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Shanghong Zhang
School of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China

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Journal article
Published: 05 August 2021 in Journal of Hydraulic Research
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Motion of eggs has received increasing attention because they are different from inanimate particles in physical and biological properties (density, diameter and adhesiveness), which determines their motion mechanism. Settling and drifting experiments were conducted to measure and identify the transport mechanism of eggs of two sturgeon species, Siberian sturgeon and Amur sturgeon. The terminal settling velocities are 4.30 ± 0.19 cm s−1 and 4.85 ± 0.22 cm s−1 for adhesive and de-adhered Siberian sturgeon eggs, respectively, and 5.23 ± 0.16 cm s−1 and 5.46 ± 0.19 cm s−1 for adhesive and de-adhered Amur sturgeon eggs, respectively. Adhesiveness decreases the terminal settling velocity. Meanwhile, the terminal settling velocity increases with increasing fish egg size. We developed a formula for the drag coefficient of sturgeon eggs and verified it via drifting experiments. The drag coefficient of sturgeon eggs is mainly affected by adhesive force when the Reynolds number Re ≤ 700 and by inertial force when Re > 700. The results show that sturgeon eggs differ significantly from other solid particles in their behaviour and an exclusive formula is necessary. This further provides new insights into the movement of adhesive demersal eggs and supports numerical simulation of their transportation in natural rivers.

ACS Style

Yujun Yi; Wenfei Jia; Yufeng Yang; Shanghong Zhang. Effects of diameter, density, and adhesiveness on settling velocity and drag coefficient of two sturgeon species eggs in flow. Journal of Hydraulic Research 2021, 1 -11.

AMA Style

Yujun Yi, Wenfei Jia, Yufeng Yang, Shanghong Zhang. Effects of diameter, density, and adhesiveness on settling velocity and drag coefficient of two sturgeon species eggs in flow. Journal of Hydraulic Research. 2021; ():1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yujun Yi; Wenfei Jia; Yufeng Yang; Shanghong Zhang. 2021. "Effects of diameter, density, and adhesiveness on settling velocity and drag coefficient of two sturgeon species eggs in flow." Journal of Hydraulic Research , no. : 1-11.

Journal article
Published: 05 July 2021 in Agricultural Water Management
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Tracing the main sources and spatial distributions of pollutants and quantifying the effects of various factors on soil erosion and pollution loads are important to allow appropriate management systems to be developed for large complex watersheds and allow water pollution to be controlled efficiently and economically. A distributed water, sediment, and pollutant model was used to qualitatively and quantitatively assess temporal and spatial variations in water and sediment characteristics and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loss distributions in a basin from a macroscopic point of view and to trace the sources of pollutants, using the Jialing River Basin as an example. Changes in N and P losses in the basin caused by various management practices were assessed. The results indicated that the average annual water and sediment yield in the study area were 103–857 mm and 2.4–1274.1 t/ha, respectively. The loss of total N and P were 1.1–21.6 kg/ha and 0.01–11.2 kg/ha. The spatial distribution varied greatly, but the annual variation trend was relatively stable. The contribution of N from industrial point sources reached 1973 tons, which was dominant. And the total N distribution in the watershed was closely related to woodland. Total P pollution was most severe for cultivated land. The P load caused by fertilization reached 805 tons, which was significantly more than the point source discharge. Assessments of the effects of implementing various management practices in the watershed indicated that N losses would be decreased more effectively by filter belt in woodland than by other practices. The total N loss would be reduced by 4.4% for every 0.5 m filter belt added to woodland. The losses would be decreased more effectively by a cultivated land filter belt and controlling fertilizer application than by other practices. The 0.5 m filter belt of cultivated land can reduce total P by 5%, and reducing fertilization by 5% can reduce total P by 7.3%. Understanding the temporal and spatial distributions of pollutant sources in a river basin and tracing pollutant sources will allow appropriate management practices to be implemented in key areas to effectively control pollutants.

ACS Style

Xiaoning Hou; Zan Xu; Caihong Tang; Shanghong Zhang. Spatial distributions of nitrogen and phosphorus losses in a basin and responses to best management practices — Jialing River Basin case study. Agricultural Water Management 2021, 255, 107048 .

AMA Style

Xiaoning Hou, Zan Xu, Caihong Tang, Shanghong Zhang. Spatial distributions of nitrogen and phosphorus losses in a basin and responses to best management practices — Jialing River Basin case study. Agricultural Water Management. 2021; 255 ():107048.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiaoning Hou; Zan Xu; Caihong Tang; Shanghong Zhang. 2021. "Spatial distributions of nitrogen and phosphorus losses in a basin and responses to best management practices — Jialing River Basin case study." Agricultural Water Management 255, no. : 107048.

Journal article
Published: 22 June 2021 in Environmental Engineering Science
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An accurate assessment of flood control capacity of a reservoir is a prerequisite for ensuring the safety of flood control works. This study used the method of adding side reservoirs and used MIKE11 to establish a one-dimensional hydrodynamic model of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR). Based on the combination of the dynamic reservoir capacity flood control and the separation of the outflow of the Jingjiang Three Outlets, the flood control capacity of the TGR was assessed. The results showed that the TGR can effectively withstand large floods below the magnitude of 100-year return period discharge. For a rare flood event in 1,000 years recurrence interval, it is necessary to use the Jingjiang flood diversion area for ensuring the safety of downstream floodplains along the main river course. As far as exceptionally large floods with the return frequency of 0.01% or lager magnitude concerned, this extreme high flow cannot be safely impounded by the TGR even if the Jingjiang flood diversion area is adopted. Therefore, a series of upstream cascade reservoirs are suggested to be fully utilized for a joint flood control strategy.

ACS Style

Qiming Yan; Zhu Jing; Zhongxi Xia; Shanghong Zhang. Flood Control Capacity of the Three Gorges Project for Different Frequency Floods. Environmental Engineering Science 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Qiming Yan, Zhu Jing, Zhongxi Xia, Shanghong Zhang. Flood Control Capacity of the Three Gorges Project for Different Frequency Floods. Environmental Engineering Science. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qiming Yan; Zhu Jing; Zhongxi Xia; Shanghong Zhang. 2021. "Flood Control Capacity of the Three Gorges Project for Different Frequency Floods." Environmental Engineering Science , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 11 March 2021 in Journal of Hydrology
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A considerable variability in water and sediment induced by climate change was shown to have a significant impact on a comprehensive management of complex large river basins. In this study, a basin-scale model of the water and sediment yield was established through using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to assess the spatio-temporal response of water and sediment in the Yellow River Basin to extreme rainfall events. Also, an additional set of reservoir regulation and water consumption modules was incorporated in the SWAT, then a task of model calibration and validation was done using discrete regional units and a basin-scale simulation of intensive human activities was successfully implemented. Two basic indices including precipitation concentration degree (PCD) and the spatial distribution of maximum precipitation were used to characterize extreme rainfall events. Several extreme rainfall scenarios were specified to investigate the response of water and sediment variations in this river basin. Our results show that (i) the accuracy of SWAT in predicting water and sediment yield in complex large river basins was apparently improved if taking intensive human activities into account; and (ii) it is shown that changes in slope water and sediment yield are broadly coherent with changes in extreme rainfall patterns in the Yellow River Basin, but there is a significant difference in the response of water and sediment yield to extreme rainfall events among different regions. Specifically, if the PCD was greater than 0.435, the slope sediment yield during the flood season in monitoring reaches from Toudaoguai to Tongguan is in excess of 128.57 t/ha, indicative of severe erosion. Annual river runoff and transported sediment was 52.5 billion m3 and 443 million tons, respectively, at the Tongguan hydrological station. These results could be used a reference for identifying the characteristics and trends of temporal and spatial changes in water and sediment yield under extreme rainfall events, thereby assisting decision making.

ACS Style

Zan Xu; Shanghong Zhang; Xiyan Yang. Water and sediment yield response to extreme rainfall events in a complex large river basin: A case study of the Yellow River Basin, China. Journal of Hydrology 2021, 597, 126183 .

AMA Style

Zan Xu, Shanghong Zhang, Xiyan Yang. Water and sediment yield response to extreme rainfall events in a complex large river basin: A case study of the Yellow River Basin, China. Journal of Hydrology. 2021; 597 ():126183.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zan Xu; Shanghong Zhang; Xiyan Yang. 2021. "Water and sediment yield response to extreme rainfall events in a complex large river basin: A case study of the Yellow River Basin, China." Journal of Hydrology 597, no. : 126183.

Journal article
Published: 28 January 2021 in Journal of Hydrology
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Natural river channels that are sediment supply limited due to upstream water management practices and/or flow regulation are often subject to in-channel bed degradation and bed surface restructuring during natural flood hydrographs or controlled flow releases from upstream dams. The heterogeneity of sediment sizes present in these channels means that different size classes are transported more actively during different parts of the hydrograph. A series of laboratory experiments is conducted to investigate the in-channel response of a graded sediment bed to a range of design flow hydrographs when no sediment is supplied at the upstream boundary. The results show varying temporal lag and bed load transport hysteresis for different transported fractions, defined by fine, medium and coarse size classes in the graded sediment mixture. The coarse size class typically exhibits clockwise hysteresis, indicating more active transport during the rising hydrograph limb, whereas the fine size class demonstrates either no/mixed or counterclockwise hysteresis, as it becomes more active during the falling limb. On this separate limb basis, predictions of fractional bed load transport rates are improved by calculating unique reference threshold shear stresses for each size class at the initiation and cessation of fractional grain motions on the rising and falling limbs, respectively. Corresponding temporal variations in the bed load median grain size vary depending on the hydrograph total water work and unsteadiness, with peak values generally attained during the rising limb and overall bed load fining observed during the falling limb. Analysis of the three size classes also indicates that the medium-coarse and fine fractions are transported in larger relative proportions during smaller magnitude, more flashy hydrographs and larger magnitude, flatter hydrographs, respectively. The resulting armouring of the post-hydrograph bed surface layer is most significant at the upstream end of the channel and decreases exponentially in the downstream direction. Two empirical models, based on combined hydrograph and bed sediment descriptors, are also shown to predict reasonably well the overall bed load yields generated under different flow hydrographs from the satisfactory collapse of the current experimental data and previous datasets for both uniform and graded bed sediments. These bed load yields provide an empirical means to describe the extent of upstream bed armouring and the downstream fining of the bed surface layer after the passage of individual hydrographs.

ACS Style

Le Wang; Alan J.S. Cuthbertson; Shang Hong Zhang; Gareth Pender; An Ping Shu; Yong Qiang Wang. Graded bed load transport in sediment supply limited channels under unsteady flow hydrographs. Journal of Hydrology 2021, 595, 126015 .

AMA Style

Le Wang, Alan J.S. Cuthbertson, Shang Hong Zhang, Gareth Pender, An Ping Shu, Yong Qiang Wang. Graded bed load transport in sediment supply limited channels under unsteady flow hydrographs. Journal of Hydrology. 2021; 595 ():126015.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Le Wang; Alan J.S. Cuthbertson; Shang Hong Zhang; Gareth Pender; An Ping Shu; Yong Qiang Wang. 2021. "Graded bed load transport in sediment supply limited channels under unsteady flow hydrographs." Journal of Hydrology 595, no. : 126015.

Journal article
Published: 03 July 2020 in Water
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The ecological environment is the foundation of human survival and development, and forest ecosystem nature reserves play an important role in the protection of the ecological environment. The evaluation of forest ecosystem nature reserves facilitates the formulation of relevant management policies. At present, the evaluation of the ecological environment of forest ecosystem nature reserves is mainly based on detailed evaluation of some elements of the ecological environment, rather than on a comprehensive quantitative evaluation that reflects the ecological environment in many aspects. To address this shortcoming, the quantitative evaluation indicator system of comprehensive ecological environment for forest ecosystem nature reserves was established based on the water, air, soil, and biological environments, according to the consensus on ecological environment in the past research and characteristics of the research area. The weight is still a necessary and important link in the evaluation of forest ecosystem nature reserves, but the accuracy of the weight results is difficult to get a scientific judgment. To prevent the evaluation results being influenced by weighting uncertainty, an unweighted cloud model was constructed to provide an evaluation mechanism without weight. The ecological environment evaluation was then carried out using the unweighted cloud model, taking Songshan Nature Reserve as a research area. The results show that the grades of the ecological environment of Songshan Nature Reserve are 21% excellent, 67% good, and 12% qualified, and that the state of the ecological environment is stable and performing well. The evaluation results for the grades of the environmental dimension layers are water environment > soil environment > biological environment > air environment. The study’s research results can provide theoretical support for the evaluation of forest ecosystem nature reserves, and for evaluation work in general when weights are difficult to determine or uncertain.

ACS Style

Mengshi Xiang; Xiaonan Lin; Xiyan Yang; Shanghong Zhang. Ecological Environment Evaluation of Forest Ecosystem Nature Reserves Using an Unweighted Cloud Model. Water 2020, 12, 1905 .

AMA Style

Mengshi Xiang, Xiaonan Lin, Xiyan Yang, Shanghong Zhang. Ecological Environment Evaluation of Forest Ecosystem Nature Reserves Using an Unweighted Cloud Model. Water. 2020; 12 (7):1905.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mengshi Xiang; Xiaonan Lin; Xiyan Yang; Shanghong Zhang. 2020. "Ecological Environment Evaluation of Forest Ecosystem Nature Reserves Using an Unweighted Cloud Model." Water 12, no. 7: 1905.

Journal article
Published: 17 April 2020 in Water
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The engineering applications of two-dimensional (2D) hydrodynamic models are restricted by the enormous number of meshes needed and the overheads of simulation time. The aim of this study is to improve computational efficiency and optimize the balance between the quantity of grids used in and the simulation accuracy of 2D hydrodynamic models. Local mesh refinement and a local time stepping (LTS) strategy were used to address this aim. The implementation of the LTS algorithm on a 2D shallow-water dynamic model was investigated using the finite volume method on unstructured meshes. The model performance was evaluated using three canonical test cases, which discussed the influential factors and the adaptive conditions of the algorithm. The results of the numerical tests show that the LTS method improved the computational efficiency and fulfilled mass conservation and solution accuracy constraints. Speedup ratios of between 1.3 and 2.1 were obtained. The LTS scheme was used for navigable flow simulation of the river reach between the Three Gorges and Gezhouba Dams. This showed that the LTS scheme is effective for real complex applications and long simulations and can meet the required accuracy. An analysis of the influence of the mesh refinement on the speedup was conducted. Coarse and refined mesh proportions and mesh scales observably affected the acceleration effect of the LTS algorithm. Smaller proportions of refined mesh resulted in higher speedup ratios. Acceleration was the most obvious when mesh scale differences were large. These results provide technical guidelines for reducing computational time for 2D hydrodynamic models on non-uniform unstructured grids.

ACS Style

Xiyan Yang; Wenjie An; Wenda Li; Shanghong Zhang. Implementation of a Local Time Stepping Algorithm and Its Acceleration Effect on Two-Dimensional Hydrodynamic Models. Water 2020, 12, 1148 .

AMA Style

Xiyan Yang, Wenjie An, Wenda Li, Shanghong Zhang. Implementation of a Local Time Stepping Algorithm and Its Acceleration Effect on Two-Dimensional Hydrodynamic Models. Water. 2020; 12 (4):1148.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiyan Yang; Wenjie An; Wenda Li; Shanghong Zhang. 2020. "Implementation of a Local Time Stepping Algorithm and Its Acceleration Effect on Two-Dimensional Hydrodynamic Models." Water 12, no. 4: 1148.

Journal article
Published: 04 April 2020 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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The impacts of human activity lead to uncertainty and ambiguity when ecological water requirements (EWRs) are calculated based entirely on the current hydrological conditions of urban rivers, and the requirements for meeting the rivers’ function will also be uncertain. Human activity and river function goals are important factors affecting EWRs. This paper discusses the definition of urban river EWRs and the uncertainties in the results of the calculation, and proposes a calculation method for urban river EWRs that is independent of human activity. The Beiyun River Basin, China, was selected for a case study. The EWRs of the Beiyun River were calculated by combining a precipitation frequency curve with a distributed hydrological model. The rationality of the calculated results was verified using the Tennant method and an evaporation plus seepage calculation for the river. The results of the calculation for the urban river EWRs method proposed in this paper are unique, and the total amount is not affected by human activities. With respect to wet, normal, and dry precipitation frequencies, the minimum, suitable, and ideal EWRs of the Beiyun River are 1.48 × 108 m3, 2.79 × 108 m3, and 3.57 × 108 m3, respectively. The research conclusions are of great significance for the objective determination of the EWRs of urban rivers, and for promoting the appropriate planning and development of urban water.

ACS Style

Cheng Zhang; Zhongyu Wan; Zhu Jing; Shanghong Zhang; Yong Zhao. Calculation of ecological water requirements of urban rivers using a hydrological model: A case study of Beiyun River. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 262, 121368 .

AMA Style

Cheng Zhang, Zhongyu Wan, Zhu Jing, Shanghong Zhang, Yong Zhao. Calculation of ecological water requirements of urban rivers using a hydrological model: A case study of Beiyun River. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 262 ():121368.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cheng Zhang; Zhongyu Wan; Zhu Jing; Shanghong Zhang; Yong Zhao. 2020. "Calculation of ecological water requirements of urban rivers using a hydrological model: A case study of Beiyun River." Journal of Cleaner Production 262, no. : 121368.

Journal article
Published: 04 March 2020 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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The flood control ability of river-type reservoirs is greatly influenced by the inflow flood characteristics and the calculation of the dynamic capacity flood regulation. The current research on the flood control ability of large river-type reservoirs mainly uses a design inflow flood based on the enlargement of typical historical floods. This approach does not adequately consider the different forms of inflow floods and the flood regulation of dynamic capacity. To address this issue, the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) was used as a case study. Measured daily runoff data over a 60-year period from the Zhutuo, Beibei, and Wulong Hydrological Stations were used. A stochastic model of inflow floods for the TGR was established using the periodic stationary autoregressive method, which generated 4,000 stochastic inflow floods. A dynamic capacity flood regulation capacity model was used to simulate different inflow floods (the stochastic floods and the measured flood for 1954. The results were based on the 1,000-year flood, which was enlarged by the stochastic floods. The results show that, under the most dangerous inflow flood conditions, the maximum discharge at the Zhicheng Hydrological Station was 75,550 m3/s, which is 7,850 m3/s greater than the maximum discharge at Zhicheng for the 1954 flood. The results also showed that the probability of a more dangerous inflow flood than the 1954 flood occurring is 6.63%. This shows that it is not sufficient to calculate the flood control ability of river-type reservoirs using only historical flood measurements. In flood control design, it is necessary to use stochastic flood simulation methods to find the most dangerous inflow flood process of a reservoir at a specific design frequency, and to simulate the propagation of the flood in the reservoir through dynamic capacity flood regulation. These methods enable the flood control ability of large river-type reservoirs to be demonstrated.

ACS Style

Zhu Jing; Wenjie An; Shanghong Zhang; Zhongxi Xia. Flood control ability of river-type reservoirs using stochastic flood simulation and dynamic capacity flood regulation. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 257, 120809 .

AMA Style

Zhu Jing, Wenjie An, Shanghong Zhang, Zhongxi Xia. Flood control ability of river-type reservoirs using stochastic flood simulation and dynamic capacity flood regulation. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 257 ():120809.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhu Jing; Wenjie An; Shanghong Zhang; Zhongxi Xia. 2020. "Flood control ability of river-type reservoirs using stochastic flood simulation and dynamic capacity flood regulation." Journal of Cleaner Production 257, no. : 120809.

Journal article
Published: 13 December 2019 in Aquaculture
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The transfer mechanism of fish eggs in water after spawned is assumed to cause the most intense impact on their hatching rate. Settling characteristics are different depending on the physical and biological properties (such as density, diameter and surface viscosity). In this study, the terminal settling velocities of the floating eggs of four carps at different water hardening stages were measured. The terminal settling velocities of the eggs gradually decreased with water hardening process. The terminal settling velocity of the eggs of bighead carp was highest, followed by black carp, silver carp and grass carp. Subsequently, an empirical formula describing the relationship between the drag coefficient and the Reynolds number was developed. The applicability of this formula was investigated in drifting experiments. We proposed a formula for calculating the drag coefficient of floating fish eggs. The drag coefficient formula of the floating fish eggs is suitable for the Reynolds numbers below 490. At Reynolds numbers >490, the drag coefficient was about 0.12. The results show that floating fish eggs differ significantly from other solid particles in their behavior and an own formula is necessary. This is the first study on the drag coefficient of the floating fish eggs. It further provides new insight on the movement of floating fish eggs in water and can be used in numerical simulation to describe the transport of floating fish eggs, essential for carp protection.

ACS Style

Wen-Fei Jia; Shang-Hong Zhang; Yu-Feng Yang; Yu-Jun Yi. A laboratory investigation of the transport mechanism of floating fish eggs: A case study of Asian carps. Aquaculture 2019, 519, 734855 .

AMA Style

Wen-Fei Jia, Shang-Hong Zhang, Yu-Feng Yang, Yu-Jun Yi. A laboratory investigation of the transport mechanism of floating fish eggs: A case study of Asian carps. Aquaculture. 2019; 519 ():734855.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wen-Fei Jia; Shang-Hong Zhang; Yu-Feng Yang; Yu-Jun Yi. 2019. "A laboratory investigation of the transport mechanism of floating fish eggs: A case study of Asian carps." Aquaculture 519, no. : 734855.

Journal article
Published: 10 December 2019 in Science of The Total Environment
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It is important to explore the influence of climate and planting structure change on runoff and nitrogen and phosphorus loss in watersheds, as well as to clarify the quantitative relationship between each influencing factor with runoff, nitrogen and phosphorus to formulate reasonable soil and water conservation measures and reduce non-point source pollution in the watershed. In this study, the Lizixi watershed of the Jialing River was analyzed using a Global Climate Model to generate precipitation and temperature change sequences and the distributed hydrological model SWAT was used to simulate changes in runoff and nitrogen and phosphorus loss processes in the watershed under different climate change scenarios and planting structure changes. The results indicate that the increase in runoff caused by climate change in the next decade will be accompanied by an increase in the loss of total nitrogen and total phosphorus. Planting sweet potato under historical meteorological conditions had the best effect on controlling nitrogen and phosphorus loss in the Lizixi watershed, while large losses of nitrogen and phosphorus were produced when planting wheat and corn. At the same time, there is a positive correlation between the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus and the amount of fertilizer applied. For every 10% increase in fertilizer application, the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus increased by 1% and 4%, respectively. The results presented herein will serve as a reference for regional land use management planning.

ACS Style

Shanghong Zhang; Xiaoning Hou; Chuansen Wu; Cheng Zhang. Impacts of climate and planting structure changes on watershed runoff and nitrogen and phosphorus loss. Science of The Total Environment 2019, 706, 134489 .

AMA Style

Shanghong Zhang, Xiaoning Hou, Chuansen Wu, Cheng Zhang. Impacts of climate and planting structure changes on watershed runoff and nitrogen and phosphorus loss. Science of The Total Environment. 2019; 706 ():134489.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shanghong Zhang; Xiaoning Hou; Chuansen Wu; Cheng Zhang. 2019. "Impacts of climate and planting structure changes on watershed runoff and nitrogen and phosphorus loss." Science of The Total Environment 706, no. : 134489.

Journal article
Published: 26 November 2019 in Ecological Indicators
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Shallow lakes widely distributed in middle and lower reaches of watershed are easily multi-stressed by natural forces and human activities. Here, spatio-temporal variations of macroinvertebrate community and their influential variables in a typical large macrophyte-dominated shallow lake--Baiyangdian Lake were studied, using three-year in-situ observational data of spring, summer, and autumn. In total, ten environmental variables and five biological indices were measured for the six sites from each of the two habitat types, semi-natural habitat and disturbed habitat divided by their different exposures to human activities. Disturbed habitat had deeper mean water depth, lower mean transparency, and higher mean concentrations of DO, TN, NH4-N, NO3-N, and COD than that of semi-natural habitat regardless of seasons. Biological metrics indicate lower family-level richness but higher community tolerance level in disturbed habitat in spring and summer, but the results were close in autumn. The present of Lestidae and Gammaridae was a significant determination of semi-natural habitat. Redundancy analyses showed community temporal distribution was mainly driven by temperature, water depth, and pH that greatly influenced by natural forces, while spatial distribution was mainly driven by TN and transparency that greatly influenced by human activity. Regarding averaged data over the same year, season, and habitat, richness and Shannon-Weiner index had significant Pearson linear correlation with transparency (r = 0.521 and r = 0.541, p < 0.05, respectively), family biotic index significantly correlated with TP (r = 0.495, p < 0.05), and NO3-N (r = 0.592, p < 0.01), and percentage of tolerant individuals significantly correlated with pH (r = 0.667, p < 0.01), temperature (r = −0.640, p < 0.01) and NO3-N (r = 0.522, p < 0.05). Those variables are likely responsible for the major variations of community characteristics. High concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients probably encourage the thriving of tolerate assemblage in the lake. Our results reveal that the macroinvertebrate community can shift to be more monotonous and pollution-tolerant under the stress of eutrophication and organic pollution. Disturbance and pollution, in general, can diminish the benefit of habitat-scale protection in certain location.

ACS Style

Yufeng Yang; Yujun Yi; Yang Zhou; Xuan Wang; Shanghong Zhang; Zhifeng Yang. Spatio-temporal variations of benthic macroinvertebrates and the driving environmental variables in a shallow lake. Ecological Indicators 2019, 110, 105948 .

AMA Style

Yufeng Yang, Yujun Yi, Yang Zhou, Xuan Wang, Shanghong Zhang, Zhifeng Yang. Spatio-temporal variations of benthic macroinvertebrates and the driving environmental variables in a shallow lake. Ecological Indicators. 2019; 110 ():105948.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yufeng Yang; Yujun Yi; Yang Zhou; Xuan Wang; Shanghong Zhang; Zhifeng Yang. 2019. "Spatio-temporal variations of benthic macroinvertebrates and the driving environmental variables in a shallow lake." Ecological Indicators 110, no. : 105948.

Journal article
Published: 04 July 2019 in Water
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Climate change has an important impact on water balance and material circulation in watersheds. Quantifying the influence of climate and climate-driven vegetation cover changes on watershed-scale runoff and sediment yield will help to deepen our understanding of the environmental effects of climate change. Taking the Zhenjiangguan Watershed in Sichuan Province, China as a case study, three downscaled general circulation models with two emission scenarios were used to generate possible climatic conditions for three future periods of P1 (2020–2039), P2 (2050–2069) and P3 (2080–2099). Differences in scenarios were compared with the base period 1980–1999. Then, a Normalized Difference Vegetation Index climate factor regression model was established to analyze changes to vegetation cover under the climate change scenarios. Finally, a Soil and Water Assessment Tool model was built to simulate the response of runoff and sediment yield in the three future periods under two different scenarios: only changes in climate and synergistic changes in climate and vegetation cover. The temperature and precipitation projections showed a significant increasing trend compared to the baseline condition for both emission scenarios. Climate change is expected to increase the average annual runoff by 15%–38% compared with the base period, and the average annual sediment yield will increase by 4%–32%. The response of runoff and sediment yield varies in different periods, scenarios, and sub-watersheds. Climate-driven vegetation cover changes have an impact on runoff and sediment yield in the watershed, resulting in a difference of 5.8%–12.9% to the total changes. To some extent, the changes in vegetation cover will inhibit the hydrological impact of climate changes. The study helps to clarify the effects of climate and vegetation cover factors on hydrological variations in watersheds and provides further support for understanding future hydrological scenarios and implementing effective protection and use of water and soil resources.

ACS Style

Shanghong Zhang; Zehao Li; Xiaonan Lin; Cheng Zhang. Assessment of Climate Change and Associated Vegetation Cover Change on Watershed-Scale Runoff and Sediment Yield. Water 2019, 11, 1373 .

AMA Style

Shanghong Zhang, Zehao Li, Xiaonan Lin, Cheng Zhang. Assessment of Climate Change and Associated Vegetation Cover Change on Watershed-Scale Runoff and Sediment Yield. Water. 2019; 11 (7):1373.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shanghong Zhang; Zehao Li; Xiaonan Lin; Cheng Zhang. 2019. "Assessment of Climate Change and Associated Vegetation Cover Change on Watershed-Scale Runoff and Sediment Yield." Water 11, no. 7: 1373.

Journal article
Published: 29 June 2019 in Water
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Multi-source, combined water supply models play an increasingly important role in solving regional water supply problems. At present, in the area of regional water supply, models are mainly used to study the problem of overall water guarantee rate, and do not take into account the impact of the uncertainty of multi-source water supplies on water supply risk. There is also a lack of research on how changes in multi-source water supplies affect sub-region and sub-user water guarantee rates. To address this knowledge gap, the encounter probability of different frequencies and a refined water resources allocation model of multi-source supplies were used. Using Tianjin as an example, this paper studies the quantitative relationship between the uncertainty of multi-source water inflows and the regional guarantee rate of water use. The objectives of the study are to analyze the changing trend of the water shortage rate and the main body of water supply in each region, and to quantitatively describe the influence of the variation of multi-source water supply on the main body of water supply for users. The results show that under the same requirement of guarantee rate for water use, as the number of water diversion sources increase, the probability of water supply meeting the water use rate increases significantly, and the risk to water supplies decreases. At the same time, suburban areas have a low dependence on external water supplies, while the change in the quantity of external water sources has a great impact on the water supply of the Zhongxinchengqu and Binhaixiqnu areas. The distribution and main body of water supply will change for different water users. Therefore, it is important to ensure a stable supply of external water for maintaining the guarantee rate of regional water use.

ACS Style

Shanghong Zhang; Jiasheng Yang; Zan Xu; Cheng Zhang. Effect of Frequency of Multi-Source Water Supply on Regional Guarantee Rate of Water Use. Water 2019, 11, 1356 .

AMA Style

Shanghong Zhang, Jiasheng Yang, Zan Xu, Cheng Zhang. Effect of Frequency of Multi-Source Water Supply on Regional Guarantee Rate of Water Use. Water. 2019; 11 (7):1356.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shanghong Zhang; Jiasheng Yang; Zan Xu; Cheng Zhang. 2019. "Effect of Frequency of Multi-Source Water Supply on Regional Guarantee Rate of Water Use." Water 11, no. 7: 1356.

Journal article
Published: 13 April 2019 in CATENA
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This study investigates the relations between climate change and both runoff and sediment yield in watersheds and provides a scientific basis for water resources planning and design as well as watershed-scale soil and water conservation. The impact of climate change on runoff and sediment yield in a watershed does not occur in isolation, but is a synergistic process in which climate and vegetation jointly influence runoff and sediment yield. Previous studies have seldom addressed this synergistic effect. For this study, a regression model between climate factors (temperature and precipitation) and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was established using data from the Zhenjiangguan Watershed in China. By combining data on climate-driven changes in vegetation cover, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was built to simulate runoff and sediment yield in the watershed under two scenarios: changes in climate, and synergistic changes in climate and vegetation cover. The simulation results show that precipitation is the most sensitive factor affecting runoff and sediment yield; 10% change in annual precipitation can cause 10%–14% change in annual runoff and 17%–24% change in annual sediment yield. Temperature is also an important factor affecting runoff and sediment yield in the watershed. Each temperature increase of 0.7 °C can result in a decrease of 1.4%–2% in annual runoff and 2%–3.7% in annual sediment yield. This research reveals that accounting for synergetic change in vegetation has an impact on runoff and sediment yield results, and that the magnitude and nature of this influence vary among different combinations of temperature and precipitation changes. When temperature was kept constant, the effect of vegetation cover change caused by precipitation change on runoff and sediment yield was relatively small (only 0.9%–1.5% of the total change), and vegetation cover change inhibited the effects of precipitation change on runoff and sediment yield. When precipitation was kept constant, the effects of vegetation cover change caused by temperature change on runoff and sediment yield were relatively large (20%–30% of the total change), and vegetation cover change enhanced the effects of temperature change on runoff and sediment yield. This investigation considers the synergistic effects of climate and vegetation cover change, and thus further clarifies the extent to which climate change impacts water and ecological resources.

ACS Style

Shanghong Zhang; Zehao Li; Xiaoning Hou; Yujun Yi. Impacts on watershed-scale runoff and sediment yield resulting from synergetic changes in climate and vegetation. CATENA 2019, 179, 129 -138.

AMA Style

Shanghong Zhang, Zehao Li, Xiaoning Hou, Yujun Yi. Impacts on watershed-scale runoff and sediment yield resulting from synergetic changes in climate and vegetation. CATENA. 2019; 179 ():129-138.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shanghong Zhang; Zehao Li; Xiaoning Hou; Yujun Yi. 2019. "Impacts on watershed-scale runoff and sediment yield resulting from synergetic changes in climate and vegetation." CATENA 179, no. : 129-138.

Journal article
Published: 13 February 2019 in Ocean Engineering
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Of the many factors that influence navigational safety, navigable flow conditions are one of the most important. Therefore, the development of a navigation risk assessment model based on flow conditions is of considerable importance for improving the safety of shipping. In this paper, the influence of flow on shipping is considered. Four determination indices for navigational safety, including water surface slope, backflow, velocity, and depth, and a five-level classification of navigation risk assessment are proposed. To evaluate quantitatively the influence of flow conditions on shipping, a navigation risk assessment model is established using gray relational analysis. In a case study of navigation in the river between the Three Gorges Dam and the Gezhouba Dam, a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model for the study reach is established to simulate four types of flow field (i.e., under Three Gorges Dam discharge of 7,000, 10,000, 20,000, and 30,000 m3/s). Shipping risk maps for specific ship types under different water regimes were drawn in accordance with the simulated results based on the navigation risk assessment model. The research results not only promote effective precise management of navigation in the study reach but they also provide a reference for quantitative research of navigational safety.

ACS Style

Shanghong Zhang; Zhu Jing; Wenda Li; Long Wang; Dawei Liu; Taiwei Wang. Navigation risk assessment method based on flow conditions: A case study of the river reach between the Three Gorges Dam and the Gezhouba Dam. Ocean Engineering 2019, 175, 71 -79.

AMA Style

Shanghong Zhang, Zhu Jing, Wenda Li, Long Wang, Dawei Liu, Taiwei Wang. Navigation risk assessment method based on flow conditions: A case study of the river reach between the Three Gorges Dam and the Gezhouba Dam. Ocean Engineering. 2019; 175 ():71-79.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shanghong Zhang; Zhu Jing; Wenda Li; Long Wang; Dawei Liu; Taiwei Wang. 2019. "Navigation risk assessment method based on flow conditions: A case study of the river reach between the Three Gorges Dam and the Gezhouba Dam." Ocean Engineering 175, no. : 71-79.

Journal article
Published: 25 January 2019 in Ecological Indicators
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Water cycles protect and maintain ecological environments, while enabling sustainable development of human societies. Various approaches have been proposed for maintaining optimal water cycles. This study developed an evaluation system based on both natural and social attributes of the water cycle. The system incorporated the four dimensions of water ecology, water quality, water quantity, and water use in a distributed hierarchical evaluation model. A water resources carrying capacity model was also constructed. Both models were evaluated using the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region as a case study. Statistical data from 13 prefecture-level cities were used to assess the water cycle status of this region. Overall, the water cycle status of the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region received a score of 3.33, indicating normal status (although this value varied throughout the region) and the standard deviation of the values was up to 0.48. Results suggested that although water use efficiency is close to ideal, insufficient water resources prevent the region from achieving an optimal regional water cycle. Feasible approaches to more sustainable water resource development within the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region include developing interregional cooperation, promoting population–industry relocation, and supplementing shortages with interbasin water transfers.

ACS Style

Shanghong Zhang; Mengshi Xiang; Jiasheng Yang; Weiwei Fan; Yujun Yi. Distributed hierarchical evaluation and carrying capacity models for water resources based on optimal water cycle theory. Ecological Indicators 2019, 101, 432 -443.

AMA Style

Shanghong Zhang, Mengshi Xiang, Jiasheng Yang, Weiwei Fan, Yujun Yi. Distributed hierarchical evaluation and carrying capacity models for water resources based on optimal water cycle theory. Ecological Indicators. 2019; 101 ():432-443.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shanghong Zhang; Mengshi Xiang; Jiasheng Yang; Weiwei Fan; Yujun Yi. 2019. "Distributed hierarchical evaluation and carrying capacity models for water resources based on optimal water cycle theory." Ecological Indicators 101, no. : 432-443.

Journal article
Published: 05 November 2018 in Water
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Water shortage problems are increasing in many water-deficient areas. Most of the current research on multi-source combined water supplies depends on an overall generalization of regional water supply systems, which are seldom broken down into the detail required to address specific research objectives. This paper proposes the concept of a water treatment and distribution station (water station), and generalizes the water supply system into three modules: water supply source, water station, and water user. Based on a topological diagram of the water network (supply source–station–user), a refined water resource allocation model was established. The model results can display, in detail, the water supply source, water supply quantity, water distribution engineering, and other information of all users in each water distribution area. This makes it possible to carry out a detailed analysis of the supply and demand of users, and to provide suggestions and theoretical guidance for regional water distribution implementation. Tianjin’s water resource allocation was selected as a case study, and a water resource allocation scheme for a multi-source, combined water supply, was simulated and discussed.

ACS Style

Shanghong Zhang; Jiasheng Yang; Zhongyu Wan; Yujun Yi. Multi-Water Source Joint Scheduling Model Using a Refined Water Supply Network: Case Study of Tianjin. Water 2018, 10, 1580 .

AMA Style

Shanghong Zhang, Jiasheng Yang, Zhongyu Wan, Yujun Yi. Multi-Water Source Joint Scheduling Model Using a Refined Water Supply Network: Case Study of Tianjin. Water. 2018; 10 (11):1580.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shanghong Zhang; Jiasheng Yang; Zhongyu Wan; Yujun Yi. 2018. "Multi-Water Source Joint Scheduling Model Using a Refined Water Supply Network: Case Study of Tianjin." Water 10, no. 11: 1580.

Article
Published: 10 July 2018 in Journal of Hydrodynamics
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Navigable flow condition simulations can provide detailed information on water depth and velocity distribution, simulation speed is one of the key factors which influence real-time navigation. In this paper, a navigable flow condition simulation system is developed to provide useful information for waterway management and shipping safety. To improve the simulation speed of 2-D hydrodynamic model, an explicit finite volume method and OpenMP are used to realize parallel computing. Two mesh schemes and two computing platforms are adopted to study the parallel model’s performance in the Yangtze River, China. The results show that the parallel model achieves dramatic acceleration, with a maximum speedup ratio of 34.94×. The parallel model can determine the flow state of the navigable channel in about 4 min, efficiency is further improved by a flow simulation scheme database. The developed system can provide early warning information for shipping safety, allowing ships to choose better routes and navigation areas according to real-time navigable flow conditions.

ACS Style

Shang-Hong Zhang; Yu Wu; Zhu Jing; Yu-Jun Yi. Navigable flow condition simulation based on two-dimensional hydrodynamic parallel model. Journal of Hydrodynamics 2018, 30, 632 -641.

AMA Style

Shang-Hong Zhang, Yu Wu, Zhu Jing, Yu-Jun Yi. Navigable flow condition simulation based on two-dimensional hydrodynamic parallel model. Journal of Hydrodynamics. 2018; 30 (4):632-641.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shang-Hong Zhang; Yu Wu; Zhu Jing; Yu-Jun Yi. 2018. "Navigable flow condition simulation based on two-dimensional hydrodynamic parallel model." Journal of Hydrodynamics 30, no. 4: 632-641.

Research article
Published: 01 April 2018 in Hydrological Processes
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The Three Gorges Project is the world's largest water conservancy project. According to the design standards for the 1,000‐year flood, flood diversion areas in the Jingjiang reach of the Yangtze River must be utilized to ensure the safety of the Jingjiang area and the city of Wuhan. However, once these areas are used, the economic and life loss in these areas may be very great. Therefore, it is vital to reduce this loss by developing a scheme that reduces the use of the flood diversion areas through flood regulation by the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), under the premise of ensuring the safety of the Three Gorges Dam. For a 1,000‐year flood on the basis of a highly destructive flood in 1954, this paper evaluates scheduling schemes in which flood diversion areas are or are not used. The schemes are simulated based on 2.5‐m resolution reservoir topography and an optimized model of dynamic capacity flood regulation. The simulation results show the following. (a) In accord with the normal flood‐control regulation discharge, the maximum water level above the dam should be not more than 175 m, which ensures the safety of the dam and reservoir area. However, it is necessary to utilize the flood diversion areas within the Jingjiang area, and flood discharge can reach 2.81 billion m3. (b) In the case of relying on the TGR to impound floodwaters independently rather than using the flood diversion areas, the maximum water level above the dam reaches 177.35 m, which is less than the flood check level of 180.4 m to ensure the safety of the Three Gorges Dam. The average increase of the TGR water level in the Chongqing area is not more than 0.11 m, which indicates no significant effect on the upstream reservoir area. Comparing the various scheduling schemes, when the flood diversion areas are not used, it is believed that the TGR can execute safe flood control for a 1,000‐year flood, thereby greatly reducing flood damage.

ACS Style

Shanghong Zhang; Zhu Jing; Wenda Li; Yujun Yi; Yong Zhao. Study of the flood control scheduling scheme for the Three Gorges Reservoir in a catastrophic flood. Hydrological Processes 2018, 32, 1625 -1634.

AMA Style

Shanghong Zhang, Zhu Jing, Wenda Li, Yujun Yi, Yong Zhao. Study of the flood control scheduling scheme for the Three Gorges Reservoir in a catastrophic flood. Hydrological Processes. 2018; 32 (11):1625-1634.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shanghong Zhang; Zhu Jing; Wenda Li; Yujun Yi; Yong Zhao. 2018. "Study of the flood control scheduling scheme for the Three Gorges Reservoir in a catastrophic flood." Hydrological Processes 32, no. 11: 1625-1634.