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The 15th UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (COP15) will be held in Kunming, China in October 2021. Historically, CBDs and other multilateral treaties have either alluded to or entirely overlooked the subterranean biome. A multilateral effort to robustly examine, monitor, and incorporate the subterranean biome into future conservation targets will enable the CBD to further improve the ecological effectiveness of protected areas by including groundwater resources, subterranean ecosystem services, and the profoundly endemic subsurface biodiversity. To this end, we proffer a conservation roadmap that embodies five conceptual areas: (1) science gaps and data management needs; (2) anthropogenic stressors; (3) socioeconomic analysis and conflict resolution; (4) environmental education; and (5) national policies and multilateral agreements.
J. Judson Wynne; Francis G. Howarth; Stefano Mammola; Rodrigo Lopes Ferreira; Pedro Cardoso; Tiziana Di Lorenzo; Diana M. P. Galassi; Rodrigo A. Medellin; Bruce W. Miller; David Sánchez‐Fernández; Maria Elina Bichuette; Jayant Biswas; Cory W. BlackEagle; Chaichat Boonyanusith; Isabel R. Amorim; Paulo Alexandre Vieira Borges; Penelope J. Boston; Reynold N. Cal; Naowarat Cheeptham; Louis Deharveng; David Eme; Arnaud Faille; Danté Fenolio; Cene Fišer; Žiga Fišer; Samuel M. ʻohukaniʻōhiʻa Gon; Forough Goudarzi; Christian Griebler; Stuart Halse; Hannelore Hoch; Enock Kale; Aron D. Katz; Ľubomír Kováč; Thomas M. Lilley; Shirish Manchi; Raoul Manenti; Alejandro Martínez; Melissa B. Meierhofer; Ana Z. Miller; Oana Teodora Moldovan; Matthew L. Niemiller; Stewart B. Peck; Thais Giovannini Pellegrini; Tanja Pipan; Charity M. Phillips‐Lander; Celso Poot; Paul A. Racey; Alberto Sendra; William A. Shear; Marconi Souza Silva; Stefano Taiti; Mingyi Tian; Michael P. Venarsky; Sebastián Yancovic Pakarati; Maja Zagmajster; Yahui Zhao. A conservation roadmap for the subterranean biome. Conservation Letters 2021, e12834 .
AMA StyleJ. Judson Wynne, Francis G. Howarth, Stefano Mammola, Rodrigo Lopes Ferreira, Pedro Cardoso, Tiziana Di Lorenzo, Diana M. P. Galassi, Rodrigo A. Medellin, Bruce W. Miller, David Sánchez‐Fernández, Maria Elina Bichuette, Jayant Biswas, Cory W. BlackEagle, Chaichat Boonyanusith, Isabel R. Amorim, Paulo Alexandre Vieira Borges, Penelope J. Boston, Reynold N. Cal, Naowarat Cheeptham, Louis Deharveng, David Eme, Arnaud Faille, Danté Fenolio, Cene Fišer, Žiga Fišer, Samuel M. ʻohukaniʻōhiʻa Gon, Forough Goudarzi, Christian Griebler, Stuart Halse, Hannelore Hoch, Enock Kale, Aron D. Katz, Ľubomír Kováč, Thomas M. Lilley, Shirish Manchi, Raoul Manenti, Alejandro Martínez, Melissa B. Meierhofer, Ana Z. Miller, Oana Teodora Moldovan, Matthew L. Niemiller, Stewart B. Peck, Thais Giovannini Pellegrini, Tanja Pipan, Charity M. Phillips‐Lander, Celso Poot, Paul A. Racey, Alberto Sendra, William A. Shear, Marconi Souza Silva, Stefano Taiti, Mingyi Tian, Michael P. Venarsky, Sebastián Yancovic Pakarati, Maja Zagmajster, Yahui Zhao. A conservation roadmap for the subterranean biome. Conservation Letters. 2021; ():e12834.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ. Judson Wynne; Francis G. Howarth; Stefano Mammola; Rodrigo Lopes Ferreira; Pedro Cardoso; Tiziana Di Lorenzo; Diana M. P. Galassi; Rodrigo A. Medellin; Bruce W. Miller; David Sánchez‐Fernández; Maria Elina Bichuette; Jayant Biswas; Cory W. BlackEagle; Chaichat Boonyanusith; Isabel R. Amorim; Paulo Alexandre Vieira Borges; Penelope J. Boston; Reynold N. Cal; Naowarat Cheeptham; Louis Deharveng; David Eme; Arnaud Faille; Danté Fenolio; Cene Fišer; Žiga Fišer; Samuel M. ʻohukaniʻōhiʻa Gon; Forough Goudarzi; Christian Griebler; Stuart Halse; Hannelore Hoch; Enock Kale; Aron D. Katz; Ľubomír Kováč; Thomas M. Lilley; Shirish Manchi; Raoul Manenti; Alejandro Martínez; Melissa B. Meierhofer; Ana Z. Miller; Oana Teodora Moldovan; Matthew L. Niemiller; Stewart B. Peck; Thais Giovannini Pellegrini; Tanja Pipan; Charity M. Phillips‐Lander; Celso Poot; Paul A. Racey; Alberto Sendra; William A. Shear; Marconi Souza Silva; Stefano Taiti; Mingyi Tian; Michael P. Venarsky; Sebastián Yancovic Pakarati; Maja Zagmajster; Yahui Zhao. 2021. "A conservation roadmap for the subterranean biome." Conservation Letters , no. : e12834.
Biocultural conservation is an approach to conservation that wields the relationships between a culture and the natural world to strengthen conservation efforts. Hawaiian biocultural frameworks are complex but can be initially explored by a methodological approach that we term KUA–LAKO–MO‘O, which links native species and ecosystems to (1) the pantheon of Oceanian deities, to which all elements of the environment are associated, (2) the rich biocultural applications (i.e. material culture) that emerged from centuries of life in the islands, and (3) the oral histories that weave knowledge of biodiversity and ecosystem function into everyday life, ethics, and sustainable existence. This methodology can be applied to primary kānaka ‘ōiwi (Native Hawaiian) sources held within the world’s largest printed archive of an oceanic Indigenous culture. The results of such an approach can reveal conceptualisations of, and relationships to, nature held within an Indigenous culture. The ongoing revitalisation of the intellectual, philosophical, ethical, and spiritual perspectives of kānaka ‘ōiwi in the course of the contemporary Hawaiian Renaissance can inform biocultural conservation efforts and transform conservation biology in Hawai‘i by embracing a biocultural approach and putting humanity and nature back on a path of coprosperity. This methodology could be applied anywhere people have forged deep, long-standing relationships with their environments for similar results.
Samuel M. ‘Ohukani‘Ōhi‘A; Kāwika B. Winter; Michael Demotta. KUA–LAKO–MO‘O: a methodology for exploring Indigenous conceptualisations of nature and conservation in Hawai‘i. Pacific Conservation Biology 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleSamuel M. ‘Ohukani‘Ōhi‘A, Kāwika B. Winter, Michael Demotta. KUA–LAKO–MO‘O: a methodology for exploring Indigenous conceptualisations of nature and conservation in Hawai‘i. Pacific Conservation Biology. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSamuel M. ‘Ohukani‘Ōhi‘A; Kāwika B. Winter; Michael Demotta. 2021. "KUA–LAKO–MO‘O: a methodology for exploring Indigenous conceptualisations of nature and conservation in Hawai‘i." Pacific Conservation Biology , no. : 1.
Pre-Western-contact Hawai‘i stands as a quintessential example of a large human population that practiced intensive agriculture, yet minimally affected native habitats that comprised the foundation of its vitality. An explicit geospatial footprint of human-transformed areas across the pre-contact Hawaiian archipelago comprised less than 15% of total land area, yet provided 100% of human needs, supporting a thriving Polynesian society. A post-contact history of disruption of traditional land use and its supplanting by Western land tenure and agriculture culminated in a landscape less than 250 years later in which over 50% of native habitats have been lost, while self-sufficiency has plummeted to 15% or less. Recapturing the ‘āina momona (productive lands) of ancient times through biocultural restoration can be accomplished through study of pre-contact agriculture, assessment of biological and ecological changes on Hawaiian social-ecological systems, and conscious planned efforts to increase self-sufficiency and reduce importation. Impediments include the current tourism-based economy, competition from habitat-modifying introduced species, a suite of agricultural pests severely limiting traditional agriculture, and climate changes rendering some pre-contact agricultural centers suboptimal. Modified methods will be required to counteract these limitations, enhance biosecurity, and diversify agriculture, without further degrading native habitats, and recapture a reciprocal Hawaiian human-nature relationship.
Samuel Gon; Stephanie Tom; Ulalia Woodside. ʻĀina Momona, Honua Au Loli—Productive Lands, Changing World: Using the Hawaiian Footprint to Inform Biocultural Restoration and Future Sustainability in Hawai‘i. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3420 .
AMA StyleSamuel Gon, Stephanie Tom, Ulalia Woodside. ʻĀina Momona, Honua Au Loli—Productive Lands, Changing World: Using the Hawaiian Footprint to Inform Biocultural Restoration and Future Sustainability in Hawai‘i. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (10):3420.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSamuel Gon; Stephanie Tom; Ulalia Woodside. 2018. "ʻĀina Momona, Honua Au Loli—Productive Lands, Changing World: Using the Hawaiian Footprint to Inform Biocultural Restoration and Future Sustainability in Hawai‘i." Sustainability 10, no. 10: 3420.
Pre-Western contact Hawaiʻi stands as a quintessential sustainability example of a large human population that practiced intensive agriculture, yet minimally displaced native habitats that comprised the foundation of its vitality. An explicit geospatial footprint of human-transformed areas across the pre-contact Hawaiian archipelago comprised less than 15% of total land area, yet provided 100% of human needs, supporting a thriving Polynesian society. A post-contact history of disruption of traditional Hawaiian land-use and its supplanting by Western land tenure and agriculture based on ranching, sugarcane, and pineapple, culminated in a landscape, in which over 50% of native habitats have been lost, while self-sufficiency has plummeted to 15% or less. Recapturing the ʻāina momona (productive lands) of ancient times can be accomplished through study of pre-contact agriculture, assessment of biological and ecological changes imposed on Hawaiian social-ecological systems, and conscious planned efforts to increase self-sufficiency and reduce importation. Impediments include the current tourism-based economy, competition from habitat-modifying introduced species, a suite of agricultural pests severely limiting traditional agriculture, and changes in climate rendering some pre-contact agricultural centers suboptimal. Modified agricultural methods will be required to counteract these limitations, and diversified agriculture to broaden the production base, without contributing to further degradation of native habitats.
Samuel M. Gon III; Stephanie L. Tom; Ulalia Woodside. ʻĀina Momona, Honua Au Loli: Productive Lands, Changing World Combining Models of the Human Ecological Footprint with Traditional Knowledge to Inform Future Sustainability in Hawaiʻi. 2018, 1 .
AMA StyleSamuel M. Gon III, Stephanie L. Tom, Ulalia Woodside. ʻĀina Momona, Honua Au Loli: Productive Lands, Changing World Combining Models of the Human Ecological Footprint with Traditional Knowledge to Inform Future Sustainability in Hawaiʻi. . 2018; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSamuel M. Gon III; Stephanie L. Tom; Ulalia Woodside. 2018. "ʻĀina Momona, Honua Au Loli: Productive Lands, Changing World Combining Models of the Human Ecological Footprint with Traditional Knowledge to Inform Future Sustainability in Hawaiʻi." , no. : 1.