective. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6225 .

AMA Style

Farida Saleem, C. Gopinath, Amira Khattak, Saiqa Qureshi, Alawiya Allui, Ahmad Adeel. Corporate Environmentalism: An Emerging Economy Perspective. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (15):6225.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Farida Saleem; C. Gopinath; Amira Khattak; Saiqa Qureshi; Alawiya Allui; Ahmad Adeel. 2020. "Corporate Environmentalism: An Emerging Economy Perspective." Sustainability 12, no. 15: 6225.

Journal article
Published: 08 April 2020 in Sustainability
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Despite the significant contribution of buyer-driven knowledge transfer activities (BDKTAs) to innovation and operational performance, studies that analyze social sustainability in manufacturing (suppliers) firms are still scarce. This paper examines the mediation relationship of knowledge acquisition and investment in environmental management between BDKTAs and social performance improvements (SPIs). The paper contributes to the understanding of buyer knowledge transfer activities, with a focus on the knowledge acquisition capabilities and investments in environmental management, and the effect on SPIs. The hypotheses were examined with partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) with data collected from 239 firms. Buyer knowledge transfer activities are likely to increase the willingness of suppliers to make specific environmental investments into operations in waste reduction procedures, the recycling of materials, and pollution prevention training of employees. We proposed that buyer knowledge transfer activities are necessary to survive and grow and thus there is a need to acquire knowledge resources to achieve organizational sustainability. Buyer knowledge transfer activities are necessary to make investment decisions in environmental management programs. Firms that focus on buyer knowledge transfer activities and internal investments into environmental management can attain sustainability objectives.

ACS Style

Usama Awan; Amira Khattak; Sajeela Rabbani; Amandeep Dhir. Buyer-Driven Knowledge Transfer Activities to Enhance Organizational Sustainability of Suppliers. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2993 .

AMA Style

Usama Awan, Amira Khattak, Sajeela Rabbani, Amandeep Dhir. Buyer-Driven Knowledge Transfer Activities to Enhance Organizational Sustainability of Suppliers. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (7):2993.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Usama Awan; Amira Khattak; Sajeela Rabbani; Amandeep Dhir. 2020. "Buyer-Driven Knowledge Transfer Activities to Enhance Organizational Sustainability of Suppliers." Sustainability 12, no. 7: 2993.

Journal article
Published: 30 December 2019 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Authentic leadership has emerged as a positive relational-leadership approach that has gained the attention of academicians and practitioners by stimulating a healthy work environment. This study examined the direct influence of authentic leadership on employees’ communal relationships. In addition, the study examined the mediating role of affective- and cognitive-based trust on these relationships. We adopted a cross-sectional study design and collected data from 200 employees working in the private banking sector in Pakistan. The findings indicated that authentic leadership was positively correlated with communal employee relationships. In addition, both affective- and cognitive-based trust were found to have a positive mediating effect on the relationship between authentic leadership and communal employee relationships. The practical implications, limitations and suggestions for future research are discussed.

ACS Style

Sadaf Iqbal; Tahir Farid; Muhammad Khalil Khan; Qionghon Zhang; Amira Khattak; Jianhong Ma. Bridging the Gap between Authentic Leadership and Employees Communal Relationships through Trust. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 17, 250 .

AMA Style

Sadaf Iqbal, Tahir Farid, Muhammad Khalil Khan, Qionghon Zhang, Amira Khattak, Jianhong Ma. Bridging the Gap between Authentic Leadership and Employees Communal Relationships through Trust. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 17 (1):250.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sadaf Iqbal; Tahir Farid; Muhammad Khalil Khan; Qionghon Zhang; Amira Khattak; Jianhong Ma. 2019. "Bridging the Gap between Authentic Leadership and Employees Communal Relationships through Trust." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 1: 250.

Journal article
Published: 16 May 2019 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Corporate social responsibility (CSR) at the individual level has emerged as an important field of research. However, a more comprehensive understanding of how CSR affects employee work engagement and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) is still lacking. Based on social exchange theory, we examine the effects of employees' perceptions of CSR on OCB and work engagement as well as the mediating mechanism of distributive and procedural justice, based on data collected from 350 employees working in the banking sector of Pakistan. Our study suggests that employees' perceptions of CSR positively predict OCB and work engagement, and that work engagement is positively related to OCB. Both distributive and procedural justice positively mediate the effects of employees' perceptions of CSR on OCB and work engagement.

ACS Style

Tahir Farid; Sadaf Iqbal; Jianhong Ma; Sandra Castro-González; Amira Khattak; Muhammad Khalil Khan. Employees' Perceptions of CSR, Work Engagement, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Mediating Effects of Organizational Justice. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 1731 .

AMA Style

Tahir Farid, Sadaf Iqbal, Jianhong Ma, Sandra Castro-González, Amira Khattak, Muhammad Khalil Khan. Employees' Perceptions of CSR, Work Engagement, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Mediating Effects of Organizational Justice. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (10):1731.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tahir Farid; Sadaf Iqbal; Jianhong Ma; Sandra Castro-González; Amira Khattak; Muhammad Khalil Khan. 2019. "Employees' Perceptions of CSR, Work Engagement, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Mediating Effects of Organizational Justice." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 10: 1731.

Chapter
Published: 05 November 2018 in EcoProduction
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The purpose of this research is to explore and understand corporate social responsibility (CSR) priorities in the small and medium enterprises (SMEs) of the industrial sector of Sialkot in Pakistan. The industrial sector of Sialkot is mainly involved in the production and supplying of sports, leather and surgical products for global companies. We used a qualitative approach to explore CSR priorities among SMEs. Informants were identified using purposive sampling. In-depth interviews were conducted with the senior managers, owners and executives of SMEs in the Sialkot industrial sector of Pakistan in three main industries namely; sports, surgical and leather. The findings of the study suggest philanthropy as a key ethical and social priority and CSR dimension supported by SMEs. Main dimensions of CSR in the context of Sialkot industrial sector SMEs were social (philanthropy), economic, legal and environment. In terms of CSR dimensions priorities, differences exist due to the nature of the specific industry and its protocols as data were collected from three different sub industrial sectors within the Sialkot industrial sector.

ACS Style

Usama Awan; Amira Khattak; Andrzej Kraslawski. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Priorities in the Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) of the Industrial Sector of Sialkot, Pakistan. EcoProduction 2018, 267 -278.

AMA Style

Usama Awan, Amira Khattak, Andrzej Kraslawski. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Priorities in the Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) of the Industrial Sector of Sialkot, Pakistan. EcoProduction. 2018; ():267-278.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Usama Awan; Amira Khattak; Andrzej Kraslawski. 2018. "Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Priorities in the Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) of the Industrial Sector of Sialkot, Pakistan." EcoProduction , no. : 267-278.

Review
Published: 01 November 2018 in Journal of Distribution Science
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ACS Style

Amira Khattak; Luisa Pinto. A Systematic Literature Review of the Environmental Upgrading in Global Value Chains and Future Research Agenda. Journal of Distribution Science 2018, 16, 11 -19.

AMA Style

Amira Khattak, Luisa Pinto. A Systematic Literature Review of the Environmental Upgrading in Global Value Chains and Future Research Agenda. Journal of Distribution Science. 2018; 16 (11):11-19.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amira Khattak; Luisa Pinto. 2018. "A Systematic Literature Review of the Environmental Upgrading in Global Value Chains and Future Research Agenda." Journal of Distribution Science 16, no. 11: 11-19.

Journal article
Published: 20 September 2018 in Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies
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Subject area The case could be used in many courses in the field of business and management, for example, environmental management, strategic management, corporate strategy, green or sustainable marketing and international business. Study level/applicability The case has a difficulty level of being appropriate for undergraduate and postgraduate students. However, in utilizing this case as a required component of business courses at various levels, the authors have discovered a different approaching between undergraduate students and postgraduate students in answering those discussion questions. Undergraduate students have tended to focus on the more conceptual and basic approaching based on understanding the main concepts of environmental upgrading. Postgraduate students have a better application and critical thinking based on a better understanding of the fundamental knowledge and concepts. Accordingly, the case has been developed in a manner that will allow students to realize the importance of environmental issues and analyze the company’s main issues as detailed in the case and then suggest opinions and any ideas for the strategy the company should consider and pursue in future. Furthermore, students should identify several points on the company’s chosen strategies and actions for environmental upgrading. Case overview This case is written in the form of an interview with the Chairman and chief executive officer of VIYELLATEX Group, one of the leading firms which embarked upon environmental upgrading in the apparel industry of Bangladesh and in the world. This is an analytical case and not a decision-making one. The main theme of the case revolves around analyzing what drove VIYELLATEX Group to upgrade environmentally, how the group upgraded, the challenges that VIYELLATEX Group has faced and outcomes of environmental upgrading. Environmental upgrading implies an improvement in environmental performance through changes in technological, social and organizational processes and avoiding or reducing the environmental impacts of businesses. In summary, the VIYELLATEX case is an investigation of a leading company in Bangladesh to implement environmental standards and management practices being part of the apparel global apparel industry governed by global retailers and brand marketers. Expected learning outcomes The learning outcomes are understanding of “corporate sustainability” as a corporate social responsibility of business philosophy, understanding of key features of the apparel industry in Bangladesh, understanding of the main issues and challenges faced by the apparel firms (suppliers) involved in international business regarding environmental upgrading, understanding of the relationship with primary stakeholders, in particular buyers of apparel firm (defining stakeholders and how to cooperate with stakeholders) and understanding of the environmental upgrading in terms of its drivers, processes and outcomes. Supplementary...

ACS Style

Amira Khattak; Young-Eun Park. Environmental upgrading of an apparel firm in Bangladesh: a case study of VIYELLATEX. Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 2018, 8, 1 -16.

AMA Style

Amira Khattak, Young-Eun Park. Environmental upgrading of an apparel firm in Bangladesh: a case study of VIYELLATEX. Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies. 2018; 8 (3):1-16.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amira Khattak; Young-Eun Park. 2018. "Environmental upgrading of an apparel firm in Bangladesh: a case study of VIYELLATEX." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 8, no. 3: 1-16.

Journal article
Published: 26 June 2018 in Sustainability
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This study was designed to examine the effect of authentic leadership on organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB), as well as to examine the mediating mechanism of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on the aforementioned relationship. Using the cross-sectional design method, the data were collected from 395 employees working in the banking sector of Pakistan. Drawing on social exchange theory, it was hypothesized that authentic leadership would positively predict organizational citizenship behaviour. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that CSR would positively mediate the relationship between authentic leadership and OCB. The results of the study indicate that authentic leadership positively predicts OCB. Importantly, CSR was found to positively mediate the effect of authentic leadership on OCB. Theoretical implications of the study and future research directions are also discussed.

ACS Style

Sadaf Iqbal; Tahir Farid; Ma Jianhong; Amira Khattak; Mohammad Nurunnabi. The Impact of Authentic Leadership on Organizational Citizenship Behaviours and the Mediating Role of Corporate Social Responsibility in the Banking Sector of Pakistan. Sustainability 2018, 10, 2170 .

AMA Style

Sadaf Iqbal, Tahir Farid, Ma Jianhong, Amira Khattak, Mohammad Nurunnabi. The Impact of Authentic Leadership on Organizational Citizenship Behaviours and the Mediating Role of Corporate Social Responsibility in the Banking Sector of Pakistan. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (7):2170.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sadaf Iqbal; Tahir Farid; Ma Jianhong; Amira Khattak; Mohammad Nurunnabi. 2018. "The Impact of Authentic Leadership on Organizational Citizenship Behaviours and the Mediating Role of Corporate Social Responsibility in the Banking Sector of Pakistan." Sustainability 10, no. 7: 2170.

Journal article
Published: 03 July 2017 in critical perspectives on international business
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PurposeThis paper aims to examine the relationship between economic upgrading (implementing higher value-added activities) and social upgrading (improvements in workers’ rights and employment) of supplier firms in global value chains (GVCs) governed by multinational enterprises (MNEs). This paper answers Buckley and Ghauri’s (2004) and Buckley and Strange (2015) calls to incorporate other theoretical approaches within the international business (IB) literature. Furthermore, the paper also responds to Lee and Gereffi (2015) argument, published in Critical perspectives on international business, of the need to incorporate the social impact of upgrading in the IB literature.Design/methodology/approachSemi-structured interviews were undertaken with representatives from five supplier firms each in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, as well as with industry representatives.FindingsGovernance patterns within GVCs can create the conditions for economic upgrading leading to social upgrading achievements. Institutional factors also affect the conditions for social upgrading. Although moving to higher value-added activities is critical for supplier firms, this does not necessarily lead to social upgrading. This paper’s research findings suggest that the combination of economic and social upgrading is positively associated with suppliers manufacturing high value-added products and operating in relational networks. In contrast, economic upgrading, by itself, was limited to those firms manufacturing low value-added products, typically those in captive networks.Originality valueThis research is among an emerging body of literature seeking to integrate the GVC literature with the IB field. Importantly, it also contributes to the GVC literature by providing insight into an under-theorized aspect – the relationship between social and economic upgrading.

ACS Style

Amira Khattak; Nigel Haworth; Christina Stringer; Maureen Benson-Rea. Is social upgrading occurring in South Asia’s apparel industry? critical perspectives on international business 2017, 13, 226 -243.

AMA Style

Amira Khattak, Nigel Haworth, Christina Stringer, Maureen Benson-Rea. Is social upgrading occurring in South Asia’s apparel industry? critical perspectives on international business. 2017; 13 (3):226-243.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amira Khattak; Nigel Haworth; Christina Stringer; Maureen Benson-Rea. 2017. "Is social upgrading occurring in South Asia’s apparel industry?" critical perspectives on international business 13, no. 3: 226-243.

Journal article
Published: 03 July 2017 in British Food Journal
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PurposeFollowing the theory of planned behavior (TPB), the purpose of this paper is to explore the relationships between ethical decision-making attitude, perceived behavioral control, subjective norms, and past behavior; to examine ethical intentions of frontline employees with their love of money as a moderator.Design/methodology/approachThe authors collected data from 310 frontline employees (FLEs) in five US-based fast food chains (McDonald’s, Subway, KFC, Pizza Hut, and Hardees) across three cities of Pakistan, using self-administered questionnaires. The authors adopt the structural equation modeling (SEM) technique to test the theoretical model.FindingsThe authors demonstrate that LOM is a significant moderator. The relationships between two dimensions of TPB – the ethical attitude and subjective norms – and ethical intentions are much stronger for FLEs with a lower LOM orientation.Originality/valueThe inclusion of LOM to enrich TPB framework, investigation of ethical intentions of frontliners employed in US-based fast food chains and a developing country context are unique products of this study.

ACS Style

Muhammad Kashif; Amira Khattak. Ethical intentions among frontline employees working in the US-based fast food chains in Pakistan. British Food Journal 2017, 119, 1547 -1561.

AMA Style

Muhammad Kashif, Amira Khattak. Ethical intentions among frontline employees working in the US-based fast food chains in Pakistan. British Food Journal. 2017; 119 (7):1547-1561.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Kashif; Amira Khattak. 2017. "Ethical intentions among frontline employees working in the US-based fast food chains in Pakistan." British Food Journal 119, no. 7: 1547-1561.

Book chapter
Published: 24 May 2017 in Governing Corporate Social Responsibility in the Apparel Industry after Rana Plaza
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The rapid growth of Bangladesh’s apparel industry has been facilitated by the emergence of global value chains (GVCs) connecting local suppliers with global buyers. The growth of the industry, however, has occurred without the parallel development of supportive institutions, resulting in a governance deficit highlighted, in part, by ongoing disasters in which workers have been killed or injured. Building on the GVC governance literature, this chapter discusses the need for public, private and social governance actors to work together to address the governance deficit in the aftermath of the Rana Plaza collapse. The chapter highlights the limitations inherent if one form of governance seeks to tackle problems in the industry and concludes that a mix of the three types of governance is needed.

ACS Style

Mohammad Tarikul Islam; Amira Khattak; Christina Stringer. A Governance Deficit in the Apparel Industry in Bangladesh: Solutions to the Impasse? Governing Corporate Social Responsibility in the Apparel Industry after Rana Plaza 2017, 111 -145.

AMA Style

Mohammad Tarikul Islam, Amira Khattak, Christina Stringer. A Governance Deficit in the Apparel Industry in Bangladesh: Solutions to the Impasse? Governing Corporate Social Responsibility in the Apparel Industry after Rana Plaza. 2017; ():111-145.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammad Tarikul Islam; Amira Khattak; Christina Stringer. 2017. "A Governance Deficit in the Apparel Industry in Bangladesh: Solutions to the Impasse?" Governing Corporate Social Responsibility in the Apparel Industry after Rana Plaza , no. : 111-145.

Journal article
Published: 10 March 2017 in Business & Economic Review
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ACS Style

Amira Khattak; Christina Stringer. Environmental Upgrading in Pakistan’s Sporting Goods Industry in Global Value Chains: A Question of Progress? Business & Economic Review 2017, 9, 43 -64.

AMA Style

Amira Khattak, Christina Stringer. Environmental Upgrading in Pakistan’s Sporting Goods Industry in Global Value Chains: A Question of Progress? Business & Economic Review. 2017; 9 (1):43-64.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amira Khattak; Christina Stringer. 2017. "Environmental Upgrading in Pakistan’s Sporting Goods Industry in Global Value Chains: A Question of Progress?" Business & Economic Review 9, no. 1: 43-64.

Research article
Published: 08 May 2015 in Competition & Change
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Buyer firms in the apparel industry are using environmental standards to coordinate their global value chains (GVCs). In turn, supplier firms are complying with environmental standards as a way to increase their competitiveness. This article addresses the nascent gap in the GVC literature in relation to firm- and chain-level responses to environmental concerns, which enable apparel firms to upgrade. The article examines the drivers and conditions under which apparel firms embrace environmental upgrading in Sri Lanka. Findings suggest that GVCs represent both the drivers of environmental upgrading and the means by which to obtain the knowledge needed to upgrade particularly for firms in relational networks. The strategic intent and capability of the suppliers to assimilate the transfer of knowledge and upgrade are critical. However, upgrading does not necessarily yield higher profits for supplier firms. The incentive for upgraded firms to maintain their environmental performance is competitive advantage arising from reduced costs.

ACS Style

Amira Khattak; Christina Stringer; Maureen Benson-Rea; Nigel Haworth. Environmental upgrading of apparel firms in global value chains: Evidence from Sri Lanka. Competition & Change 2015, 19, 317 -335.

AMA Style

Amira Khattak, Christina Stringer, Maureen Benson-Rea, Nigel Haworth. Environmental upgrading of apparel firms in global value chains: Evidence from Sri Lanka. Competition & Change. 2015; 19 (4):317-335.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amira Khattak; Christina Stringer; Maureen Benson-Rea; Nigel Haworth. 2015. "Environmental upgrading of apparel firms in global value chains: Evidence from Sri Lanka." Competition & Change 19, no. 4: 317-335.