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Dr. Víctor Amor-Esteban
University of Salamanca

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0 CSR
0 Multivariate Analysis
0 statistical analysis
0 Corporate social responsibility (CSR)
0 applied statistics

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Corporate social responsibility (CSR)
statistical analysis

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Journal article
Published: 29 August 2021 in Mathematics
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Port state control inspections implemented under the Paris Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) have become known as one of the best instruments for maritime administrations in European Union (EU) Member States to ensure that the ships docked in their ports comply with all maritime safety requirements. This paper focuses on the analysis of all inspections made between 2013 and 2018 in the top ten EU ports incorporated in the Paris MoU (17,880 inspections). The methodology consists of a multivariate statistical information system (STATIS) analysis using the inspected ship’s characteristics as explanatory variables. The variables used describe both the inspected ships (classification society, flag, age and gross tonnage) and the inspection (type of inspection and number of deficiencies), yielding a dataset with more than 600,000 elements in the data matrix. The most important results are that the classifications obtained match the performance lists published annually by the Paris MoU and the classification societies. Therefore, the approach is a potentially valid classification method and would then be useful to maritime authorities as an additional indicator of a ship’s risk profile to decide inspection priorities and as a tool to measure the evolution in the risk profile of the flag over time.

ACS Style

Jose Manuel Prieto; Victor Amor; Ignacio Turias; David Almorza; Francisco Piniella. Evaluation of Paris MoU Maritime Inspections Using a STATIS Approach. Mathematics 2021, 9, 2092 .

AMA Style

Jose Manuel Prieto, Victor Amor, Ignacio Turias, David Almorza, Francisco Piniella. Evaluation of Paris MoU Maritime Inspections Using a STATIS Approach. Mathematics. 2021; 9 (17):2092.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jose Manuel Prieto; Victor Amor; Ignacio Turias; David Almorza; Francisco Piniella. 2021. "Evaluation of Paris MoU Maritime Inspections Using a STATIS Approach." Mathematics 9, no. 17: 2092.

Journal article
Published: 15 July 2021 in Journal of Environmental Management
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The circular economy encompasses a sustainable economic model based on a production, consumption, distribution and maintenance process that reuses as much as possible. In this research, the two-step composite Circular Economy Business Index was created, based on 17 environmental practices that companies have implemented to reduce the generation of waste and emissions and to increase the reuse and efficiency of materials and energy, among other actions. The use of a sample of 26,783 companies from 49 countries and 10 sectors for the period 2014–2019 allowed the aggregation of these initiatives at the country and industry levels. In this sense, our results show less progress in the circular transformation worldwide and can be used in the design of policies aimed at promoting changes in production and consumption systems in specific geographic or industrial contexts.

ACS Style

Isabel-María García-Sánchez; Francisco-Manuel Somohano-Rodríguez; Víctor Amor-Esteban; José-Valeriano Frías-Aceituno. Which region and which sector leads the circular economy? CEBIX, a multivariant index based on business actions. Journal of Environmental Management 2021, 297, 113299 .

AMA Style

Isabel-María García-Sánchez, Francisco-Manuel Somohano-Rodríguez, Víctor Amor-Esteban, José-Valeriano Frías-Aceituno. Which region and which sector leads the circular economy? CEBIX, a multivariant index based on business actions. Journal of Environmental Management. 2021; 297 ():113299.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Isabel-María García-Sánchez; Francisco-Manuel Somohano-Rodríguez; Víctor Amor-Esteban; José-Valeriano Frías-Aceituno. 2021. "Which region and which sector leads the circular economy? CEBIX, a multivariant index based on business actions." Journal of Environmental Management 297, no. : 113299.

Preprint
Published: 12 July 2021
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Port state control inspections implemented under the Paris Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) have become known as one of the best instruments for maritime administrations in European Union (EU) Member States to ensure that the ships docked in their ports comply with all maritime safety requirements. This paper focuses on the analysis of all inspections made between 2013 and 2018 in the top ten EU ports incorporated in the Paris MoU (17,880 inspections). The methodology consists of a multivariate statistical information system (STATIS) analysis using the inspected ship’s characteristics as explanatory variables. The variables used describe both the inspected ships (classification society, flag, age and gross tonnage) and the inspection (type of inspection and number of deficiencies), yielding a dataset with more than 600,000 elements in the data matrix. The most important results are that the classifications obtained match the performance lists published annually by the Paris MoU and the classification societies. Therefore, the approach is a potentially valid classification method and would then be useful to maritime authorities as an additional indicator of a ship’s risk profile to decide inspection priorities and as a tool to measure the evolution in the risk profile of flag over time.

ACS Style

José Manuel Prieto; Víctor Amor-Esteban; Ignacio J. Turias; David Almorza; Francisco Piniella. Evaluation of Paris MoU Maritime Inspections Using a STATIS Approach. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

José Manuel Prieto, Víctor Amor-Esteban, Ignacio J. Turias, David Almorza, Francisco Piniella. Evaluation of Paris MoU Maritime Inspections Using a STATIS Approach. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

José Manuel Prieto; Víctor Amor-Esteban; Ignacio J. Turias; David Almorza; Francisco Piniella. 2021. "Evaluation of Paris MoU Maritime Inspections Using a STATIS Approach." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 31 March 2021 in Sustainability
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Academic literature has begun to be interested in the informational gaps between what companies say and do in relation to their financial performance and their commitment to society and the environment, identifying the use of self-protection and self-enhancement strategies before their interest groups. In this research, based on a statistical analysis of textual data and a correspondence analysis, the sentiment of the discourse that Spanish CEOs have held with their stakeholders regarding the operational and strategic decisions they made in the face of COVID-19 is analysed. The evidence shows that managers who promptly reported negative news regarding divestments, cutting expenses and destroying jobs, used the epidemic as justification. The leaders who combined these decisions with responsible actions—focused on the ethical and commercial sustainable dimensions—adopted an approach with a different degree of self-enhancement to value their responsible decisions. In contrast, optimistic CEOs, altruistically committed to society, opted for more personal, emotional, dynamic and constant channels and procedures, avoiding selfish attributions for their actions.

ACS Style

Isabel-María García-Sánchez; Víctor Amor-Esteban; Alejandra García-Sánchez. Different Leaders in a COVID-19 Scenario: CEO Altruism and Generous Discourse. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3841 .

AMA Style

Isabel-María García-Sánchez, Víctor Amor-Esteban, Alejandra García-Sánchez. Different Leaders in a COVID-19 Scenario: CEO Altruism and Generous Discourse. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (7):3841.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Isabel-María García-Sánchez; Víctor Amor-Esteban; Alejandra García-Sánchez. 2021. "Different Leaders in a COVID-19 Scenario: CEO Altruism and Generous Discourse." Sustainability 13, no. 7: 3841.

Journal article
Published: 25 January 2021 in Sustainability
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The commitment of governments to sustainable development was materialised in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and later in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the latter being a more ambitious project that positions local governments as the main agents for its implementation. With the aim of improving the sustainability of cities, this research analyses the commitment of Spanish local governments to the SDG-11, indicating possible improvements with the aim of complying with Agenda 2030. We use the X-STATIS study technique with graphic representations. The results indicate a positive trend towards achieving SDG-11, in which progressive governments are concerned with issues of inclusive and sustainable urbanisation as a result of increased citizen participation, and conservative governments focus on slum upgrading and safety in inclusive and accessible public spaces. In addition, the ideological coincidence between different administrative levels is an impetus to the fulfilment of SDG-11.

ACS Style

Pedro-José Martínez-Córdoba; Víctor Amor-Esteban; Bernardino Benito; Isabel-María García-Sánchez. The Commitment of Spanish Local Governments to Sustainable Development Goal 11 from a Multivariate Perspective. Sustainability 2021, 13, 1222 .

AMA Style

Pedro-José Martínez-Córdoba, Víctor Amor-Esteban, Bernardino Benito, Isabel-María García-Sánchez. The Commitment of Spanish Local Governments to Sustainable Development Goal 11 from a Multivariate Perspective. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (3):1222.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pedro-José Martínez-Córdoba; Víctor Amor-Esteban; Bernardino Benito; Isabel-María García-Sánchez. 2021. "The Commitment of Spanish Local Governments to Sustainable Development Goal 11 from a Multivariate Perspective." Sustainability 13, no. 3: 1222.

Journal article
Published: 17 December 2020 in Sustainability
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Companies are fully aware of the importance of including the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in their corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategies, and of the importance of ensuring that the information disclosed allows groups to be identified. The business contribution to the 2030 Agenda is of interest, as it entails an accurate representation of company identity and is congruent with its contribution to the 2030 Agenda. For it, a content analysis of the business communication of 69 Spanish companies with their stakeholders was carried out in order to identify the possible existence of impression management practices. The evidence obtained indicates that although certain companies have adopted strategies to legitimise their contribution through self-promoting information or terms that allow diverting attention from irresponsible behaviour, companies that show a commitment to the 2030 Agenda do not make use of the information disclosed to manage stakeholder perceptions. Theoretically, our research contributes to increasing current knowledge about corporate communication strategies related to non-financial information, and identifying strategies to legitimise and manage impressions in the information related to the SDGs initiatives.

ACS Style

Isabel-María García-Sánchez; Víctor Amor-Esteban; David Galindo-Álvarez. Communication Strategies for the 2030 Agenda Commitments: A Multivariate Approach. Sustainability 2020, 12, 10554 .

AMA Style

Isabel-María García-Sánchez, Víctor Amor-Esteban, David Galindo-Álvarez. Communication Strategies for the 2030 Agenda Commitments: A Multivariate Approach. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (24):10554.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Isabel-María García-Sánchez; Víctor Amor-Esteban; David Galindo-Álvarez. 2020. "Communication Strategies for the 2030 Agenda Commitments: A Multivariate Approach." Sustainability 12, no. 24: 10554.

Research article
Published: 30 March 2020 in Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management
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The main objective of this research is to propose the best aggregate index of corporate social responsibility practice at the organisational level. To achieve this, we analyse the consistency of the different aggregated measures that researchers use in their analyses through a robust statistical technique, the CUR matrix, framed in the big data environment for selecting individuals. Accordingly, we use an international sample of 2,675 large listed companies. The results show that the CUR leverage identifies greater consistency of the different aggregate measures of CSR, confirming its coherence with a correlation analysis. In this sense, it is possible to affirm that the composite indexes used in academia do not introduce any bias into the analysis of CSR practices. In addition, we demonstrate the utility of this technique to identify the most powerful companies, analysing their CSR commitment at the country and industry levels, namely, Norsk Hydro in the metal and mining industry in Norway, Stora Enso in forestry and paper in Finland, Akzo Nobel in chemical products in the Netherlands, BMW in automobiles and parts in Germany, Generali in finance in Italy, Novartis in pharmaceuticals in Switzerland, the BT Group in telecommunications in the United Kingdom and Inditex in textiles in Spain. Moreover, the results of the CUR study confirm that companies adapt to the demands or pressures from the stakeholders in different areas of interest, which are specific to each country and industry. The availability of these data allows the identification of the structural drivers of their growth and the establishment of priorities that allow the design of more effective sustainable development momentum policies.

ACS Style

Víctor Amor‐Esteban; María Purificación Galindo‐Villardón; Isabel‐María García‐Sánchez. Bias in composite indexes of CSR practice: An analysis of CUR matrix decomposition. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management 2020, 27, 1914 -1936.

AMA Style

Víctor Amor‐Esteban, María Purificación Galindo‐Villardón, Isabel‐María García‐Sánchez. Bias in composite indexes of CSR practice: An analysis of CUR matrix decomposition. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management. 2020; 27 (4):1914-1936.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Víctor Amor‐Esteban; María Purificación Galindo‐Villardón; Isabel‐María García‐Sánchez. 2020. "Bias in composite indexes of CSR practice: An analysis of CUR matrix decomposition." Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management 27, no. 4: 1914-1936.

Article
Published: 06 September 2018 in Social Indicators Research
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This paper proposes a National Corporate Social Responsibility Practices Index (NCSRPI) that determines the level of penetration of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in 29 different countries, considering each nation as a set of institutional factors. The NCSRPI is built through a statistical aggregation process of 22 CSR practices categorized into the social and environmental dimensions that are individually observed for each company. The composite indicator summarizes and synthesizes the entire business reality at the country level, providing pertinent information to evaluate factors related to CSR performance and a vision of national commitment to company sustainability. The results provided by the NCSRPI show that companies around the world adopt similar patterns of behaviour in relation to their CSR practices, but with different levels of evolution. Thus, European countries present themselves as the leaders in issues of social responsibility, the countries of America give preference to ethical issues, and countries belonging to the Asian continent, specifically to Southeast Asia, are shown to be the most laggardly in this regard. In conclusion, the institutional environment in each country establishes for firms a series of opportunities and barriers in their decision to adopt or improve their CSR practices.

ACS Style

Víctor Amor-Esteban; Mª-Purificación Galindo-Villardón; Isabel-María García-Sánchez. A Multivariate Proposal for a National Corporate Social Responsibility Practices Index (NCSRPI) for International Settings. Social Indicators Research 2018, 143, 525 -560.

AMA Style

Víctor Amor-Esteban, Mª-Purificación Galindo-Villardón, Isabel-María García-Sánchez. A Multivariate Proposal for a National Corporate Social Responsibility Practices Index (NCSRPI) for International Settings. Social Indicators Research. 2018; 143 (2):525-560.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Víctor Amor-Esteban; Mª-Purificación Galindo-Villardón; Isabel-María García-Sánchez. 2018. "A Multivariate Proposal for a National Corporate Social Responsibility Practices Index (NCSRPI) for International Settings." Social Indicators Research 143, no. 2: 525-560.

Journal article
Published: 28 August 2018 in Administrative Sciences
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Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has the characteristic of being a truly global idea, and its global features could give rise to the assumption that national dynamics are secondary or even irrelevant. However, while CSR policies may be of a global nature, recent research suggests that lasting national institutions and distinctive ideological traditions determine corporate decisions. In this study, we analysed the 2004–2014 decade from a panel data sample of 6600 observations from 600 large, internationally listed companies, and based on multivariate statistical methods, we contrasted the relevance of national identity in the sustainable behaviour of companies with the discovery of important national discrepancies, which corroborates that the country of origin of companies offers a series of facilities and barriers for the development of CSR practices. Companies, depending on different pressures and expectations, care about what is important in their own country. Thus, the corporations coming from Nordic countries—recognised as welfare states—are presented as the leaders in sustainable behaviour, highlighting in the social aspect the proper treatment of their employees and interest groups. They are followed a step below by companies whose country of origin is located in Southern Europe, which prioritise environmental reports. Organisations whose headquarters are centralized in North American countries are in a very delayed position, especially in environmental performance, giving greater preference to ethical issues.

ACS Style

Víctor Amor-Esteban; Mª-Purificación Galindo-Villardón; Fátima David. Study of the Importance of National Identity in the Development of Corporate Social Responsibility Practices: A Multivariate Vision. Administrative Sciences 2018, 8, 50 .

AMA Style

Víctor Amor-Esteban, Mª-Purificación Galindo-Villardón, Fátima David. Study of the Importance of National Identity in the Development of Corporate Social Responsibility Practices: A Multivariate Vision. Administrative Sciences. 2018; 8 (3):50.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Víctor Amor-Esteban; Mª-Purificación Galindo-Villardón; Fátima David. 2018. "Study of the Importance of National Identity in the Development of Corporate Social Responsibility Practices: A Multivariate Vision." Administrative Sciences 8, no. 3: 50.

Research article
Published: 23 August 2018 in Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management
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The aim of this paper is to extend the Industrial Corporate Social Responsibility Practices Index proposed for the 10 main industries in the 39 sectors of activity that comprise them. This extension will provide more detailed information on CSR practices at the industrial level, especially about sustainable development and environmental concerns. In addition, this paper stablishes an aggregate measure of industrial classification and mimetic typologies. It will tabulate the overall impact that the economic activity of a company has on society and environment. Thereby, the relationships between these indicators and the mimetic institutional forces are studied, testing these forces indicate that companies from sectors considered to have greater impact/risk have higher corporate social responsibility (CSR) scores than companies from other sectors. Additionally, using the MetaBiplot statistical multivariate technique, which by the comparison and integration of several subspaces provides a global view of sustainability at a sectoral level, it was found that the most polluting companies with the highest environmental risks—forestry and paper, mining, oil and gas producers, gas, water, and multi‐utilities, tobacco and electricity sectors—show their predilection for environmental policies and reports, human rights, and stakeholder participation. Moreover, the less polluting companies—banks, insurance, media, telecommunications, real state, and general retailers—are more intensive on staff and implement policies aimed at favoring: the personal and work‐life balance with systems for employee training and promotion; the equal opportunities and participation; the maintenance of good customer and supplier relations; and the fight to counteract bribery.

ACS Style

Víctor Amor-Esteban; Purificación Galindo-Villardón; Isabel-María García-Sánchez; Fátima David. An extension of the industrial corporate social responsibility practices index: New information for stakeholder engagement under a multivariate approach. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management 2018, 26, 127 -140.

AMA Style

Víctor Amor-Esteban, Purificación Galindo-Villardón, Isabel-María García-Sánchez, Fátima David. An extension of the industrial corporate social responsibility practices index: New information for stakeholder engagement under a multivariate approach. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management. 2018; 26 (1):127-140.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Víctor Amor-Esteban; Purificación Galindo-Villardón; Isabel-María García-Sánchez; Fátima David. 2018. "An extension of the industrial corporate social responsibility practices index: New information for stakeholder engagement under a multivariate approach." Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management 26, no. 1: 127-140.

Research article
Published: 04 July 2018 in Environmental Science and Pollution Research
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Based on both neo-institutional theory and comparative institutional analysis, this paper studies the role that mimetic forces play in the patterns and evolution of behavior concerning company sustainability. The panel data is composed of 6600 observations of 600 international large listed companies belonging to 39 different activity sectors for the period 2004–2014. Through employing the multivariate statistical methods HJ-biplot and X-STATIS, which provide a useful visualization of a complex data structure in a low-dimensional space, it can be observed that mimetic forces indicate that firms operating in high-impact sectors—sectors that operate under greater pressure from interest groups—face greater social and environmental risks and have higher corporate social responsibility (CSR) scores than companies from other sectors. The adoption or development of CSR practices depends largely on the type of industry in which the company operates, as stakeholder engagement in different industry sectors has different areas of concern. Therefore, companies operating in more polluting sectors, such as mining, paper, chemicals, or oil, give higher priority to environmental protection and defense of human rights, while other, less polluting companies involved in the communication sector are concerned to a greater extent by social issues, such as business ethics or the rights of their employees. Finally, this paper evidences that firms operating in similar contexts, in industries that face analogous risks and challenges, probably develop common policies and regulations with the aim of mitigating the pressures applied by their major stakeholder groups.

ACS Style

Víctor Amor-Esteban; Mª-Purificación Galindo-Villardón; Isabel-María García-Sánchez. Industry mimetic isomorphism and sustainable development based on the X-STATIS and HJ-biplot methods. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2018, 25, 26192 -26208.

AMA Style

Víctor Amor-Esteban, Mª-Purificación Galindo-Villardón, Isabel-María García-Sánchez. Industry mimetic isomorphism and sustainable development based on the X-STATIS and HJ-biplot methods. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2018; 25 (26):26192-26208.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Víctor Amor-Esteban; Mª-Purificación Galindo-Villardón; Isabel-María García-Sánchez. 2018. "Industry mimetic isomorphism and sustainable development based on the X-STATIS and HJ-biplot methods." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 25, no. 26: 26192-26208.

Research article
Published: 27 April 2018 in Sustainable Development
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The aim of this paper is to create an industrial corporate social responsibility practices index (ICSRPI) that allows us to determine the level of sustainable business commitment in the main industries. The ICSRPI allows simplification and quantification of corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices; identification of those industries which present greater deficiencies in sustainability systems to facilitate the planning of various improvement actions; and provision of pertinent information on environmental and social issues to guide stakeholders in their decision‐making processes. In this sense, empirically, the ICSRPI reveals that companies from more polluting sectors, such as oil and gas, chemical, paper or mining, are perceived as having high environmental risk and are the leaders in sustainable development. Companies from less polluting sectors, such as the media or financial services, have lower CSR scores; however, they present high values in social issues, giving higher priority to business ethics and the rights of employees.

ACS Style

Víctor Amor-Esteban; Mª-Purificación Galindo-Villardón; Isabel-María García-Sánchez. Useful information for stakeholder engagement: A multivariate proposal of an Industrial Corporate Social Responsibility Practices Index. Sustainable Development 2018, 26, 620 -637.

AMA Style

Víctor Amor-Esteban, Mª-Purificación Galindo-Villardón, Isabel-María García-Sánchez. Useful information for stakeholder engagement: A multivariate proposal of an Industrial Corporate Social Responsibility Practices Index. Sustainable Development. 2018; 26 (6):620-637.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Víctor Amor-Esteban; Mª-Purificación Galindo-Villardón; Isabel-María García-Sánchez. 2018. "Useful information for stakeholder engagement: A multivariate proposal of an Industrial Corporate Social Responsibility Practices Index." Sustainable Development 26, no. 6: 620-637.

Article
Published: 27 October 2017 in Social Indicators Research
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In this paper, we analyse the effect of coercive isomorphism (legal system) on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) at the country level by using the multivariate statistical techniques X-STATIS and HJ-biplot, which allow us to capture the role that these institutional forces play in the evolution and patterns of behaviour regarding the commitment to sustainability. The results evidence that coercive forces have an important influence on the social and environmental commitment of companies. Analysis of the legal system shows that firms located in civil law countries have a greater interest in their CSR practices and in disclosing information than companies in common law countries; the most likely companies to act in a responsible way are those operating in institutional environments with a large and developed legal system oriented towards stakeholder protection. Consequently, our results show that companies operating in countries with similar legal systems adopt homogeneous patterns of behaviour regarding the commitment to sustainability, but their degrees of development are strongly determined by the coercive institutional characteristics.

ACS Style

Víctor Amor-Esteban; Isabel-Maria Garcia-Sanchez; Purificación Galindo-Villardón. Analysing the Effect of Legal System on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) at the Country Level, from a Multivariate Perspective. Social Indicators Research 2017, 140, 435 -452.

AMA Style

Víctor Amor-Esteban, Isabel-Maria Garcia-Sanchez, Purificación Galindo-Villardón. Analysing the Effect of Legal System on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) at the Country Level, from a Multivariate Perspective. Social Indicators Research. 2017; 140 (1):435-452.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Víctor Amor-Esteban; Isabel-Maria Garcia-Sanchez; Purificación Galindo-Villardón. 2017. "Analysing the Effect of Legal System on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) at the Country Level, from a Multivariate Perspective." Social Indicators Research 140, no. 1: 435-452.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2017 in Ecological Indicators
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ACS Style

Víctor Amor-Esteban; Mª Purificación Galindo Villardón; Isabel María García Sánchez. Cultural values on CSR patterns and evolution: A study from the biplot representation. Ecological Indicators 2017, 81, 18 -29.

AMA Style

Víctor Amor-Esteban, Mª Purificación Galindo Villardón, Isabel María García Sánchez. Cultural values on CSR patterns and evolution: A study from the biplot representation. Ecological Indicators. 2017; 81 ():18-29.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Víctor Amor-Esteban; Mª Purificación Galindo Villardón; Isabel María García Sánchez. 2017. "Cultural values on CSR patterns and evolution: A study from the biplot representation." Ecological Indicators 81, no. : 18-29.