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The aim of this study was to explore the impact of thermally rolled polyvinylidene fluoride/polyacrylonitrile (PVDF/PAN) electrospun nanofibers (ESNF) as substrates to produce thin-film composite (TFC) forward osmosis (FO) membranes with better characteristics. Different loadings of PAN (0–10 wt%) were used to prepare PVDF/PAN ESNF substrates, and their surface morphology and structural properties were systematically studied. Before the deposition of the polyamide layer by interfacial polymerization, the ESNF substrates were subjected to continuous thermal rolling pretreatment to improve their mechanical stability. The water flux of 33.3 L/m2h and 42.3 L/m2h was achieved for the TFC-10 membrane with 10 wt% PAN blended PVDF ENSF substrate under FO and PRO modes, which was ~191% and ~188% higher than that of the TFC-0 membrane under FO and PRO orientations, respectively, using DI water as feed and 1 M NaCl as the draw solution. Moreover, the TFC-10 FO membrane showed improved selectivity, as indicated by the decrease in specific salt flux values (from 0.33 g/L of TFC-0–0.23 g/L for TFC-10), and a smaller structural parameter (221 µm) than the TFC-0 membrane, indicating that the influence of ICP can be reduced by the addition of PAN into PVDF ESNF substrate.
Parashuram Kallem; Ruchi Gaur; Ravi P. Pandey; Shadi W. Hasan; Heechul Choi; Fawzi Banat. Thin film composite forward osmosis membranes based on thermally treated PAN hydrophilized PVDF electrospun nanofiber substrates for improved performance. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 2021, 9, 106240 .
AMA StyleParashuram Kallem, Ruchi Gaur, Ravi P. Pandey, Shadi W. Hasan, Heechul Choi, Fawzi Banat. Thin film composite forward osmosis membranes based on thermally treated PAN hydrophilized PVDF electrospun nanofiber substrates for improved performance. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2021; 9 (5):106240.
Chicago/Turabian StyleParashuram Kallem; Ruchi Gaur; Ravi P. Pandey; Shadi W. Hasan; Heechul Choi; Fawzi Banat. 2021. "Thin film composite forward osmosis membranes based on thermally treated PAN hydrophilized PVDF electrospun nanofiber substrates for improved performance." Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 9, no. 5: 106240.
Hydroxyapatite-decorated activated carbon (HAp/AC) nanocomposite was synthesized and utilized as a nanofiller to fabricate a novel type of polyethersulfone (PES) nanocomposite ultrafiltration (UF) membranes. Activated carbon (AC) derived from orange peel was synthesized by low-temperature pyrolysis at 400 °C. A hydroxyapatite/AC (HAp/AC) nanocomposite was developed by a simple one-pot hydrothermal synthesis method. The UF membrane was fabricated by intercalating HAp/AC fillers into PES casting solution by the non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) process. The prepared membranes exhibited a lower water contact angle than the pristine PES membrane. The hybrid membrane with 4 wt% HAp/AC nanocomposite displayed 4.6 times higher pure water flux (~660 L/m2 h) than that of the pristine membrane (143 L/m2 h). In static adsorption experiments, it was found that the amount of humic acid (HA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) adsorbed by the HAp/AC-PES hybrid membrane was much lower than that of the original membrane due to the electrostatic repulsive forces between them and the surface of the membrane. Irreversible fouling was reduced from 33 to 6 % for HA and from 46 to 8 % for BSA after HAp/AC was incorporated into the PES matrix. After 7 cycles of water-BSA-water, the HAp/AC-PES hybrid membrane maintained a high pure water flux of 540 L/m2 h with an excellent flux recovery ratio (FRR), demonstrating the long-term stability of the membranes. The developed UF membranes outperformed the original PES membranes in terms of permeability, selectivity, and antifouling.
Parashuram Kallem; Mariam Ouda; G. Bharath; Shadi W. Hasan; Fawzi Banat. Enhanced water permeability and fouling resistance properties of ultrafiltration membranes incorporated with hydroxyapatite decorated orange-peel-derived activated carbon nanocomposites. Chemosphere 2021, 286, 131799 .
AMA StyleParashuram Kallem, Mariam Ouda, G. Bharath, Shadi W. Hasan, Fawzi Banat. Enhanced water permeability and fouling resistance properties of ultrafiltration membranes incorporated with hydroxyapatite decorated orange-peel-derived activated carbon nanocomposites. Chemosphere. 2021; 286 ():131799.
Chicago/Turabian StyleParashuram Kallem; Mariam Ouda; G. Bharath; Shadi W. Hasan; Fawzi Banat. 2021. "Enhanced water permeability and fouling resistance properties of ultrafiltration membranes incorporated with hydroxyapatite decorated orange-peel-derived activated carbon nanocomposites." Chemosphere 286, no. : 131799.
This study explored the impact of eco-friendly polydopamine (PDA) coated ZnFe2O4 nanocomposites ([email protected]2O4 NCs) as nanofillers to fabricate a new class of polyethersulfone (PES) hybrid ultrafiltration (UF) membranes for wastewater treatment applications. The hybrid UF membrane was prepared by incorporating [email protected]2O4 NCs into PES via the non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) process. The [email protected]2O4 NC was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Additionally, the morphology and performance of the prepared hybrid membranes were characterized by SEM, contact angle, surface charge, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The incorporation of [email protected]2O4 NC into the PES membrane affects the porosity, mean pore radius, hydrophilicity, and thermal stability of the developed hybrid membranes. The pure water flux of the PES hybrid membrane with 4 wt% [email protected]2O4 reached ∼687 L/m2 h, which is about 188% higher than that of the pristine PES membrane. The performance of the PES/ [email protected]2O4ultrafiltration hybrid membrane was also investigated using humic acid (HA) foulant and oil/water emulsion individually. Compared to the pristine PES and PES/ZnFe2O4 membranes, the developed hybrid membranes showed enhanced permeability and HA foulant removal. HA's removal efficiency has improved from ∼65% in the pristine PES membrane to ∼94% in the 4 wt% [email protected]2O4 hybrid membrane. The abundant functional groups on the [email protected]2O4 NC surface also enhanced the separation of the oil/water emulsion (96%). In both the HA and oil/water emulsion separation tests, the flux recovery ratio (FRR) and reversible fouling ratio (Rr) were also significantly improved, suggesting that the PES/[email protected]2O4 membrane was a very promising candidate for HA removal and treatment of oily wastewater.
Parashuram Kallem; Israa Othman; Mariam Ouda; Shadi W. Hasan; Inas AlNashef; Fawzi Banat. Polyethersulfone hybrid ultrafiltration membranes fabricated with polydopamine modified ZnFe2O4 nanocomposites: Applications in humic acid removal and oil/water emulsion separation. Process Safety and Environmental Protection 2021, 148, 813 -824.
AMA StyleParashuram Kallem, Israa Othman, Mariam Ouda, Shadi W. Hasan, Inas AlNashef, Fawzi Banat. Polyethersulfone hybrid ultrafiltration membranes fabricated with polydopamine modified ZnFe2O4 nanocomposites: Applications in humic acid removal and oil/water emulsion separation. Process Safety and Environmental Protection. 2021; 148 ():813-824.
Chicago/Turabian StyleParashuram Kallem; Israa Othman; Mariam Ouda; Shadi W. Hasan; Inas AlNashef; Fawzi Banat. 2021. "Polyethersulfone hybrid ultrafiltration membranes fabricated with polydopamine modified ZnFe2O4 nanocomposites: Applications in humic acid removal and oil/water emulsion separation." Process Safety and Environmental Protection 148, no. : 813-824.
To extend the use of polyethersulfone (PES) ultrafiltration membranes in water process engineering, the membrane’s wettability and anti-fouling properties should be further improved. In this context, hydroxyapatite/boron nitride (HAp/BN) nanocomposites have been prepared and intercalated into PES membranes using a non-solvent-induced phase separation process. High-quality 2D transparent boron nitride nanosheets (BN NSs) were prepared using an environmentally friendly and green-template assisted synthesis method in which 1D hexagonal hydroxyapatite nanosheets (HAp NRs) were uniformly distributed and hydrothermally immobilized at 180 °C. SEM, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy techniques were used to characterize the HAp/BN nanocomposites. PES membranes intercalated with various nanocomposite amounts (0–4 wt %) were also characterized by permeability, porosity, and contact angle measurements. Additional pathways for water molecule transport were promoted by the high surface area of the BN NSs, resulting in high permeability. Membrane wettability and antifouling properties were also improved by the inclusion of negative charge groups (OH− and PO43−) on HAp. Hybrid membranes containing 4 wt% HAp/BN showed the best overall performance with ∼97% increase in water flux, 90% rejection of bovine serum albumin (BSA), high water flux recovery ratio, low irreversible fouling, and high reversible fouling pattern. The intercalation of HAp/BN with the PES matrix therefore opens up a new direction to enhance the PES UF membranes’ hydrophilicity, water flux, and antifouling capacity.
Parashuram Kallem; G. Bharath; K. Rambabu; C. Srinivasakannan; Fawzi Banat. Improved permeability and antifouling performance of polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membranes tailored by hydroxyapatite/boron nitride nanocomposites. Chemosphere 2020, 268, 129306 .
AMA StyleParashuram Kallem, G. Bharath, K. Rambabu, C. Srinivasakannan, Fawzi Banat. Improved permeability and antifouling performance of polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membranes tailored by hydroxyapatite/boron nitride nanocomposites. Chemosphere. 2020; 268 ():129306.
Chicago/Turabian StyleParashuram Kallem; G. Bharath; K. Rambabu; C. Srinivasakannan; Fawzi Banat. 2020. "Improved permeability and antifouling performance of polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membranes tailored by hydroxyapatite/boron nitride nanocomposites." Chemosphere 268, no. : 129306.
The commercialization of sustainable 3D printing technology changed the face of manufacturing with its precise and uniform sustainable fabrication. Therefore, like other fields of science, research related to water treatment membranes has adopted this technology successfully, preventing the waste of huge amounts of solvents and thus reducing the high carbon emissions caused by fabrication. Currently, critical research is being conducted in relation to the membrane modules and the fabrication of the membranes themselves. The module studies focus primarily on spacer production and the membrane studies are mostly concerned with the membrane surface. The membrane surface research has successfully adapted inkjet printing for enhanced surface properties for high selectivity and fouling resistance through the printing of nano-materials on the membranes’ surfaces. Recently, 3D printing of the polymer membrane support or 3D printing-based interfacial polymerization has also been introduced into water treatment technologies. Since fouling resistance, selectivity and water permeability are the critical factors, many of the parameters can be controlled by the assistance of bespoke and precise 3D printing fabrication. In this study, we examine key aspects of technology which may shed light on future studies regarding 3D printed water treatment membranes and we review the critical developments to date.
Numan Yanar; Parashuram Kallem; Moon Son; Hosik Park; Seoktae Kang; Heechul Choi. A New era of water treatment technologies: 3D printing for membranes. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 2020, 91, 1 -14.
AMA StyleNuman Yanar, Parashuram Kallem, Moon Son, Hosik Park, Seoktae Kang, Heechul Choi. A New era of water treatment technologies: 3D printing for membranes. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 2020; 91 ():1-14.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNuman Yanar; Parashuram Kallem; Moon Son; Hosik Park; Seoktae Kang; Heechul Choi. 2020. "A New era of water treatment technologies: 3D printing for membranes." Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 91, no. : 1-14.
Basila Abdu; S. Munirasu; Parashuram Kallem; Shadi W. Hasan; Fawzi Banat. Investigating the effect of various foulants on the performance of intrinsically superhydrophobic polyvinylidene fluoride membranes for direct contact membrane distillation. Separation and Purification Technology 2020, 252, 1 .
AMA StyleBasila Abdu, S. Munirasu, Parashuram Kallem, Shadi W. Hasan, Fawzi Banat. Investigating the effect of various foulants on the performance of intrinsically superhydrophobic polyvinylidene fluoride membranes for direct contact membrane distillation. Separation and Purification Technology. 2020; 252 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBasila Abdu; S. Munirasu; Parashuram Kallem; Shadi W. Hasan; Fawzi Banat. 2020. "Investigating the effect of various foulants on the performance of intrinsically superhydrophobic polyvinylidene fluoride membranes for direct contact membrane distillation." Separation and Purification Technology 252, no. : 1.
One of the major challenges facing the practical application of forward osmosis (FO) membranes is the need for high performance. Thus, the fabrication of highly permselective FO membranes is of great importance. The objective of this study was to improve the wettability/hydrophilicity of electrospun nanofiber (ESNF)-based substrates for the fabrication of nanofiber-supported thin film composite (NTFC) membranes for FO application. This study explored the impact of electrospun polyethersulfone/polyacrylonitrile (PES/PAN) nanofibers as the blend support to produce NTFC membranes. The blending of PES/PAN in the spinning dope was optimized. The blending of hydrophilic PAN (0–10 wt%) in PES affects the fiber diameter, hydrophilicity, water uptake, and roughness of the ESNF membrane substrates. Continuous thermal-rolling pretreatment was performed on the ESNF substrates prior to interfacial polymerization for polyamide active layer deposition. The results indicated that the fabricated NTFC membrane achieved significantly greater water flux (L/m2 h) while retaining a low specific salt flux (g/L) compared to traditional TFC membranes. The NTFC membrane flux increased with an increase in PAN content in the ESNF substrate. According to the FO performance results, the NTFC-10 (PES/PAN blend ratio of 90:10) exhibited optimal performance: a high water flux of 42.1 and 52.2 L/m2 h for the FO and PRO modes, respectively, and low specific salt flux of 0.27 and 0.24 g/L for the FO and PRO modes, respectively, using 1M NaCl as the draw solution. This demonstrated the higher selectivity and water flux achieved by the developed NTFC membranes compared to the traditional TFC membranes.
Parashuram Kallem; Fawzi Banat; Liang Yejin; Heechul Choi. High performance nanofiber-supported thin film composite forward osmosis membranes based on continuous thermal-rolling pretreated electrospun PES/PAN blend substrates. Chemosphere 2020, 261, 127687 .
AMA StyleParashuram Kallem, Fawzi Banat, Liang Yejin, Heechul Choi. High performance nanofiber-supported thin film composite forward osmosis membranes based on continuous thermal-rolling pretreated electrospun PES/PAN blend substrates. Chemosphere. 2020; 261 ():127687.
Chicago/Turabian StyleParashuram Kallem; Fawzi Banat; Liang Yejin; Heechul Choi. 2020. "High performance nanofiber-supported thin film composite forward osmosis membranes based on continuous thermal-rolling pretreated electrospun PES/PAN blend substrates." Chemosphere 261, no. : 127687.
Janus electrospun nanofiber membranes (J-ENMs) have attracted considerable interest as membranes for oil-in-water emulsion separation due to the opposite properties on each side of the membrane. Such properties can provide capillary effect and achieve water unidirectional transportation. However, the capillary effect on performances of the J-ENMs is still obscure. Therefore, it is highly important to investigate the relation of pore size, capillary pressure, and fluid flux of them. For this study, J-ENMs, which have a dual-layer structure with hydrophilic polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and hydrophobic polystyrene (PS) nanofibrous membranes simultaneously, were fabricated via the electrospinning process. Among the fabricated membranes, the large pore sizes of the PS layer of J-ENMs affected capillary pressure leading to a pure water flux increase of nine times that of the small pore size. For emulsion flux, oil droplets can pass through a large pore of the PS layer easily and can cause a decrease in emulsion flux. Nevertheless, the emulsion flux of J-ENMs was 1.7 times higher than that of single layer membrane, which showed a promising application for the oil/water separation field.
Yejin Liang; Soyoung Kim; Parashuram Kallem; Heechul Choi. Capillary effect in Janus electrospun nanofiber membrane for oil/water emulsion separation. Chemosphere 2019, 221, 479 -485.
AMA StyleYejin Liang, Soyoung Kim, Parashuram Kallem, Heechul Choi. Capillary effect in Janus electrospun nanofiber membrane for oil/water emulsion separation. Chemosphere. 2019; 221 ():479-485.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYejin Liang; Soyoung Kim; Parashuram Kallem; Heechul Choi. 2019. "Capillary effect in Janus electrospun nanofiber membrane for oil/water emulsion separation." Chemosphere 221, no. : 479-485.
To ensure sustainable energy and environments for the future, nanotechnology is continuing to contribute new solutions and prospects. Materials with nanofibrous structures are attractive when it comes to addressing several energy issues. Carbon-based fuel dependability is an especial concern, since employing this fuel results in the constant discharge of enormous amounts of greenhouse gas emissions into the ecosphere, as well as diminishing fossil fuel reserves. Hence, it is urgent to decrease the reliance on fossil fuels and focus on using renewable sources, such as solar and hydrogen energy. Due to the recent challenges associated with society’s current energy needs and emerging ecological concerns, the pursuit of novel, low-cost, and environmentally friendly energy conversion and storage devices has attracted growing attention. Due to their high efficiency, high power density, and low greenhouse gas emissions, polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have drawn extensive interest as energy sources for automobiles, portable electronics, and residential power generation. The main challenges associated with PEMFC concern the development of a robust, durable, low-cost proton exchange membrane (PEM). In this regard, electrospinning has generated considerable interest as a promising method for fabricating nanofiber-based PEMs owing to the specific properties associated with its advanced features, including its high surface area, low density, high pore volume, and easy scale up. This review summarizes the recent work on the development of PEMs based on electrospun nanofibers, especially emphasizing aligned electrospun nanofibers and giving a brief overview of the fabrication, properties, and fuel cell application. In addition, this review briefly highlights the strategies utilized for the recent developments of nanofiber-based PEMs for high-temperature PEMFCs, as discussed in the recent literature.
Parashuram Kallem; Numan Yanar; Heechul Choi. Nanofiber-Based Proton Exchange Membranes: Development of Aligned Electrospun Nanofibers for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Applications. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 2018, 7, 1808 -1825.
AMA StyleParashuram Kallem, Numan Yanar, Heechul Choi. Nanofiber-Based Proton Exchange Membranes: Development of Aligned Electrospun Nanofibers for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Applications. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. 2018; 7 (2):1808-1825.
Chicago/Turabian StyleParashuram Kallem; Numan Yanar; Heechul Choi. 2018. "Nanofiber-Based Proton Exchange Membranes: Development of Aligned Electrospun Nanofibers for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Applications." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 7, no. 2: 1808-1825.
This experimental study explores the potential of supported ionic liquid membranes (SILMs) based on protic imidazolium ionic liquids (ILs) and randomly nanoporous polybenzimidazole (PBI) supports for CH4/N2 separation. In particular, three classes of SILMs have been prepared by the infiltration of porous PBI membranes with different protic moieties: 1-H-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide; 1-H-3-vinylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide followed by in situ ultraviolet (UV) polymerization to poly[1-(3H-imidazolium)ethylene] bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide. The polymerization process has been monitored by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and the concentration of the protic entities in the SILMs has been evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Single gas permeability values of N2 and CH4 at 313 K, 333 K and 363 K were obtained from a series of experiments conducted in a batch gas permeance system. The results obtained were assessed in terms of the preferential cavity formation and favorable solvation of methane in the apolar domains of the protic ionic network. The most attractive behavior exhibited poly[1-(3H-imidazolium)ethylene]bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide polymeric ionic liquid (PIL) cross-linked with 1% divinylbenzene supported membranes, showing stable performance when increasing the upstream pressure. The CH4/N2 permselectivity value of 2.1 with CH4 permeability of 156 Barrer at 363 K suggests that the transport mechanism of the as-prepared SILMs is solubility-dominated.
Parashuram Kallem; Christophe Charmette; Martin Drobek; Anne Julbe; Reyes Mallada; Maria Pilar Pina. Exploring the Gas-Permeation Properties of Proton-Conducting Membranes Based on Protic Imidazolium Ionic Liquids: Application in Natural Gas Processing. Membranes 2018, 8, 75 .
AMA StyleParashuram Kallem, Christophe Charmette, Martin Drobek, Anne Julbe, Reyes Mallada, Maria Pilar Pina. Exploring the Gas-Permeation Properties of Proton-Conducting Membranes Based on Protic Imidazolium Ionic Liquids: Application in Natural Gas Processing. Membranes. 2018; 8 (3):75.
Chicago/Turabian StyleParashuram Kallem; Christophe Charmette; Martin Drobek; Anne Julbe; Reyes Mallada; Maria Pilar Pina. 2018. "Exploring the Gas-Permeation Properties of Proton-Conducting Membranes Based on Protic Imidazolium Ionic Liquids: Application in Natural Gas Processing." Membranes 8, no. 3: 75.
Liquid-induced phase-separation micromolding (LIPSμM) has been successfully used for manufacturing hierarchical porous polybenzimidazole (HPBI) microsieves (42–46% porosity, 30–40 μm thick) with a specific pore architecture (pattern of macropores: ∼9 μm in size, perforated, dispersed in a porous matrix with a 50–100 nm pore size). Using these microsieves, proton-exchange membranes were fabricated by the infiltration of a 1H-3-vinylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide liquid and divinylbenzene (as a cross-linker), followed by in situ UV polymerization. Our approach relies on the separation of the ion conducting function from the structural support function. Thus, the polymeric ionic liquid (PIL) moiety plays the role of a proton conductor, whereas the HPBI microsieve ensures the mechanical resistance of the system. The influence of the porous support architecture on both proton transport performance and mechanical strength has been specifically investigated by means of comparison with straight macroporous (36% porosity) and randomly nanoporous (68% porosity) PBI counterparts. The most attractive results were obtained with the poly[1-(3H-imidazolium)ethylene]bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide PIL cross-linked with 1% divinylbenzene supported on HPBI membranes with a 21-μm-thick skin layer, achieving conductivity values up to 85 mS cm–1 at 200 °C under anhydrous conditions and in the absence of mineral acids.
Parashuram Kallem; Martin Drobek; Anne Julbe; Erik J. Vriezekolk; Reyes Mallada; Maria Pilar Pina. Hierarchical Porous Polybenzimidazole Microsieves: An Efficient Architecture for Anhydrous Proton Transport via Polyionic Liquids. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2017, 9, 14844 -14857.
AMA StyleParashuram Kallem, Martin Drobek, Anne Julbe, Erik J. Vriezekolk, Reyes Mallada, Maria Pilar Pina. Hierarchical Porous Polybenzimidazole Microsieves: An Efficient Architecture for Anhydrous Proton Transport via Polyionic Liquids. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 2017; 9 (17):14844-14857.
Chicago/Turabian StyleParashuram Kallem; Martin Drobek; Anne Julbe; Erik J. Vriezekolk; Reyes Mallada; Maria Pilar Pina. 2017. "Hierarchical Porous Polybenzimidazole Microsieves: An Efficient Architecture for Anhydrous Proton Transport via Polyionic Liquids." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 9, no. 17: 14844-14857.
Poly-ionic liquids (PILs) have triggered great interest as all solid state flexible electrolytes because of safety and superior thermal, chemical and electrochemical stability. It is of great importance to fabricate highly conductive electrolyte membranes capable to operate above 120°C under anhydrous conditions and in absence of mineral acids, without sacrificing the mechanical behavior. Herein, the diminished dimensional and mechanical stability of poly[1-(3H-imidazolium)ethylene]bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide has been improved thanks to its infiltration on a polybenzimidale (PBI) support with specific pore architecture. Our innovative solution is based on the synergic combination of an emerging class of materials and sustainable large scale manufacturing techniques (UV polymerization and replication by microtransfer-moulding). Following this approach, the PIL plays the proton conduction role and the PBI microsieve (SPBI) mainly provides the mechanical reinforcement. Among the resulting electrolyte membranes, conductivity values above 50 mS∙cm-1 at 200 °C and 10.7 MPa as tensile stress are shown by straight microchannels of poly[1-(3H-imidazolium)ethylene]bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide crosslinked with 1% of dyvinylbenzene embedded in a PBI microsieve with well-defined porosity (36%) and pore diameter (17 µm).
Parashuram Kallem; Adela Eguizabal; Reyes Mallada; Maria Pilar Pina. Constructing Straight Polyionic Liquid Microchannels for Fast Anhydrous Proton Transport. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2016, 8, 35377 -35389.
AMA StyleParashuram Kallem, Adela Eguizabal, Reyes Mallada, Maria Pilar Pina. Constructing Straight Polyionic Liquid Microchannels for Fast Anhydrous Proton Transport. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 2016; 8 (51):35377-35389.
Chicago/Turabian StyleParashuram Kallem; Adela Eguizabal; Reyes Mallada; Maria Pilar Pina. 2016. "Constructing Straight Polyionic Liquid Microchannels for Fast Anhydrous Proton Transport." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 8, no. 51: 35377-35389.
P.S. Singh; P. Ray; P. Kallem; S. Maurya; G.S. Trivedi. Structure and performance of nanofiltration membrane prepared in a large-scale at CSIR-CSMCRI using indigenous coating unit. Desalination 2012, 288, 8 -15.
AMA StyleP.S. Singh, P. Ray, P. Kallem, S. Maurya, G.S. Trivedi. Structure and performance of nanofiltration membrane prepared in a large-scale at CSIR-CSMCRI using indigenous coating unit. Desalination. 2012; 288 ():8-15.
Chicago/Turabian StyleP.S. Singh; P. Ray; P. Kallem; S. Maurya; G.S. Trivedi. 2012. "Structure and performance of nanofiltration membrane prepared in a large-scale at CSIR-CSMCRI using indigenous coating unit." Desalination 288, no. : 8-15.