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Whitney A. Lisenbee
University of Tennessee, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Knoxville, TN, USA

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Review article
Published: 19 July 2021 in Environmental Modelling & Software
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Many bioretention models still incorporate simplifications and lumped parameters that do not fully account for fundamental physical processes. This review summarizes the representation of hydrologic pathways, notable features, and applications of bioretention models with the goals of recommending models well suited to bioretention modeling and identifying key research needs. As a result, HYDRUS and GIFMod were identified as the only models that use Richards’ equation for determining infiltration under variably saturated conditions. Secondly, this study identified limited drainage configurations by most models except DRAINMOD-Urban. Thirdly, most models were inadequate for considering vegetation and plant water use, an area for improvement in future research. Finally, more calibration and validation studies are needed to build confidence in model results. This review intends to educate modelers of the processing equations for each water balance component, the input requirements in each model, and other model characteristics that should be considered in model selection.

ACS Style

Whitney A. Lisenbee; Jon M. Hathaway; Matthew J. Burns; Tim D. Fletcher. Modeling bioretention stormwater systems: Current models and future research needs. Environmental Modelling & Software 2021, 105146 .

AMA Style

Whitney A. Lisenbee, Jon M. Hathaway, Matthew J. Burns, Tim D. Fletcher. Modeling bioretention stormwater systems: Current models and future research needs. Environmental Modelling & Software. 2021; ():105146.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Whitney A. Lisenbee; Jon M. Hathaway; Matthew J. Burns; Tim D. Fletcher. 2021. "Modeling bioretention stormwater systems: Current models and future research needs." Environmental Modelling & Software , no. : 105146.

Journal article
Published: 19 December 2019 in Journal of Hydrology
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Bioretention systems have become a leading stormwater control measure for mitigating urban hydrology. Although these systems have performed well in many site-scale field studies, less investigation has been directed toward effectively modeling these systems. This is critical, as modeling of bioretention systems provides an avenue for evaluating their effectiveness prior to devoting time and resources into installation. Many hydrologic models capable of simulating bioretention consist of lumped parameters and simplifications that do not fully account for fundamental hydrologic processes such as soil-water interactions. DRAINMOD has shown promise for obtaining detailed daily water balances within bioretention systems under continuous simulations. One significant advantage of DRAINMOD is that it uses the soil-water characteristic curve to account for fluctuations in soil moisture instead of assuming saturation; however, the model historically only produces daily outputs. For this study, DRAINMOD was modified to develop DRAINMOD-Urban, which allows high temporal resolution inputs and outputs, more closely matching the residence time of runoff in urban systems. DRAINMOD-Urban simulations of a bioretention cell in Ohio, USA, revealed that DRAINMOD-Urban could effectively produce hydrographs with a cumulative Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) of 0.60 for the 12 events that produced drainage over a 7-month monitoring period. Overflow was also modeled by DRAINMOD-Urban, but additional overflow data are necessary to derive conclusions about model effectiveness in predicting this hydrologic component. Input parameters previously calibrated for the DRAINMOD model did not translate well to DRAINMOD-Urban with the top-down approach applied in this study (NSE = 0.31 for drainage and NSE = −1.83 for overflow), but the bottom-up approach showed that parameters calibrated with DRAINMOD-Urban (NSE = 0.60 for drainage and NSE = −0.1 for overflow) could be used in DRAINMOD to obtain reasonable drainage volumes (25.6% error compared to measured values). This study suggests DRAINMOD-Urban is an effective tool for modeling bioretention hydrographs and demonstrates the importance of temporal scale in bioretention modeling by illustrating multiple model calibration approaches. Despite the promising results of this study, additional studies are recommended where validation of the model is performed at more sites, in particular for events with overflow. Further, sensitivity analysis of input parameters and comparison of DRAINMOD-Urban to other commonly used bioretention models would inform future modeling efforts.

ACS Style

Whitney Lisenbee; Jon Hathaway; L. Negm; M. Youssef; R. Winston. Enhanced bioretention cell modeling with DRAINMOD-Urban: Moving from water balances to hydrograph production. Journal of Hydrology 2019, 582, 124491 .

AMA Style

Whitney Lisenbee, Jon Hathaway, L. Negm, M. Youssef, R. Winston. Enhanced bioretention cell modeling with DRAINMOD-Urban: Moving from water balances to hydrograph production. Journal of Hydrology. 2019; 582 ():124491.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Whitney Lisenbee; Jon Hathaway; L. Negm; M. Youssef; R. Winston. 2019. "Enhanced bioretention cell modeling with DRAINMOD-Urban: Moving from water balances to hydrograph production." Journal of Hydrology 582, no. : 124491.

Journal article
Published: 13 August 2018 in Sustainability
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Across the United States, the impacts of stormwater runoff are being managed through the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) in an effort to restore and/or maintain the quality of surface waters. State transportation authorities fall within this regulatory framework, being tasked with managing runoff leaving their impervious surfaces. Opportunely, the highway environment also has substantial amounts of green space that may be leveraged for this purpose. However, there are questions as to how much runoff reduction is provided by these spaces, a question that may have a dramatic impact on stormwater management strategies across the country. A highway median swale, located on Asheville Highway, Knoxville, Tennessee, was monitored for hydrology over an 11-month period. The total catchment was 0.64 ha, with 0.26 ha of roadway draining to 0.38 ha of a vegetated median. The results of this study indicated that 87.2% of runoff volume was sequestered by the swale. The Source Loading and Management Model for Windows (WinSLAMM) was used to model the swale runoff reduction performance to determine how well this model may perform in such an application. To calibrate the model, adjustments were made to measured on-site infiltration rates, which was identified as a sensitive parameter in the model that also had substantial measurement uncertainty in the field. The calibrated model performed reasonably with a Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency of 0.46. WinSLAMM proved to be a beneficial resource to assess green space performance; however, the sensitivity of the infiltration parameter suggests that field measurements of this characteristic may be needed to achieve accurate results.

ACS Style

Bailee N. Young; Jon M. Hathaway; Whitney A. Lisenbee; Qiang He. Assessing the Runoff Reduction Potential of Highway Swales and WinSLAMM as a Predictive Tool. Sustainability 2018, 10, 2871 .

AMA Style

Bailee N. Young, Jon M. Hathaway, Whitney A. Lisenbee, Qiang He. Assessing the Runoff Reduction Potential of Highway Swales and WinSLAMM as a Predictive Tool. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (8):2871.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bailee N. Young; Jon M. Hathaway; Whitney A. Lisenbee; Qiang He. 2018. "Assessing the Runoff Reduction Potential of Highway Swales and WinSLAMM as a Predictive Tool." Sustainability 10, no. 8: 2871.