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Dr. Sefater Gbashi
University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa

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0 Food Safety
0 Mass Spectrometry
0 Mycotoxins
0 Method Development and Validation
0 Liquid chromatography

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Mycotoxins
Food Safety
Mass Spectrometry
Liquid chromatography
gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

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Journal article
Published: 26 July 2021 in Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews
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Moving forward from 2020, Africa faces an eminent challenge of food safety and security in the coming years. The World Food Programme (WFP) of the United Nations (UN) estimates that 20% of Africa’s population of 1.2 billion people face the highest level of undernourishment in the world, likely to worsen due to COVID-19 pandemic that has brought the entire world to its knees. Factors such as insecurity and conflict, poverty, climate change and population growth have been identified as critical contributors to the food security challenges on the continent. Biotechnological research on Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) provides a range of opportunities (such as increased crop yields, resistance to pests and diseases, enhanced nutrient composition and food quality) in addressing the hunger, malnutrition and food security issues on the continent. However, the acceptance and adoption of GMOs on the continent has been remarkably slow, perhaps due to contrasting views about the benefits and safety concerns associated with them. With the reality of food insecurity and the booming population in Africa, there is an eminent need for a more pragmatic position to this debate. The present review presents an overview of the current situation of food safety and security and attempts to reconcile major viewpoints on GMOs research considering the current food safety and security crisis in the African continent.

ACS Style

Sefater Gbashi; Oluwafemi Adebo; Janet Adeyinka Adebiyi; Sarem Targuma; Shandry Tebele; Oluwaseun Mary Areo; Bunmi Olopade; Julianah Olayemi Odukoya; Patrick Njobeh. Food safety, food security and genetically modified organisms in Africa: a current perspective. Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews 2021, 1 -34.

AMA Style

Sefater Gbashi, Oluwafemi Adebo, Janet Adeyinka Adebiyi, Sarem Targuma, Shandry Tebele, Oluwaseun Mary Areo, Bunmi Olopade, Julianah Olayemi Odukoya, Patrick Njobeh. Food safety, food security and genetically modified organisms in Africa: a current perspective. Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews. 2021; ():1-34.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sefater Gbashi; Oluwafemi Adebo; Janet Adeyinka Adebiyi; Sarem Targuma; Shandry Tebele; Oluwaseun Mary Areo; Bunmi Olopade; Julianah Olayemi Odukoya; Patrick Njobeh. 2021. "Food safety, food security and genetically modified organisms in Africa: a current perspective." Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews , no. : 1-34.

Journal article
Published: 16 March 2021 in JMIR Medical Informatics
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Background The global onset of COVID-19 has resulted in substantial public health and socioeconomic impacts. An immediate medical breakthrough is needed. However, parallel to the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic is the proliferation of information regarding the pandemic, which, if uncontrolled, cannot only mislead the public but also hinder the concerted efforts of relevant stakeholders in mitigating the effect of this pandemic. It is known that media communications can affect public perception and attitude toward medical treatment, vaccination, or subject matter, particularly when the population has limited knowledge on the subject. Objective This study attempts to systematically scrutinize media communications (Google News headlines or snippets and Twitter posts) to understand the prevailing sentiments regarding COVID-19 vaccines in Africa. Methods A total of 637 Twitter posts and 569 Google News headlines or descriptions, retrieved between February 2 and May 5, 2020, were analyzed using three standard computational linguistics models (ie, TextBlob, Valence Aware Dictionary and Sentiment Reasoner, and Word2Vec combined with a bidirectional long short-term memory neural network). Results Our findings revealed that, contrary to general perceptions, Google News headlines or snippets and Twitter posts within the stated period were generally passive or positive toward COVID-19 vaccines in Africa. It was possible to understand these patterns in light of increasingly sustained efforts by various media and health actors in ensuring the availability of factual information about the pandemic. Conclusions This type of analysis could contribute to understanding predominant polarities and associated potential attitudinal inclinations. Such knowledge could be critical in informing relevant public health and media engagement policies.

ACS Style

Sefater Gbashi; Oluwafemi Ayodeji Adebo; Wesley Doorsamy; Patrick Berka Njobeh. Systematic Delineation of Media Polarity on COVID-19 Vaccines in Africa: Computational Linguistic Modeling Study. JMIR Medical Informatics 2021, 9, e22916 .

AMA Style

Sefater Gbashi, Oluwafemi Ayodeji Adebo, Wesley Doorsamy, Patrick Berka Njobeh. Systematic Delineation of Media Polarity on COVID-19 Vaccines in Africa: Computational Linguistic Modeling Study. JMIR Medical Informatics. 2021; 9 (3):e22916.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sefater Gbashi; Oluwafemi Ayodeji Adebo; Wesley Doorsamy; Patrick Berka Njobeh. 2021. "Systematic Delineation of Media Polarity on COVID-19 Vaccines in Africa: Computational Linguistic Modeling Study." JMIR Medical Informatics 9, no. 3: e22916.

Journal article
Published: 04 January 2021 in Toxins
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Although previous studies have reported the use of nixtamalization for mycotoxins reduction in maize, the efficacy of calcium hydroxide and other nixtamalization cooking ingredients for mycotoxin reduction/decontamination in sorghum and other cereals still need to be determined. The current study investigated the effect of five nixtamalization cooking ingredients (wood ashes, calcium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and calcium chloride) on the reduction of Fusarium mycotoxins in artificially contaminated maize and sorghum using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. All tested cooking ingredients effectively reduced levels of mycotoxins in the contaminated samples with reduction initiated immediately after the washing step. Except for the calcium chloride nixtamal, levels of fumonisin B1, B2, and B3 in the processed sorghum nixtamal samples were below the limit of detection. Meanwhile, the lowest pH values were obtained from the maize (4.84; 4.99), as well as sorghum (4.83; 4.81) nejayote and nixtamal samples obtained via calcium chloride treatment. Overall, the results revealed that the tested cooking ingredients were effective in reducing the target mycotoxins. In addition, it pointed out the potential of calcium chloride, though with reduced effectiveness, as a possible greener alternative cooking ingredient (ecological nixtamalization) when there are environmental concerns caused by alkaline nejayote.

ACS Style

Julianah Odukoya; Sarah De Saeger; Marthe De Boevre; Gabriel Adegoke; Kris Audenaert; Siska Croubels; Gunther Antonissen; Karel Vermeulen; Sefater Gbashi; Patrick Njobeh. Effect of Selected Cooking Ingredients for Nixtamalization on the Reduction of Fusarium Mycotoxins in Maize and Sorghum. Toxins 2021, 13, 27 .

AMA Style

Julianah Odukoya, Sarah De Saeger, Marthe De Boevre, Gabriel Adegoke, Kris Audenaert, Siska Croubels, Gunther Antonissen, Karel Vermeulen, Sefater Gbashi, Patrick Njobeh. Effect of Selected Cooking Ingredients for Nixtamalization on the Reduction of Fusarium Mycotoxins in Maize and Sorghum. Toxins. 2021; 13 (1):27.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Julianah Odukoya; Sarah De Saeger; Marthe De Boevre; Gabriel Adegoke; Kris Audenaert; Siska Croubels; Gunther Antonissen; Karel Vermeulen; Sefater Gbashi; Patrick Njobeh. 2021. "Effect of Selected Cooking Ingredients for Nixtamalization on the Reduction of Fusarium Mycotoxins in Maize and Sorghum." Toxins 13, no. 1: 27.

Review
Published: 24 December 2020 in Food Research International
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Metabolomics is a high precision analytical approach to obtaining detailed information of varieties of metabolites produced in biological systems, including foods. This study reviews the use of metabolomic approaches such as liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS), gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), matrix assisted laser desorption /ionization tandem time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) for investigating the presence of foodborne pathogens and their metabolites. Pathogenic fungi and their notable metabolites (mycotoxins) have been studied more extensively using metabolomics as compared to bacteria, necessitating further studies in this regard. Nevertheless, such identified fungal and bacteria metabolites could be used as biomarkers for a more rapid detection of these pathogens in food. Other important compounds detected through metabolomics could also be correlated to functionality of these pathogenic strains, determined by the composition of the foods in which they exist, thereby providing insights into their metabolism. Considering the prevalence of these food pathogens, metabolomics still has potentials in the determination of food-borne pathogenic microorganisms especially for the determination of pathogenic bacteria toxins and is expected to generate research interests for further studies and applications.

ACS Style

Ajibola Bamikole Oyedeji; Ezekiel Green; Janet Adeyinka Adebiyi; Opeolu Mayowa Ogundele; Sefater Gbashi; Martins Ajibade Adefisoye; Samson Adeoye Oyeyinka; Oluwafemi Ayodeji Adebo. Metabolomic approaches for the determination of metabolites from pathogenic microorganisms: A review. Food Research International 2020, 140, 110042 .

AMA Style

Ajibola Bamikole Oyedeji, Ezekiel Green, Janet Adeyinka Adebiyi, Opeolu Mayowa Ogundele, Sefater Gbashi, Martins Ajibade Adefisoye, Samson Adeoye Oyeyinka, Oluwafemi Ayodeji Adebo. Metabolomic approaches for the determination of metabolites from pathogenic microorganisms: A review. Food Research International. 2020; 140 ():110042.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ajibola Bamikole Oyedeji; Ezekiel Green; Janet Adeyinka Adebiyi; Opeolu Mayowa Ogundele; Sefater Gbashi; Martins Ajibade Adefisoye; Samson Adeoye Oyeyinka; Oluwafemi Ayodeji Adebo. 2020. "Metabolomic approaches for the determination of metabolites from pathogenic microorganisms: A review." Food Research International 140, no. : 110042.

Review article
Published: 22 October 2020 in Heliyon
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Mycotoxins present a great concern to food safety and security due to their adverse health and socio-economic impacts. The necessity to formulate novel strategies that can mitigate the economic and health effects associated with mycotoxin contamination of food and feed commodities without any impact on public health, quality and nutritional value of food and feed, economy and trade industry become imperative. Various strategies have been adopted to mitigate mycotoxin contamination but often fall short of the required efficacy. One of the promising approaches is the use of bioactive plant components/metabolites synergistically with mycotoxin-absorbing components in order to limit exposure to these toxins and associated negative health effects. In particular, is the fabrication of β-cyclodextrin-based nanosponges encapsulated with bioactive compounds of plant origin to inhibit toxigenic fungi and decontaminate mycotoxins in food and feed without leaving any health and environmental hazard to the consumers. The present paper reviews the use of botanicals extracts and their phytochemicals coupled with β-cyclodextrin-based nanosponge technology to inhibit toxigenic fungal invasion and detoxify mycotoxins.

ACS Style

Rhulani Makhuvele; Kayleen Naidu; Sefater Gbashi; Velaphi C. Thipe; Oluwafemi A. Adebo; Patrick B. Njobeh. The use of plant extracts and their phytochemicals for control of toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins. Heliyon 2020, 6, e05291 .

AMA Style

Rhulani Makhuvele, Kayleen Naidu, Sefater Gbashi, Velaphi C. Thipe, Oluwafemi A. Adebo, Patrick B. Njobeh. The use of plant extracts and their phytochemicals for control of toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins. Heliyon. 2020; 6 (10):e05291.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rhulani Makhuvele; Kayleen Naidu; Sefater Gbashi; Velaphi C. Thipe; Oluwafemi A. Adebo; Patrick B. Njobeh. 2020. "The use of plant extracts and their phytochemicals for control of toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins." Heliyon 6, no. 10: e05291.

Articles
Published: 08 September 2020 in Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A
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Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites that are produced by filamentous mycotoxigenic fungi belonging to the Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium genera amongst others. Multi-class mycotoxins were extracted from 55 cereal samples and analysed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The adopted extraction method for maize, maize porridge, sorghum and wheat was comprehensively validated. This method was further tested to determine the natural occurrence of mycotoxins in foodstuffs. Twelve (12) out of 22 mycotoxins were detected in maize, maize porridge, sorghum and wheat, including α-zearalenol (α-ZEL) (89%), fumonisin B3 (FB3) (84%), fumonisin B1 (FB1) (80%), tenuazonic acid (TeA) (78%), ochratoxin B (42%), deoxynivalenol (DON) (12%), ochratoxin A (11%), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (7%), sterigmatocystin (STG) (6%), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (2%), cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) (2%) and aflatoxin B2 (2%). The data revealed high incidence rate of α-ZEL (range: 6.5–70.5 µg kg−1) in all matrices. Maize samples had high mycotoxin co-occurrence compared to other matrices. All recovered mycotoxins in food commodities were within the maximum regulatory limits, with the exception of fumonisins (FB1 and FB3) exceeded the South African and European Commission regulation, and the highest concentration was 2153 µg kg−1 in maize. It is essential to monitor the level of emerging mycotoxins in food commodities from rural areas as trace amount of CPA (< limit of quantification), STG (range: 0.30–0.74 µg kg−1) were detected and high concentration of TeA (292.7 µg kg−1) was detected in sorghum. The occurrence of these mycotoxins further encourages frequent analyses, their co-occurrence in the samples poses a significant threat to public health and more emphasis should thus be placed on reducing the contamination levels of these toxins in staples.

ACS Style

Shandry Mmasetshaba Tebele; Sefater Gbashi; Oluwafemi Adebo; Rumbidzai Changwa; Kayleen Naidu; Patrick Berka Njobeh. Quantification of multi-mycotoxin in cereals (maize, maize porridge, sorghum and wheat) from Limpopo province of South Africa. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 2020, 37, 1922 -1938.

AMA Style

Shandry Mmasetshaba Tebele, Sefater Gbashi, Oluwafemi Adebo, Rumbidzai Changwa, Kayleen Naidu, Patrick Berka Njobeh. Quantification of multi-mycotoxin in cereals (maize, maize porridge, sorghum and wheat) from Limpopo province of South Africa. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A. 2020; 37 (11):1922-1938.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shandry Mmasetshaba Tebele; Sefater Gbashi; Oluwafemi Adebo; Rumbidzai Changwa; Kayleen Naidu; Patrick Berka Njobeh. 2020. "Quantification of multi-mycotoxin in cereals (maize, maize porridge, sorghum and wheat) from Limpopo province of South Africa." Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 37, no. 11: 1922-1938.

Review
Published: 27 July 2020 in International Journal of Food Science & Technology
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The overarching challenges presented by mycotoxin contamination in food necessitate the development of strategies to be implemented to combat their effects thereof. Common processing techniques have been utilized but do not necessarily meet the desired efficacy. This review appraises studies on novel non‐thermal food processing techniques, particularly high pressure processing, pulsed electric filed, cold plasma and ultrasound processing for the decontamination of mycotoxins in food. Although available studies on these techniques have suggested a reduction of mycotoxins and in some instances, complete decontamination of mycotoxins were also reported. The mechanisms by which reduction/elimination occurs include through decomposition of toxins after collision with ions/electrons leading to cleavage of bonds, structural degradation of the mycotoxins structure and cleavage of functional groups. Additional studies into the toxicity of degraded products and the composition of the food products is still required to ensure a more widespread adoption of these techniques to enhance food safety.

ACS Style

Oluwafemi Ayodeji Adebo; Tumisi Molelekoa; Rhulani Makhuvele; Janet Adeyinka Adebiyi; Ajibola Bamikole Oyedeji; Sefater Gbashi; Martins Ajibade Adefisoye; Opeoluwa Mayowa Ogundele; Patrick Berka Njobeh. A review on novel non‐thermal food processing techniques for mycotoxin reduction. International Journal of Food Science & Technology 2020, 56, 13 -27.

AMA Style

Oluwafemi Ayodeji Adebo, Tumisi Molelekoa, Rhulani Makhuvele, Janet Adeyinka Adebiyi, Ajibola Bamikole Oyedeji, Sefater Gbashi, Martins Ajibade Adefisoye, Opeoluwa Mayowa Ogundele, Patrick Berka Njobeh. A review on novel non‐thermal food processing techniques for mycotoxin reduction. International Journal of Food Science & Technology. 2020; 56 (1):13-27.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Oluwafemi Ayodeji Adebo; Tumisi Molelekoa; Rhulani Makhuvele; Janet Adeyinka Adebiyi; Ajibola Bamikole Oyedeji; Sefater Gbashi; Martins Ajibade Adefisoye; Opeoluwa Mayowa Ogundele; Patrick Berka Njobeh. 2020. "A review on novel non‐thermal food processing techniques for mycotoxin reduction." International Journal of Food Science & Technology 56, no. 1: 13-27.

Preprint content
Published: 27 July 2020
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BACKGROUND The global onset of COVID-19 has resulted in substantial public health and socioeconomic impacts. An immediate medical breakthrough is needed. However, parallel to the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic is the proliferation of information regarding the pandemic, which, if uncontrolled, cannot only mislead the public but also hinder the concerted efforts of relevant stakeholders in mitigating the effect of this pandemic. It is known that media communications can affect public perception and attitude toward medical treatment, vaccination, or subject matter, particularly when the population has limited knowledge on the subject. OBJECTIVE This study attempts to systematically scrutinize media communications (Google News headlines or snippets and Twitter posts) to understand the prevailing sentiments regarding COVID-19 vaccines in Africa. METHODS A total of 637 Twitter posts and 569 Google News headlines or descriptions, retrieved between February 2 and May 5, 2020, were analyzed using three standard computational linguistics models (ie, TextBlob, Valence Aware Dictionary and Sentiment Reasoner, and Word2Vec combined with a bidirectional long short-term memory neural network). RESULTS Our findings revealed that, contrary to general perceptions, Google News headlines or snippets and Twitter posts within the stated period were generally passive or positive toward COVID-19 vaccines in Africa. It was possible to understand these patterns in light of increasingly sustained efforts by various media and health actors in ensuring the availability of factual information about the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS This type of analysis could contribute to understanding predominant polarities and associated potential attitudinal inclinations. Such knowledge could be critical in informing relevant public health and media engagement policies.

ACS Style

Sefater Gbashi; Oluwafemi Ayodeji Adebo; Wesley Doorsamy; Patrick Berka Njobeh. Systematic Delineation of Media Polarity on COVID-19 Vaccines in Africa: Computational Linguistic Modeling Study (Preprint). 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Sefater Gbashi, Oluwafemi Ayodeji Adebo, Wesley Doorsamy, Patrick Berka Njobeh. Systematic Delineation of Media Polarity on COVID-19 Vaccines in Africa: Computational Linguistic Modeling Study (Preprint). . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sefater Gbashi; Oluwafemi Ayodeji Adebo; Wesley Doorsamy; Patrick Berka Njobeh. 2020. "Systematic Delineation of Media Polarity on COVID-19 Vaccines in Africa: Computational Linguistic Modeling Study (Preprint)." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 25 June 2020 in Scientific Reports
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In this study, 15 different mycotoxins were estimated in three staple cereals from selected agro-ecological regions in Nigeria using a ‘novel’ green extraction method, pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) in comparison to a conventional solvent extraction method. Discrimination of the results of PHWE and solvent extraction using principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminate analysis (OPLS-DA) did not yield any differential clustering patterns. All maize samples (n = 16), 32% (n = 38) of sorghum and 35% (n = 37) of millet samples were positive for at least one of the 15 tested mycotoxins. Contamination levels for the cereals were higher in the warm humid rain forest region and gradually decreased towards the hot and arid region in the north of the country. The results demonstrate the applicability of PHWE as a possible alternative extraction method to conventional methods of extraction, which are solvent based.

ACS Style

Sefater Gbashi; Patrick Berka Njobeh; Ntakadzeni Edwin Madala; Marthe De Boevre; Victor Kagot; Sarah De Saeger. Parallel validation of a green-solvent extraction method and quantitative estimation of multi-mycotoxins in staple cereals using LC-MS/MS. Scientific Reports 2020, 10, 1 .

AMA Style

Sefater Gbashi, Patrick Berka Njobeh, Ntakadzeni Edwin Madala, Marthe De Boevre, Victor Kagot, Sarah De Saeger. Parallel validation of a green-solvent extraction method and quantitative estimation of multi-mycotoxins in staple cereals using LC-MS/MS. Scientific Reports. 2020; 10 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sefater Gbashi; Patrick Berka Njobeh; Ntakadzeni Edwin Madala; Marthe De Boevre; Victor Kagot; Sarah De Saeger. 2020. "Parallel validation of a green-solvent extraction method and quantitative estimation of multi-mycotoxins in staple cereals using LC-MS/MS." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1: 1.

Journal article
Published: 24 October 2019 in Toxins
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Montmorillonite clay has a wide range of applications, one of which includes the binding of mycotoxins in foods and feeds through adsorption. T-2 toxin, produced by some Fusarium, Myrothecium, and Stachybotrys species, causes dystrophy in the brain, heart, and kidney. Various formulations that include lemongrass essential oil-modified montmorillonite clay (LGEO-MMT), lemongrass powder (LGP), montmorillonite clay washed with 1 mM NaCl (Na-MMT), montmorillonite clay (MMT), and lemongrass powder mixed with montmorillonite clay (LGP-MMT) were applied to maize at concentrations of 8% and 12% and stored for a period of one month at 30 °C. Unmodified montmorillonite clay and LGP served as the negative controls alongside untreated maize. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra of the various treatments showed the major functional groups as Si-O and -OH. All treatment formulations were effective in the decontamination of T-2 toxin in maize. Accordingly, it was revealed that the inclusion of Na-MMT in maize at a concentration of 8% was most effective in decontaminating T-2 toxin by 66% in maize followed by LGP-MMT at 12% inclusion level recording a 56% decontamination of T-2 toxin in maize (p = 0.05). Montmorillonite clay can be effectively modified with plant extracts for the decontamination of T-2 toxin.

ACS Style

Bunmi K. Olopade; Solomon U. Oranusi; Obinna C. Nwinyi; Isiaka A. Lawal; Sefater Gbashi; Patrick B. Njobeh. Decontamination of T-2 Toxin in Maize by Modified Montmorillonite Clay. Toxins 2019, 11, 616 .

AMA Style

Bunmi K. Olopade, Solomon U. Oranusi, Obinna C. Nwinyi, Isiaka A. Lawal, Sefater Gbashi, Patrick B. Njobeh. Decontamination of T-2 Toxin in Maize by Modified Montmorillonite Clay. Toxins. 2019; 11 (11):616.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bunmi K. Olopade; Solomon U. Oranusi; Obinna C. Nwinyi; Isiaka A. Lawal; Sefater Gbashi; Patrick B. Njobeh. 2019. "Decontamination of T-2 Toxin in Maize by Modified Montmorillonite Clay." Toxins 11, no. 11: 616.

Journal article
Published: 30 September 2019 in Food Chemistry
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Effective management of mycotoxins rely on stringent regulation and routine surveillance of food/feed commodities via efficient analysis, hence the continuous need for improved methods. The present study developed, optimized and validated a modified pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) method for the simultaneous extraction of multi-mycotoxins from maize and subsequent quantification on LC-MS/MS. The PHWE system was modified using ethanol (EtOH) as a cosolvent, while a numerical modelling approach, the central composite design (CCD), was adopted for the optimization of the extraction conditions. Using the optimized method, it was possible to effectively extract and quantify 15 different mycotoxins from maize in a single step with satisfactory linearities (0.986–0.999), recoveries (14–124%) and other associated method validation parameters. Further efficacious application of the method to real samples re-affirmed the prospects of PHWE as a suitable, cost-effective and greener alternative to traditional methods of mycotoxin extraction.

ACS Style

Sefater Gbashi; Patrick Berka Njobeh; Sarah De Saeger; Marthe De Boevre; Ntakadzeni Edwin Madala. Development, chemometric-assisted optimization and in-house validation of a modified pressurized hot water extraction methodology for multi-mycotoxins in maize. Food Chemistry 2019, 307, 125526 .

AMA Style

Sefater Gbashi, Patrick Berka Njobeh, Sarah De Saeger, Marthe De Boevre, Ntakadzeni Edwin Madala. Development, chemometric-assisted optimization and in-house validation of a modified pressurized hot water extraction methodology for multi-mycotoxins in maize. Food Chemistry. 2019; 307 ():125526.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sefater Gbashi; Patrick Berka Njobeh; Sarah De Saeger; Marthe De Boevre; Ntakadzeni Edwin Madala. 2019. "Development, chemometric-assisted optimization and in-house validation of a modified pressurized hot water extraction methodology for multi-mycotoxins in maize." Food Chemistry 307, no. : 125526.

Book chapter
Published: 28 August 2019 in Mycotoxins - Impact and Management Strategies
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The proliferated contamination of agricultural commodities by mycotoxins and their attendant toxic effects on humans and animals which consume such commodities constitutes a major concern to food safety and security. These highly toxic food contaminants are produced by various filamentous fungi species that are ubiquitous in nature, however, favourable climatic conditions in the tropics favour their proliferation in these regions. Africa, by virtue of its location along the equator makes it highly accommodative to proliferation of mycotoxigenic fungi species, as such, it is the most affected of all the continents. Other factors such as poverty, and climate change further complicates the mycotoxin situation on the continent. Economic impact due to mycotoxin contamination in Africa is thus alarming. The effects of mycotoxins can in fact be felt in the overall health of humans and animals, sustainable development, food security and safety, damage to the African agricultural export brand, negatively impacting Africa’s self-sustainability and increased dependence on foreign aid, not excluding high cost of research, mitigation and regulation of the prevalence of these toxins in African countries. This book chapter presents an exhaustive appraisal of the socio-economic impact of mycotoxins on Africa. Our observations herein are expected to stimulate policy makers, as well as, all stakeholders along the food supply chain to identify critical areas of collaboration and strengthen alliances in order to ameliorate the effects of these toxicants on the continent of Africa, and the world at large.

ACS Style

Sefater Gbashi; Ntakadzeni Edwin Madala; Sarah De Saeger; Marthe De Boevre; Ifeoluwa Adekoya; Oluwafemi Ayodeji Adebo; Patrick Berka Njobeh. The Socio-Economic Impact of Mycotoxin Contamination in Africa. Mycotoxins - Impact and Management Strategies 2019, 1 .

AMA Style

Sefater Gbashi, Ntakadzeni Edwin Madala, Sarah De Saeger, Marthe De Boevre, Ifeoluwa Adekoya, Oluwafemi Ayodeji Adebo, Patrick Berka Njobeh. The Socio-Economic Impact of Mycotoxin Contamination in Africa. Mycotoxins - Impact and Management Strategies. 2019; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sefater Gbashi; Ntakadzeni Edwin Madala; Sarah De Saeger; Marthe De Boevre; Ifeoluwa Adekoya; Oluwafemi Ayodeji Adebo; Patrick Berka Njobeh. 2019. "The Socio-Economic Impact of Mycotoxin Contamination in Africa." Mycotoxins - Impact and Management Strategies , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 02 August 2019 in Toxins
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A total of 105 different types of poultry feed samples from South Africa were simultaneously analysed for the presence of 16 mycotoxins using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (UHPLC-MS/MS). The data revealed the presence of 16 mycotoxins in the various poultry feed samples. Fumonisin B1 (FB1) was the most dominant recovered from 100% of samples analysed at concentrations ranging between 38.7 and 7125.3 µg/kg. This was followed by zearalenone (ZEN) (range: 0.1-429 µg/kg) and deoxynivalenol (DON) (range: 2.5-154 µg/kg). Samples were also found to be contaminated with fumonisin B2 (FB2) (range: 0.7-125.1 µg/kg), fumonisin B3 (FB3) (range: 0.1-125.1 µg/kg), α-zearalenol (α-ZEL) (range: 0.6-20 µg/kg ), β-zearalenol (β-ZEL) (range: 0.2-22.1 µg/kg), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON) (range: 0.1-12.9 µg/kg) and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON) (range: 1.7-41.9 µg/kg). Alternaria mycotoxin, i.e., Alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) was recovered in 100% of samples at concentrations that ranged from 0.3-155.5 µg/kg. Aflatoxins (AFs) had an incidence rate of 92% with generally low concentration levels ranging from 0.1-3.7 µg/kg. Apart from these metabolites, 2 type A trichothecenes (THs), i.e., HT-2 toxin (HT-2) (range: 0.2-5.9 µg/kg) and T-2 toxin (T-2) (range: 0.1-15.3 µg/kg) were also detected. Mycotoxin contamination in South African poultry feed constitutes a concern as correspondingly high contamination levels, such as those observed herein are likely to affect birds, which can be accompanied by severe health implications, thus compromising animal productivity in the country. Such exposures, primarily to more than one mycotoxin concurrently, may elicit noticeable synergistic and or additive effects on poultry birds.

ACS Style

Sharon Maphala Mokubedi; Judith Zanele Phoku; Rumbidzai Naledi Changwa; Sefater Gbashi; Patrick Berka Njobeh. Analysis of Mycotoxins Contamination in Poultry Feeds Manufactured in Selected Provinces of South Africa Using UHPLC-MS/MS. Toxins 2019, 11, 452 .

AMA Style

Sharon Maphala Mokubedi, Judith Zanele Phoku, Rumbidzai Naledi Changwa, Sefater Gbashi, Patrick Berka Njobeh. Analysis of Mycotoxins Contamination in Poultry Feeds Manufactured in Selected Provinces of South Africa Using UHPLC-MS/MS. Toxins. 2019; 11 (8):452.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sharon Maphala Mokubedi; Judith Zanele Phoku; Rumbidzai Naledi Changwa; Sefater Gbashi; Patrick Berka Njobeh. 2019. "Analysis of Mycotoxins Contamination in Poultry Feeds Manufactured in Selected Provinces of South Africa Using UHPLC-MS/MS." Toxins 11, no. 8: 452.

Research article
Published: 03 July 2019 in International Journal of Analytical Chemistry
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Multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) was fixed onto the surface of a magnetic silica ([email protected]) substrate via chemical vapour deposition (CVD). Acetylene gas was used as the carbon source and cobalt oxide as the catalyst. The chemical and physical characteristics of the materials were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy (RS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm. The synthesized [email protected] nanocomposite was used as a magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) adsorbent for the preconcentration of organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs), specifically, azinphos methyl, chlorpyrifos, parathion, and malathion. The factors influencing the extraction efficiency such as pH, contact time, and adsorbent dosage were investigated and optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) and desirability function. Linear response was obtained in the concentration range of 10–200 μg/L for the analytes with determination coefficients ranging between 0.9955 and 0.9977. The limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQs) were in the range of 0.004-0.150 μg/L and 0.013-0.499 μg/L, respectively. [email protected] was applied in the extraction and subsequent determination of OPPs in water samples from Vaal River and Vaal Dam with recoveries ranging from 84.0 to 101.4% (RSDs = 3.8–9.6%, n = 3) in Vaal River and 86.2 to 93.8% (RSDs = 2.9–10.4%, n = 3) in Vaal Dam. The obtained results showed that the newly synthesized [email protected] nanocomposite can be an efficient adsorbent with good potential for the preconcentration and extraction of selected OPPs from aqueous media.

ACS Style

Veronica W. O. Wanjeri; Sefater Gbashi; Jane C. Ngila; Patrick Njobeh; Messai A. Mamo; Patrick G. Ndungu. Chemical Vapour Deposition of MWCNT on Silica Coated Fe3O4 and Use of Response Surface Methodology for Optimizing the Extraction of Organophosphorus Pesticides from Water. International Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2019, 2019, 1 -16.

AMA Style

Veronica W. O. Wanjeri, Sefater Gbashi, Jane C. Ngila, Patrick Njobeh, Messai A. Mamo, Patrick G. Ndungu. Chemical Vapour Deposition of MWCNT on Silica Coated Fe3O4 and Use of Response Surface Methodology for Optimizing the Extraction of Organophosphorus Pesticides from Water. International Journal of Analytical Chemistry. 2019; 2019 ():1-16.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Veronica W. O. Wanjeri; Sefater Gbashi; Jane C. Ngila; Patrick Njobeh; Messai A. Mamo; Patrick G. Ndungu. 2019. "Chemical Vapour Deposition of MWCNT on Silica Coated Fe3O4 and Use of Response Surface Methodology for Optimizing the Extraction of Organophosphorus Pesticides from Water." International Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2019, no. : 1-16.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2019 in Food and Chemical Toxicology
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Mycotoxins are potent food contaminants that exert significant deleterious effects on human and animal health, yet, there is limited and often conflicting data on their thermal stability. The present study systematically investigated the thermal degradation patterns of multiple mycotoxins as a function of temperature and time, in pure form and spiked into a food matrix (maize flour), using a numerical modelling approach. Mycotoxins under investigation included aflatoxins (AFs), fumonisins (FBs), zearalenone and its analogue α and β epimers (ZEAs), ochratoxins (OTs), T-2 toxin (T-2), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) and sterigmatocystin (STEG). A set of statistically-designed experiments were conducted, and a second-order optimization function fitted to the experimental data. The resultant models were well fit with R2 values ranging from 0.87 to 0.99 and 0.89 to 0.99, for pure mycotoxin standards and spiked maize flour, respectively. It was also possible to statistically determine the optimum degradation conditions which were 216.57 °C/63.28 min and 210.85 °C/54.71 min for pure mycotoxins and spiked into maize flour, respectively. Our observations herein could be critical for food safety applications targeted at reducing or at best eliminating completely multi-mycotoxins in food using heat processing while limiting the destruction of food quality factors.

ACS Style

Sefater Gbashi; Ntakadzeni Edwin Madala; Sarah De Saeger; Marthe De Boevre; Patrick Berka Njobeh. Numerical optimization of temperature-time degradation of multiple mycotoxins. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2019, 125, 289 -304.

AMA Style

Sefater Gbashi, Ntakadzeni Edwin Madala, Sarah De Saeger, Marthe De Boevre, Patrick Berka Njobeh. Numerical optimization of temperature-time degradation of multiple mycotoxins. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2019; 125 ():289-304.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sefater Gbashi; Ntakadzeni Edwin Madala; Sarah De Saeger; Marthe De Boevre; Patrick Berka Njobeh. 2019. "Numerical optimization of temperature-time degradation of multiple mycotoxins." Food and Chemical Toxicology 125, no. : 289-304.

Research article
Published: 19 April 2018 in International Journal of Analytical Chemistry
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Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) derived from plants have been used in the fragrance industry since time immemorial. Herein we report on the rapid screening of VOCs from seeds of ripe Aframomum danielli (family, Zingiberaceae) using a polydimethylsiloxane fibre headspace solid phase microextraction coupled to a gas chromatography mass spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS) instrument. Portions of 0.25, 0.35, and 0.50 g of ground sample were weighed and extraction of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was achieved using a 100 μm polydimethylsiloxane solid phase microextraction (PDMS SPME) fibre, with the equilibrium time of 40 minutes and extraction temperature of 50°C; the following compounds with their respective relative abundances were obtained as the top ten most abundant and annotated ones using NIST, Wiley, and Fragrances Libraries: eucalyptol (58%); β-pinene (22%); α-pinene (7.5%); α-terpineol (4%), α-terpinyl acetate (2%); α-bergamotene (1%); pinocarveol (0.39%); α-copaene (0.35%); caryophyllene (0.34); and β-bisabolene (0.31%). These compounds have been reported elsewhere in the literature and listed in the Fragrances Library, incorporated into the Saturn QP2020 GCMS Solution® software used for their analysis.

ACS Style

Mosotho J. George; Patrick B. Njobeh; Sefater Gbashi; Gabriel O. Adegoke; Ian A Dubery; Ntakadzeni E. Madala. Rapid Screening of Volatile Organic Compounds from Aframomum danielli Seeds Using Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction Coupled to Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. International Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2018, 2018, 1 -7.

AMA Style

Mosotho J. George, Patrick B. Njobeh, Sefater Gbashi, Gabriel O. Adegoke, Ian A Dubery, Ntakadzeni E. Madala. Rapid Screening of Volatile Organic Compounds from Aframomum danielli Seeds Using Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction Coupled to Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. International Journal of Analytical Chemistry. 2018; 2018 ():1-7.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mosotho J. George; Patrick B. Njobeh; Sefater Gbashi; Gabriel O. Adegoke; Ian A Dubery; Ntakadzeni E. Madala. 2018. "Rapid Screening of Volatile Organic Compounds from Aframomum danielli Seeds Using Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction Coupled to Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry." International Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2018, no. : 1-7.

Book chapter
Published: 02 November 2017 in Acrylic Polymers in Healthcare
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Acrylamide (ACR) is a possible human carcinogen, with neurotoxic properties. It is a heat-generated food toxicant particularly found in carbohydrate-rich foods. Its occurrence is of global concern and constitutes a major challenge to food safety, due to its presence in several thermally processed foods worldwide. Since its discovery, ACR has been recognized as one of the most widely investigated heat-induced food contaminant, and several reports on its formation and occurrence since its discovery have been reported. However, information on the extent of ACR occurrence in foods consumed in different parts of Africa is rather too limited. This is particularly a concern considering that most carbohydrate-based foods, subjected to varying degrees of thermal processing, are consumed as staple diets almost on daily basis in the continent. As such, African populations may be exposed to high levels of ACR daily. Thus, this chapter covers the formation, occurrence and health impact of ACR in foods. It further summarizes previous studies looking at ACR reduction and mitigation strategies, especially those that may be applicable in the continent. Adequate sensitization of the populace about the prevention of ACR as a food contaminant is essential to ensure the safety of heat-processed carbohydrate-rich foods in the continent.

ACS Style

Oluwafemi Ayodeji Adebo; Eugenie Kayitesi; Janet Adebiyi; Sefater Gbashi; Makumba Chewe Temba; Adeseye Lasekan; Judith Zanele Phoku; Patrick Berka Njobeh. Mitigation of Acrylamide in Foods: An African Perspective. Acrylic Polymers in Healthcare 2017, 1 .

AMA Style

Oluwafemi Ayodeji Adebo, Eugenie Kayitesi, Janet Adebiyi, Sefater Gbashi, Makumba Chewe Temba, Adeseye Lasekan, Judith Zanele Phoku, Patrick Berka Njobeh. Mitigation of Acrylamide in Foods: An African Perspective. Acrylic Polymers in Healthcare. 2017; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Oluwafemi Ayodeji Adebo; Eugenie Kayitesi; Janet Adebiyi; Sefater Gbashi; Makumba Chewe Temba; Adeseye Lasekan; Judith Zanele Phoku; Patrick Berka Njobeh. 2017. "Mitigation of Acrylamide in Foods: An African Perspective." Acrylic Polymers in Healthcare , no. : 1.

Book chapter
Published: 30 August 2017 in Aflatoxin-Control, Analysis, Detection and Health Risks
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Subcritical Water Extraction and Its Prospects for Aflatoxins Extraction in Biological Materials | InTechOpen, Published on: 2017-08-30. Authors: Sefater Gbashi, Ntakadzeni Edwin Madala, Oluwafemi Ayodeji Adebo, et

ACS Style

Sefater Gbashi; Ntakadzeni Edwin Madala; Oluwafemi Adebo; Lizelle Piater; Judith Zanele Phoku; Patrick Berka Njobeh. Subcritical Water Extraction and Its Prospects for Aflatoxins Extraction in Biological Materials. Aflatoxin-Control, Analysis, Detection and Health Risks 2017, 1 .

AMA Style

Sefater Gbashi, Ntakadzeni Edwin Madala, Oluwafemi Adebo, Lizelle Piater, Judith Zanele Phoku, Patrick Berka Njobeh. Subcritical Water Extraction and Its Prospects for Aflatoxins Extraction in Biological Materials. Aflatoxin-Control, Analysis, Detection and Health Risks. 2017; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sefater Gbashi; Ntakadzeni Edwin Madala; Oluwafemi Adebo; Lizelle Piater; Judith Zanele Phoku; Patrick Berka Njobeh. 2017. "Subcritical Water Extraction and Its Prospects for Aflatoxins Extraction in Biological Materials." Aflatoxin-Control, Analysis, Detection and Health Risks , no. : 1.

Book chapter
Published: 02 August 2017 in Functional Food - Improve Health through Adequate Food
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Fermented Pulse-Based Food Products in Developing Nations as Functional Foods and Ingredients | InTechOpen, Published on: 2017-08-02. Authors: Oluwafemi Ayodeji Adebo, Patrick Berka Njobeh, Janet Adeyinka Adebiyi, et

ACS Style

Oluwafemi Ayodeji Adebo; Patrick Berka Njobeh; Janet Adeyinka Adebiyi; Sefater Gbashi; Judith Zanele Phoku; Eugenie Kayitesi. Fermented Pulse-Based Food Products in Developing Nations as Functional Foods and Ingredients. Functional Food - Improve Health through Adequate Food 2017, 1 .

AMA Style

Oluwafemi Ayodeji Adebo, Patrick Berka Njobeh, Janet Adeyinka Adebiyi, Sefater Gbashi, Judith Zanele Phoku, Eugenie Kayitesi. Fermented Pulse-Based Food Products in Developing Nations as Functional Foods and Ingredients. Functional Food - Improve Health through Adequate Food. 2017; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Oluwafemi Ayodeji Adebo; Patrick Berka Njobeh; Janet Adeyinka Adebiyi; Sefater Gbashi; Judith Zanele Phoku; Eugenie Kayitesi. 2017. "Fermented Pulse-Based Food Products in Developing Nations as Functional Foods and Ingredients." Functional Food - Improve Health through Adequate Food , no. : 1.

Book chapter
Published: 02 August 2017 in Functional Food - Improve Health through Adequate Food
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Food Metabolomics: A New Frontier in Food Analysis and its Application to Understanding Fermented Foods | InTechOpen, Published on: 2017-08-02. Authors: Oluwafemi Ayodeji Adebo, Patrick Berka Njobeh, Janet Adeyinka Adebiyi, et

ACS Style

Oluwafemi Ayodeji Adebo; Patrick Berka Njobeh; Janet Adeyinka Adebiyi; Sefater Gbashi; Eugenie Kayitesi. Food Metabolomics: A New Frontier in Food Analysis and its Application to Understanding Fermented Foods. Functional Food - Improve Health through Adequate Food 2017, 1 .

AMA Style

Oluwafemi Ayodeji Adebo, Patrick Berka Njobeh, Janet Adeyinka Adebiyi, Sefater Gbashi, Eugenie Kayitesi. Food Metabolomics: A New Frontier in Food Analysis and its Application to Understanding Fermented Foods. Functional Food - Improve Health through Adequate Food. 2017; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Oluwafemi Ayodeji Adebo; Patrick Berka Njobeh; Janet Adeyinka Adebiyi; Sefater Gbashi; Eugenie Kayitesi. 2017. "Food Metabolomics: A New Frontier in Food Analysis and its Application to Understanding Fermented Foods." Functional Food - Improve Health through Adequate Food , no. : 1.