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Craig A. Johnson
University of Guelph, MacKinnon 900D, 50 Stone Rd E Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada

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Journal article
Published: 02 March 2021 in Energy Research & Social Science
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Renewable energy (RE) is critical for curbing global greenhouse gas emissions to achieve 2 to 4 degrees of global warming by 2100. While this is an imperative technical response to the climate crisis, the shift to renewables is also driving a surge in demand for metals and minerals used in RE. Calls are being made for “smarter” and more “responsible” forms of mining, but questions remain about the socio-economic and environmental impacts of extraction, processing, application, and disposal at multiple scales. The literature has been limited to the technical and cost-benefit dimensions of managing RE global supply chains. This article seeks to expand this focus by developing a typology of displacement that may be used to understand the socio-economic and environmental effects of onshore wind, solar photovoltaics (PV), and lithium-ion batteries. It encourages a critical analysis of how the global surge in demand for renewable energy is affecting development pathways and displacement patterns.

ACS Style

Teresa Kramarz; Susan Park; Craig Johnson. Governing the dark side of renewable energy: A typology of global displacements. Energy Research & Social Science 2021, 74, 101902 .

AMA Style

Teresa Kramarz, Susan Park, Craig Johnson. Governing the dark side of renewable energy: A typology of global displacements. Energy Research & Social Science. 2021; 74 ():101902.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Teresa Kramarz; Susan Park; Craig Johnson. 2021. "Governing the dark side of renewable energy: A typology of global displacements." Energy Research & Social Science 74, no. : 101902.

Symposium article
Published: 28 February 2021 in Journal of Agrarian Change
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Like many Latin American countries, Ecuador responded to COVID‐19 by restricting trade and travel, a decision that disrupted the prevailing model of regional trade integration. Among some analysts, observations have been made that the lockdown represents a new opportunity to revitalize rural livelihoods and smallholder agriculture. This paper evaluates these claims by exploring the impact of COVID‐19 on household food security and smallholder food production in Chimborazo, a highland province that is known for extremely high rates of poverty and the highest concentration of Kichwa‐speaking Indigenous people in Ecuador. Drawing upon original empirical research, it makes the case that the prospects for revitalizing smallholder production remain structurally constrained by a legacy of land inequality and failed agrarian reform. According to our findings, the only sectors that thrived during the lockdown were ones that served local markets. For those requiring significant shipping and storage, merchants and traders were able to drive down farmgate prices, squeezing local producers. At the same time, new government legislation made it easier for employers to terminate wage labourers, undermining a vital source of income and employment for low‐income households. Far from revitalizing smallholder agriculture, the pandemic appears to have further entrenched an economic model of supporting agribusiness at the expense of family farms and migrant labour.

ACS Style

Matthew McBurney; Luis Alberto Tuaza; Carlos Ayol; Craig A. Johnson. Land and livelihood in the age of COVID‐19: Implications for indigenous food producers in Ecuador. Journal of Agrarian Change 2021, 21, 620 -628.

AMA Style

Matthew McBurney, Luis Alberto Tuaza, Carlos Ayol, Craig A. Johnson. Land and livelihood in the age of COVID‐19: Implications for indigenous food producers in Ecuador. Journal of Agrarian Change. 2021; 21 (3):620-628.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Matthew McBurney; Luis Alberto Tuaza; Carlos Ayol; Craig A. Johnson. 2021. "Land and livelihood in the age of COVID‐19: Implications for indigenous food producers in Ecuador." Journal of Agrarian Change 21, no. 3: 620-628.

Journal article
Published: 02 April 2018 in World Development
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Animating the contemporary politics of water governance in India is a combination of institutional path dependence and a neo-liberal restructuring that has extended the ability of Indian cities to establish new forms of water entitlement in rural and peri-urban areas. This paper explores the politics of rural–urban water conflicts that are occurring in this changing political context. Building upon Schlager and Ostrom’s conceptualization of operational and collective choice rules, it examines the role of agrarian institutions (primarily in the form of land rights) in shaping the politics of rural–urban water transfers in Mumbai and Chennai, two of India’s largest and fastest-growing cities. By doing so, it makes the case that Mumbai’s ability to secure water entitlement has been facilitated by an institutional legacy of prior appropriation that has been applied in a context of weak and limited tribal authority over land and resources. Chennai by contrast has become far more dependent upon the commodification of water in the form of quasi-market and allocation contracts, reflecting the riparian rights of commercial farmers in the Chennai region. The paper generates theoretical and empirical insights about the ways in which variations in urban and agrarian institutions affect the politics of rural–urban water allocation.

ACS Style

Bharat Punjabi; Craig A. Johnson. The politics of rural–urban water conflict in India: Untapping the power of institutional reform. World Development 2018, 120, 182 -192.

AMA Style

Bharat Punjabi, Craig A. Johnson. The politics of rural–urban water conflict in India: Untapping the power of institutional reform. World Development. 2018; 120 ():182-192.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bharat Punjabi; Craig A. Johnson. 2018. "The politics of rural–urban water conflict in India: Untapping the power of institutional reform." World Development 120, no. : 182-192.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2018 in Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability
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ACS Style

David J Gordon; Craig A Johnson. City-networks, global climate governance, and the road to 1.5 °C. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 2018, 30, 35 -41.

AMA Style

David J Gordon, Craig A Johnson. City-networks, global climate governance, and the road to 1.5 °C. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability. 2018; 30 ():35-41.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David J Gordon; Craig A Johnson. 2018. "City-networks, global climate governance, and the road to 1.5 °C." Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 30, no. : 35-41.

Journal article
Published: 26 May 2017 in Environmental Politics
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ACS Style

David J. Gordon; Craig A. Johnson. The orchestration of global urban climate governance: conducting power in the post-Paris climate regime. Environmental Politics 2017, 26, 694 -714.

AMA Style

David J. Gordon, Craig A. Johnson. The orchestration of global urban climate governance: conducting power in the post-Paris climate regime. Environmental Politics. 2017; 26 (4):694-714.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David J. Gordon; Craig A. Johnson. 2017. "The orchestration of global urban climate governance: conducting power in the post-Paris climate regime." Environmental Politics 26, no. 4: 694-714.

Journal article
Published: 13 June 2013 in Land
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Planned efforts to relocate human populations often entail protracted struggles over the terms on which local populations may be compensated for the loss of land, assets and livelihoods. In many instances, compensation has been established on the basis of historical market value, which in effect excludes stakeholders (e.g., encroachers, landless laborers, sharecroppers, etc.) whose livelihoods are adversely affected by land acquisition. Establishing ways of recognizing and compensating the loss of informal land and livelihood is therefore a pressing policy priority. This paper explores the challenge of compensating losses incurred as a result of rapid urban land acquisition in the Indian State of West Bengal. Drawing upon 6 months of empirical field research, it explores (1) the ways in which national and local development authorities have structured processes of land acquisition in areas surrounding Kolkata; (2) the rights and entitlements that have been used in compensating losses incurred as a result of land acquisition; (3) the degree to which local populations have been incorporated into this process; and (4) the extent to which public policy may be used in strengthening the rights of vulnerable populations to basic forms of entitlement, such as housing, employment, and social assistance.

ACS Style

Craig Johnson; Arpana Chakravarty. Re-Thinking the Role of Compensation in Urban Land Acquisition: Empirical Evidence from South Asia. Land 2013, 2, 278 -303.

AMA Style

Craig Johnson, Arpana Chakravarty. Re-Thinking the Role of Compensation in Urban Land Acquisition: Empirical Evidence from South Asia. Land. 2013; 2 (2):278-303.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Craig Johnson; Arpana Chakravarty. 2013. "Re-Thinking the Role of Compensation in Urban Land Acquisition: Empirical Evidence from South Asia." Land 2, no. 2: 278-303.

Journal article
Published: 09 March 2012 in Environmental Politics
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Projected impacts of climate change raise difficult ethical questions about the responsibility of national governments and international institutions to protect human populations displaced by climate disasters and long-term environmental change. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change projects that climate change will entail large-scale displacement of populations exposed to the disruption of food supplies, health systems, human settlements and livelihoods. The ethics of supporting policies that expose very poor people to the risk of climate-induced disasters, and the politics of developing policies that would reduce the risk of this kind of suffering, are explored. Drawing upon the capabilities approach of Martha Nussbaum and Amartya Sen, the ethics and politics of promoting human resettlement as a means of mitigating the risk of climate disasters in low-income areas of the developing world are considered.

ACS Style

Craig A. Johnson. Governing climate displacement: the ethics and politics of human resettlement. Environmental Politics 2012, 21, 308 -328.

AMA Style

Craig A. Johnson. Governing climate displacement: the ethics and politics of human resettlement. Environmental Politics. 2012; 21 (2):308-328.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Craig A. Johnson. 2012. "Governing climate displacement: the ethics and politics of human resettlement." Environmental Politics 21, no. 2: 308-328.

Original articles
Published: 01 March 2010 in The Journal of Development Studies
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Efforts to promote literacy and other forms of educational achievement in India have in recent years entailed policy reforms aimed at de-regulating the provision of primary and secondary education, especially in rural areas. In many States, deregulation has entailed the active promotion of privately-funded education, raising concerns about the motivations and qualifications of private schools and teachers, about social streaming and about the impact that privately-funded schools will have on the government system. Drawing upon a case study of private education in the Indian State of Madhya Pradesh, the following paper explores the ways in which the establishment of four privately-funded schools affected the socio-economic composition of students, the quality of teaching, the involvement of parents and caregivers and the performance and accountability of private school teachers and administrators. As we might expect, enrolment was biased strongly in favour of boys from forward castes, especially after Grade 5. However, the evidence also reveals that the private schools provided important opportunities for girls and children from lower caste families. Moreover, and on the basis of surveys and interviews we conducted with teachers, administrators and parents, the combination of temporary contracts and private payments appears to have created a situation in which teachers and administrators were explicitly concerned about the perceptions and expectations of parents, and parents were involved – or at least interested in – the education of their children. Whether such findings reflect the miracle of ‘market-based approaches’– as opposed to the values and aspirations of higher income families – the findings provide ample justification for further empirical study.

ACS Style

Craig Johnson; Michael T. Bowles. Making the Grade? Private Education in Northern India. The Journal of Development Studies 2010, 46, 485 -505.

AMA Style

Craig Johnson, Michael T. Bowles. Making the Grade? Private Education in Northern India. The Journal of Development Studies. 2010; 46 (3):485-505.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Craig Johnson; Michael T. Bowles. 2010. "Making the Grade? Private Education in Northern India." The Journal of Development Studies 46, no. 3: 485-505.