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M. A. Parvez Mahmud
School of Engineering, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia

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Journal article
Published: 27 August 2021 in Energies
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Green energy by PV systems reduces the dependence on fossil fuel-based power plants. Maximizing green energy to meet the demand reduces the burden on conventional power plants, hence lesser burning and greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. For this purpose, this study draws a relationship between tracking schemes of the PV systems to GHG mitigation potential. The best fit location for detailed analyses is selected among the 15 most populous cities of Australia. The solar radiation potential is increased to 7.78 kWh/m2/d through dual axes tracking compared to 7.54, 6.82, 5.94, 5.73 kWh/m2/d through the one axis, azimuth based, fixed-tilted, and fixed-horizontal surface schemes, respectively. Through the dual axes tracking scheme, a 1 MW PV system per annum energy output avoids the burning of 796,065.3 L of gasoline, 4308.7 barrels of crude oil which is equal to the mitigation of 1852.7 tCo2 equivalent GHGs. Concisely, the PV system, through its green energy output, can avoid the release of greenhouse gases from fossil-fuel plants to tackle climate change more effectively.

ACS Style

Waqas Ahmed; Jamil Ahmed Sheikh; M. A. Parvez Mahmud. Impact of PV System Tracking on Energy Production and Climate Change. Energies 2021, 14, 5348 .

AMA Style

Waqas Ahmed, Jamil Ahmed Sheikh, M. A. Parvez Mahmud. Impact of PV System Tracking on Energy Production and Climate Change. Energies. 2021; 14 (17):5348.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Waqas Ahmed; Jamil Ahmed Sheikh; M. A. Parvez Mahmud. 2021. "Impact of PV System Tracking on Energy Production and Climate Change." Energies 14, no. 17: 5348.

Perspective
Published: 26 August 2021 in Sustainability
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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease characterised by symptoms that are like the common cold. The current pandemic situation in anticipation of a vaccine has posed serious threats to the health and economic sectors of countries worldwide. To overcome the quick transmission of the virus, the government of Australia has also taken drastic measures to prevent its spread. These policies include an international and interstate travel ban, social distancing rules, lockdown, shutdown of educational institutes and work-from-home policies. Such rules have affected people on both behavioural and psychological levels. This study aims to analyse the effect of COVID-19 on Australian citizens, and therefore, the changed behaviour of citizens concerning their mobility patterns, transport preferences and shopping methods under the pandemic have been studied. A detailed literature search was adopted for gathering data related to the study theme, along with real-time evidence of changes in the behaviour of people following the pandemic. The socioeconomic impact of the pandemic on social inequality and thereby the effect on the vulnerable people of the population are also studied. Authentic surveys and statistical data are consulted to figure out how the new lifestyle choices of people will linger in the post-pandemic era. It was found that people in Australia have adopted the work-from-home regime, and new habits suiting the nationwide restrictions have become routine for many people.

ACS Style

Hafiz Suliman Munawar; Sara Imran Khan; Zakria Qadir; Yusra Sajid Kiani; Abbas Z. Kouzani; M. A. Parvez Mahmud. Insights into the Mobility Pattern of Australians during COVID-19. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9611 .

AMA Style

Hafiz Suliman Munawar, Sara Imran Khan, Zakria Qadir, Yusra Sajid Kiani, Abbas Z. Kouzani, M. A. Parvez Mahmud. Insights into the Mobility Pattern of Australians during COVID-19. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (17):9611.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hafiz Suliman Munawar; Sara Imran Khan; Zakria Qadir; Yusra Sajid Kiani; Abbas Z. Kouzani; M. A. Parvez Mahmud. 2021. "Insights into the Mobility Pattern of Australians during COVID-19." Sustainability 13, no. 17: 9611.

Journal article
Published: 19 August 2021 in Applied Sciences
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In this paper, a coordinated multipoint joint transmission (CoMP-JT) framework at mmWave for a cyclic prefix (CP)-free multiuser OFDM wireless communication system is developed and analyzed. The aim is to provide high-quality service to cell-edge users; otherwise, the cell-users would suffer from significant signal degradation due to undesired interference. The impact of complex Hadamard transform with block diagonalization channel precoding for multiuser interference reduction and designed subcarrier mapping for out-of-band (OOB) reduction are investigated. In addition, the paper studied the input back-off-aided high-power amplifier for peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction and forward error correction channel coding for improved bit error rate (BER) for cell-edge users at mmWave frequencies. Moreover, signal-to-interference-noise ratio and ergodic achievable rate are estimated both in the presence and absence of CoMP-JT-based transmission technique to verify their significance in terms of transmitted power. Numerical investigations showed an OOB reduction of 312 dB, PAPR reduction from 17.50 dB to 7.66 dB, and improved BER of 1×103 in 16-QAM for a signal-to-noise ratio of −6 dB. Hence, the simulation results demonstrated the effectiveness of the developed system.

ACS Style

Joarder Jafor Sadique; Saifur Rahman Sabuj; Shaikh Enayet Ullah; Akbar Hossain; Raad Raad; Rabiul Islam; Abbas Z. Kouzani; M. A. Parvez Mahmud. Analytical Framework of CP-Free Multiuser OFDM System for Coordinated Multi-Point at mmWave. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 7605 .

AMA Style

Joarder Jafor Sadique, Saifur Rahman Sabuj, Shaikh Enayet Ullah, Akbar Hossain, Raad Raad, Rabiul Islam, Abbas Z. Kouzani, M. A. Parvez Mahmud. Analytical Framework of CP-Free Multiuser OFDM System for Coordinated Multi-Point at mmWave. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (16):7605.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Joarder Jafor Sadique; Saifur Rahman Sabuj; Shaikh Enayet Ullah; Akbar Hossain; Raad Raad; Rabiul Islam; Abbas Z. Kouzani; M. A. Parvez Mahmud. 2021. "Analytical Framework of CP-Free Multiuser OFDM System for Coordinated Multi-Point at mmWave." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16: 7605.

Journal article
Published: 04 August 2021 in Future Generation Computer Systems
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It is undoubted that fog computing contributes in catering the latency-stringent applications of 5G, and one of the enabling technologies that fundamentally ensure the success of fog computing is virtualization as it offers isolation and platform independence. Although the emergence of vehicle-based fog (referred to as v-fog) facilities can certainly benefit from these desirable features of virtualization, there are several challenges that need to be addressed in order to realize the full potential that v-fogs can offer. One of the challenges of virtualization in v-fog is Virtual Machine (VM) migration. There are several factors that trigger a VM migration in a v-fog such as vehicle resource depletion. VM migrations would not only lead to nonessential usage of valuable resources (e.g. energy, bandwidth, memory) in the v-fogs, but also incur various overheads and performance degradation throughout the whole network. Thus, minimizing VM migrations is necessary. Furthermore, to ensure the seamless VM migrations between v-fogs, trust of v-fogs is required. While there exists studies of trust in the virtualization of cloud, they are irrelevant to v-fogs as v-fogs are different in nature (i.e. heterogeneous, mobile) from the cloud. Additionally, trust is not included in the decision making mechanisms of VM allocation for vehicular environments in the existing works. Moreover, as vehicle resources are constrained, their energy has to be utilized efficiently. In this paper, we propose EnTruVe, an ENergy and TRUst-aware VM allocation in VEhicle fog computing solution that aims to minimize the number of VM migration while reducing VM processing associated energy consumption as much as possible. The VM allocation algorithm in EnTruVe provides a larger selection pool of v-fogs that meets the VMs requirements (e.g. trust, latency), thereby ensuring higher chances of success of VM allocation. Using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), the proposed EnTruVe solution evaluates the v-fogs based on a set of metrics (e.g. energy consumption, end-to-end latency) to select the optimal v-fog for a VM allocation. Results obtained demonstrate that EnTruVe has the least number of VM migrations and it is the most energy efficient solution. Additionally, it shows that EnTruVe provides the highest utilization of v-fogs of up to 57.6% in comparison to other solutions as the number of incoming requests increases.

ACS Style

Fatin Hamadah Rahman; S.H. Shah Newaz; Thien-Wan Au; Wida Susanty Suhaili; M.A. Parvez Mahmud; Gyu Myoung Lee. EnTruVe: ENergy and TRUst-aware Virtual Machine allocation in VEhicle fog computing for catering applications in 5G. Future Generation Computer Systems 2021, 126, 196 -210.

AMA Style

Fatin Hamadah Rahman, S.H. Shah Newaz, Thien-Wan Au, Wida Susanty Suhaili, M.A. Parvez Mahmud, Gyu Myoung Lee. EnTruVe: ENergy and TRUst-aware Virtual Machine allocation in VEhicle fog computing for catering applications in 5G. Future Generation Computer Systems. 2021; 126 ():196-210.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fatin Hamadah Rahman; S.H. Shah Newaz; Thien-Wan Au; Wida Susanty Suhaili; M.A. Parvez Mahmud; Gyu Myoung Lee. 2021. "EnTruVe: ENergy and TRUst-aware Virtual Machine allocation in VEhicle fog computing for catering applications in 5G." Future Generation Computer Systems 126, no. : 196-210.

Journal article
Published: 24 July 2021 in Technologies
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Heart disease, one of the main reasons behind the high mortality rate around the world, requires a sophisticated and expensive diagnosis process. In the recent past, much literature has demonstrated machine learning approaches as an opportunity to efficiently diagnose heart disease patients. However, challenges associated with datasets such as missing data, inconsistent data, and mixed data (containing inconsistent missing data both as numerical and categorical) are often obstacles in medical diagnosis. This inconsistency led to a higher probability of misprediction and a misled result. Data preprocessing steps like feature reduction, data conversion, and data scaling are employed to form a standard dataset—such measures play a crucial role in reducing inaccuracy in final prediction. This paper aims to evaluate eleven machine learning (ML) algorithms—Logistic Regression (LR), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Classification and Regression Trees (CART), Naive Bayes (NB), Support Vector Machine (SVM), XGBoost (XGB), Random Forest Classifier (RF), Gradient Boost (GB), AdaBoost (AB), Extra Tree Classifier (ET)—and six different data scaling methods—Normalization (NR), Standscale (SS), MinMax (MM), MaxAbs (MA), Robust Scaler (RS), and Quantile Transformer (QT) on a dataset comprising of information of patients with heart disease. The result shows that CART, along with RS or QT, outperforms all other ML algorithms with 100% accuracy, 100% precision, 99% recall, and 100% F1 score. The study outcomes demonstrate that the model’s performance varies depending on the data scaling method.

ACS Style

Manjurul Ahsan; M. Mahmud; Pritom Saha; Kishor Gupta; Zahed Siddique. Effect of Data Scaling Methods on Machine Learning Algorithms and Model Performance. Technologies 2021, 9, 52 .

AMA Style

Manjurul Ahsan, M. Mahmud, Pritom Saha, Kishor Gupta, Zahed Siddique. Effect of Data Scaling Methods on Machine Learning Algorithms and Model Performance. Technologies. 2021; 9 (3):52.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Manjurul Ahsan; M. Mahmud; Pritom Saha; Kishor Gupta; Zahed Siddique. 2021. "Effect of Data Scaling Methods on Machine Learning Algorithms and Model Performance." Technologies 9, no. 3: 52.

Journal article
Published: 22 July 2021 in Energy Reports
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Designing a nanogrid involves intricate considerations. Its primary system components, including PV systems, inverter type and control, batteries, and diesel generator, always offer a trade-off among conflicting design objectives – the cost of electricity and reliability, for example. This research proposes a synergistic Parallel Multiobjective PSO-based approach (PMOPSO), a merger of four optimization methods to optimally design a hybrid photovoltaic/diesel/battery nanogrid. The merged approaches are the Speed-Constrained Multiobjective Particle Swarm Optimization (SMPSO), MultiObjective Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm Based on Decomposition (MPSO-D), Novel multiobjective particle swarm optimization (NMPSO), and Competitive Mechanism-Based Multiobjective Particle Swarm Optimizer (CMPSO). The developed approach allows the designer/operator to test multiple component models based on cost and reliability and choose the design that gives the best-suited solution. The four combined algorithms are run in parallel, and the obtained solutions are aggregated together in an archive pool where only non-dominated solutions are kept. A desert camp in the sub-urban area of Hafr Al-Batin city, situated in the Western region of Saudi Arabia, is used as a test case. The approach obtains a well-spread and large Pareto Front (PF), offering many options (solutions) to the designer/operator in a single run. The results achieved a superior set of solutions than those obtained by using each of the four combined PSO-based algorithms individually. Therefore, the developed technique provides improved and viable design solutions for a hybrid nanogrid.

ACS Style

Houssem R.E.H. Bouchekara; M.S. Shahriar; U.B. Irshad; Y.A. Sha’ Aban; M.A. Parvez Mahmud; M.S. Javaid; Makbul A.M. Ramli; Shahjadi Hisan Farjana. Optimal sizing of hybrid photovoltaic/diesel/battery nanogrid using a parallel multiobjective PSO-based approach: Application to desert camping in Hafr Al-Batin city in Saudi Arabia. Energy Reports 2021, 7, 4360 -4375.

AMA Style

Houssem R.E.H. Bouchekara, M.S. Shahriar, U.B. Irshad, Y.A. Sha’ Aban, M.A. Parvez Mahmud, M.S. Javaid, Makbul A.M. Ramli, Shahjadi Hisan Farjana. Optimal sizing of hybrid photovoltaic/diesel/battery nanogrid using a parallel multiobjective PSO-based approach: Application to desert camping in Hafr Al-Batin city in Saudi Arabia. Energy Reports. 2021; 7 ():4360-4375.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Houssem R.E.H. Bouchekara; M.S. Shahriar; U.B. Irshad; Y.A. Sha’ Aban; M.A. Parvez Mahmud; M.S. Javaid; Makbul A.M. Ramli; Shahjadi Hisan Farjana. 2021. "Optimal sizing of hybrid photovoltaic/diesel/battery nanogrid using a parallel multiobjective PSO-based approach: Application to desert camping in Hafr Al-Batin city in Saudi Arabia." Energy Reports 7, no. : 4360-4375.

Journal article
Published: 13 July 2021 in Sustainability
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Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are widely used to mitigate greenhouse gases (GHG), due to their green renewable nature. However, environmental factors such as bird drops, shade, pollution, etc., accommodation on PV panels surface reduce photons transmission to PV cells, which results in lower energy yield and GHG mitigation potential of PV system. In this study, the PV system’s energy and GHG mitigation potential loss is investigated under environmental stresses. Defects/hotspots caused by the environment on PV panel surface have unknown occurrence frequency, time duration, and intensity and are highly variable from location to location. Therefore, different concentrations of defects are induced in a healthy 12 kWp PV system. Healthy PV system has the potential to avoid the burning of 3427.65 L of gasoline by 16,157.9 kWh green energy production per annum. However, in 1% and 20% defective systems, green energy potential reduces to 15,974.3 and 12,485.6 kWh per annum, respectively. It is equivalent to lesser evasion burning of 3388.70, and 2648.64 L of gasoline, respectively. A timely solution to defective panels can prevent losses in the PV system to ensure optimal performance.

ACS Style

Waqas Ahmed; Jamil Sheikh; Shahjadi Farjana; M. Mahmud. Defects Impact on PV System GHG Mitigation Potential and Climate Change. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7793 .

AMA Style

Waqas Ahmed, Jamil Sheikh, Shahjadi Farjana, M. Mahmud. Defects Impact on PV System GHG Mitigation Potential and Climate Change. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (14):7793.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Waqas Ahmed; Jamil Sheikh; Shahjadi Farjana; M. Mahmud. 2021. "Defects Impact on PV System GHG Mitigation Potential and Climate Change." Sustainability 13, no. 14: 7793.

Journal article
Published: 08 July 2021 in Buildings
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Detecting buildings from high-resolution satellite imagery is beneficial in mapping, environmental preparation, disaster management, military planning, urban planning and research purposes. Differentiating buildings from the images is possible however, it may be a time-consuming or complicated process. Therefore, the high-resolution imagery from satellites needs to be automated to detect the buildings. Additionally, buildings exhibit several different characteristics, and their appearance in these images is unplanned. Moreover, buildings in the metropolitan environment are typically crowded and complicated. Therefore, it is challenging to identify the building and hard to locate them. To resolve this situation, a novel probabilistic method has been suggested using local features and probabilistic approaches. A local feature extraction technique was implemented, which was used to calculate the probability density function. The locations in the image were represented as joint probability distributions and were used to estimate their probability distribution function (pdf). The density of building locations in the image was extracted. Kernel density distribution was also used to find the density flow for different metropolitan cities such as Sydney (Australia), Tokyo (Japan), and Mumbai (India), which is useful for distribution intensity and pattern of facility point f interest (POI). The purpose system can detect buildings/rooftops and to test our system, we choose some crops with panchromatic high-resolution satellite images from Australia and our results looks promising with high efficiency and minimal computational time for feature extraction. We were able to detect buildings with shadows and building without shadows in 0.4468 (seconds) and 0.5126 (seconds) respectively.

ACS Style

Hafiz Munawar; Riya Aggarwal; Zakria Qadir; Sara Khan; Abbas Kouzani; M. Mahmud. A Gabor Filter-Based Protocol for Automated Image-Based Building Detection. Buildings 2021, 11, 302 .

AMA Style

Hafiz Munawar, Riya Aggarwal, Zakria Qadir, Sara Khan, Abbas Kouzani, M. Mahmud. A Gabor Filter-Based Protocol for Automated Image-Based Building Detection. Buildings. 2021; 11 (7):302.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hafiz Munawar; Riya Aggarwal; Zakria Qadir; Sara Khan; Abbas Kouzani; M. Mahmud. 2021. "A Gabor Filter-Based Protocol for Automated Image-Based Building Detection." Buildings 11, no. 7: 302.

Review
Published: 29 June 2021 in Energies
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Sound localization is a vast field of research and advancement which is used in many useful applications to facilitate communication, radars, medical aid, and speech enhancement to but name a few. Many different methods are presented in recent times in this field to gain benefits. Various types of microphone arrays serve the purpose of sensing the incoming sound. This paper presents an overview of the importance of using sound localization in different applications along with the use and limitations of ad-hoc microphones over other microphones. In order to overcome these limitations certain approaches are also presented. Detailed explanation of some of the existing methods that are used for sound localization using microphone arrays in the recent literature is given. Existing methods are studied in a comparative fashion along with the factors that influence the choice of one method over the others. This review is done in order to form a basis for choosing the best fit method for our use.

ACS Style

Muhammad Liaquat; Hafiz Munawar; Amna Rahman; Zakria Qadir; Abbas Kouzani; M. Mahmud. Localization of Sound Sources: A Systematic Review. Energies 2021, 14, 3910 .

AMA Style

Muhammad Liaquat, Hafiz Munawar, Amna Rahman, Zakria Qadir, Abbas Kouzani, M. Mahmud. Localization of Sound Sources: A Systematic Review. Energies. 2021; 14 (13):3910.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Liaquat; Hafiz Munawar; Amna Rahman; Zakria Qadir; Abbas Kouzani; M. Mahmud. 2021. "Localization of Sound Sources: A Systematic Review." Energies 14, no. 13: 3910.

Journal article
Published: 10 June 2021 in Energies
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Sound localization is a field of signal processing that deals with identifying the origin of a detected sound signal. This involves determining the direction and distance of the source of the sound. Some useful applications of this phenomenon exists in speech enhancement, communication, radars and in the medical field as well. The experimental arrangement requires the use of microphone arrays which record the sound signal. Some methods involve using ad-hoc arrays of microphones because of their demonstrated advantages over other arrays. In this research project, the existing sound localization methods have been explored to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of each method. A novel sound localization routine has been formulated which uses both the direction of arrival (DOA) of the sound signal along with the location estimation in three-dimensional space to precisely locate a sound source. The experimental arrangement consists of four microphones and a single sound source. Previously, sound source has been localized using six or more microphones. The precision of sound localization has been demonstrated to increase with the use of more microphones. In this research, however, we minimized the use of microphones to reduce the complexity of the algorithm and the computation time as well. The method results in novelty in the field of sound source localization by using less resources and providing results that are at par with the more complex methods requiring more microphones and additional tools to locate the sound source. The average accuracy of the system is found to be 96.77% with an error factor of 3.8%.

ACS Style

Muhammad Liaquat; Hafiz Munawar; Amna Rahman; Zakria Qadir; Abbas Kouzani; M. Mahmud. Sound Localization for Ad-Hoc Microphone Arrays. Energies 2021, 14, 3446 .

AMA Style

Muhammad Liaquat, Hafiz Munawar, Amna Rahman, Zakria Qadir, Abbas Kouzani, M. Mahmud. Sound Localization for Ad-Hoc Microphone Arrays. Energies. 2021; 14 (12):3446.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Liaquat; Hafiz Munawar; Amna Rahman; Zakria Qadir; Abbas Kouzani; M. Mahmud. 2021. "Sound Localization for Ad-Hoc Microphone Arrays." Energies 14, no. 12: 3446.

Journal article
Published: 26 May 2021 in Applied Sciences
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Contaminated site management is currently a critical problem area all over the world, which opens a wide discussion in the areas of policy, research and practice at national and international levels. Conventional site management and remediation techniques are often aimed at reducing the contaminant levels to an acceptable level in a short period of time at low cost. Owing to the fact that the conventional approach may not be sustainable as it overlooks many ancillary environmental effects, there is an immense need of “sustainable” or “green” approaches. Green approaches address environmental, social and economic impacts throughout the remediation process and are capable of conserving the natural resources and protecting air, water and soil quality through reduced emissions and other waste burdens. This paper presents a methodology to quantify the environmental footprint of a cleanup for a hypothetical contaminated site by using the US Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Spreadsheet for Environmental Footprint Assessment (SEFA). The hypothetical contaminated site is selected from a metropolitan city of Pakistan and the environmental footprint of the cleanup is analyzed under three different scenarios: cleanup without any renewable energy sources at all, cleanup with a small share of renewable energy sources, and cleanup with a large share of renewable energy sources. It is concluded that integration of renewable energy sources into the remedial system design is a promising idea which can reduce CO2, NOx, SOx, PM and HAP emissions up to 68%.

ACS Style

Muhammad Khan; Zakria Qadir; Muhammad Asad; Abbas Kouzani; M. Parvez Mahmud. Environmental Footprint Assessment of a Cleanup at Hypothetical Contaminated Site. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 4907 .

AMA Style

Muhammad Khan, Zakria Qadir, Muhammad Asad, Abbas Kouzani, M. Parvez Mahmud. Environmental Footprint Assessment of a Cleanup at Hypothetical Contaminated Site. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (11):4907.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Khan; Zakria Qadir; Muhammad Asad; Abbas Kouzani; M. Parvez Mahmud. 2021. "Environmental Footprint Assessment of a Cleanup at Hypothetical Contaminated Site." Applied Sciences 11, no. 11: 4907.

Journal article
Published: 25 May 2021 in IEEE Access
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This article proposes a quad-band multiport harvester that can scavenge ambient radio frequency (RF) energy of available frequency bands (i.e. GSM-900, GSM-1800, 3G and Wi-Fi) efficiently. This design’s novelty is the use of frequency-dependent multiple antenna ports that enables the harvester to fully exploit all available frequency bands, spatial diversity, and polarization for maximizing the harvested RF energy at a lower power density level in an ambient environment. Indistinctly, the proposed antenna consists of 8-port which maintain $0.33\lambda \times 0.33\lambda $ (i.e. wavelength $\lambda $ calculated at 0.9 GHz in free space) average area per port and has achieved more than 35% relative bandwidth (BW) with a maximum gain of 6.5 dBi to cover the selected frequency bands. Besides, the proposed quad-band rectifier with a multi-stub impedance matching network is feasible for RF harvesting over the available ambient frequency bands. The proposed rectenna’s measurement results show that the generated average dc output voltage is increased up to 0.750 V at a low RF input power density of −27 dBm for a load resistance of 2.11 $\text{k}\Omega $ . The overall dc rectification efficiency of the 8-port pixel harvester is also assessed and depicted to be 66.52% when the resultant RF input power density level is −27 dBm. Measurement in an ambient outdoor and controlled indoor environment is also conducted, demonstrating that the new 8-port pixel RF harvester can produce a dc output voltage of 0.797 V which is greater than some of the reference RF harvesters.

ACS Style

Sunanda Roy; R. Jun-Jiat Tiang; Mardeni Bin Roslee; Tanvir Ahmed; M. A. Parvez Mahmud. Quad-Band Multiport Rectenna for RF Energy Harvesting in Ambient Environment. IEEE Access 2021, 9, 77464 -77481.

AMA Style

Sunanda Roy, R. Jun-Jiat Tiang, Mardeni Bin Roslee, Tanvir Ahmed, M. A. Parvez Mahmud. Quad-Band Multiport Rectenna for RF Energy Harvesting in Ambient Environment. IEEE Access. 2021; 9 ():77464-77481.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sunanda Roy; R. Jun-Jiat Tiang; Mardeni Bin Roslee; Tanvir Ahmed; M. A. Parvez Mahmud. 2021. "Quad-Band Multiport Rectenna for RF Energy Harvesting in Ambient Environment." IEEE Access 9, no. : 77464-77481.

Case report
Published: 24 May 2021 in Applied Sciences
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The study was conducted to assess the post 2010 flood risk management and resilience-building practices in District Layyah, Pakistan. Exploratory research was applied to gain knowledge of flood risk management to embed the disaster risk reduction, mitigation, and adaptation strategies at the local government and community level. Around 200 questionnaires were collected from the four devastated areas/union councils. Primary data from the field uncovered flood risk management practices by organizations, local government, and the community. It highlights resilience-building practices undertaken by the community through rehabilitation, community participation, and local indigenous practices. The role of the District Layyah’s local government and organizations to mitigate the 2010 flood and their contribution towards flood resilience in affected communities was investigated, as no comparable studies were carried out in the riverine belt of District Layyah previously. Moreover, the tangible and non-tangible measures to lessen the vulnerability to floods and improve flood risk governance at a local level were identified. This study makes a valuable contribution in strengthening the resilience building of vulnerable communities by recommending few changes in existing practices concerning flood risk at a local level.

ACS Style

Hafiz Munawar; Sara Khan; Numera Anum; Zakria Qadir; Abbas Kouzani; M. Parvez Mahmud. Post-Flood Risk Management and Resilience Building Practices: A Case Study. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 4823 .

AMA Style

Hafiz Munawar, Sara Khan, Numera Anum, Zakria Qadir, Abbas Kouzani, M. Parvez Mahmud. Post-Flood Risk Management and Resilience Building Practices: A Case Study. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (11):4823.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hafiz Munawar; Sara Khan; Numera Anum; Zakria Qadir; Abbas Kouzani; M. Parvez Mahmud. 2021. "Post-Flood Risk Management and Resilience Building Practices: A Case Study." Applied Sciences 11, no. 11: 4823.

Journal article
Published: 17 May 2021 in Technologies
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The quadrotor is an ideal platform for testing control strategies because of its non-linearity and under-actuated configuration, allowing researchers to evaluate and verify control strategies. Several control strategies are used, including Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID), Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR), Backstepping, Feedback Linearization Control (FLC), Sliding Mode Control (SMC), and Model Predictive Control (MPC), Neural Network, H-infinity, Fuzzy Logic, and Adaptive Control. However, due to several drawbacks, such as high computation, a large amount of training data, approximation error, and the existence of uncertainty, the commercialization of those control technologies in various industrial applications is currently limited. This paper conducts a thorough analysis of the current literature on the effects of multiple controllers on quadrotors, focusing on two separate approaches: (i) controller hybridization and (ii) controller development. Besides, the limitations of the previous works are discussed, challenges and opportunities to work in this field are assessed, and potential research directions are suggested.

ACS Style

Rupal Roy; Maidul Islam; Nafiz Sadman; M. Mahmud; Kishor Gupta; Manjurul Ahsan. A Review on Comparative Remarks, Performance Evaluation and Improvement Strategies of Quadrotor Controllers. Technologies 2021, 9, 37 .

AMA Style

Rupal Roy, Maidul Islam, Nafiz Sadman, M. Mahmud, Kishor Gupta, Manjurul Ahsan. A Review on Comparative Remarks, Performance Evaluation and Improvement Strategies of Quadrotor Controllers. Technologies. 2021; 9 (2):37.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rupal Roy; Maidul Islam; Nafiz Sadman; M. Mahmud; Kishor Gupta; Manjurul Ahsan. 2021. "A Review on Comparative Remarks, Performance Evaluation and Improvement Strategies of Quadrotor Controllers." Technologies 9, no. 2: 37.

Journal article
Published: 17 May 2021 in Sensors
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In this paper, a highly sensitive graphene-based multiple-layer (BK7/Au/PtSe2/Graphene) coated surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor is proposed for the rapid detection of the novel Coronavirus (COVID-19). The proposed sensor was modeled on the basis of the total internal reflection (TIR) technique for real-time detection of ligand-analyte immobilization in the sensing region. The refractive index (RI) of the sensing region is changed due to the interaction of different concentrations of the ligand-analyte, thus impacting surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) excitation of the multi-layer sensor interface. The performance of the proposed sensor was numerically investigated by using the transfer matrix method (TMM) and the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The proposed SPR biosensor provides fast and accurate early-stage diagnosis of the COVID-19 virus, which is crucial in limiting the spread of the pandemic. In addition, the performance of the proposed sensor was investigated numerically with different ligand-analytes: (i) the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as ligand and the COVID-19 virus spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) as analyte, (ii) the virus spike RBD as ligand and the virus anti-spike protein (IgM, IgG) as analyte and (iii) the specific probe as ligand and the COVID-19 virus single-standard ribonucleic acid (RNA) as analyte. After the investigation, the sensitivity of the proposed sensor was found to provide 183.33°/refractive index unit (RIU) in SPR angle (θSPR) and 833.33THz/RIU in SPR frequency (SPRF) for detection of the COVID-19 virus spike RBD; the sensitivity obtained 153.85°/RIU in SPR angle and 726.50THz/RIU in SPRF for detection of the anti-spike protein, and finally, the sensitivity obtained 140.35°/RIU in SPR angle and 500THz/RIU in SPRF for detection of viral RNA. It was observed that whole virus spike RBD detection sensitivity is higher than that of the other two detection processes. Highly sensitive two-dimensional (2D) materials were used to achieve significant enhancement in the Goos-Hänchen (GH) shift detection sensitivity and plasmonic properties of the conventional SPR sensor. The proposed sensor successfully senses the COVID-19 virus and offers additional (1 + 0.55) × L times sensitivity owing to the added graphene layers. Besides, the performance of the proposed sensor was analyzed based on detection accuracy (DA), the figure of merit (FOM), signal-noise ratio (SNR), and quality factor (QF). Based on its performance analysis, it is expected that the proposed sensor may reduce lengthy procedures, false positive results, and clinical costs, compared to traditional sensors. The performance of the proposed sensor model was checked using the TMM algorithm and validated by the FDTD technique.

ACS Style

Tarik Akib; Samia Mou; Motiur Rahman; Masud Rana; Rabiul Islam; Ibrahim Mehedi; M. Mahmud; Abbas Kouzani. Design and Numerical Analysis of a Graphene-Coated SPR Biosensor for Rapid Detection of the Novel Coronavirus. Sensors 2021, 21, 3491 .

AMA Style

Tarik Akib, Samia Mou, Motiur Rahman, Masud Rana, Rabiul Islam, Ibrahim Mehedi, M. Mahmud, Abbas Kouzani. Design and Numerical Analysis of a Graphene-Coated SPR Biosensor for Rapid Detection of the Novel Coronavirus. Sensors. 2021; 21 (10):3491.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tarik Akib; Samia Mou; Motiur Rahman; Masud Rana; Rabiul Islam; Ibrahim Mehedi; M. Mahmud; Abbas Kouzani. 2021. "Design and Numerical Analysis of a Graphene-Coated SPR Biosensor for Rapid Detection of the Novel Coronavirus." Sensors 21, no. 10: 3491.

Journal article
Published: 02 May 2021 in Sensors
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Load forecasting plays a crucial role in the world of smart grids. It governs many aspects of the smart grid and smart meter, such as demand response, asset management, investment, and future direction. This paper proposes time-series forecasting for short-term load prediction to unveil the load forecast benefits through different statistical and mathematical models, such as artificial neural networks, auto-regression, and ARIMA. It targets the problem of excessive computational load when dealing with time-series data. It also presents a business case that is used to analyze different clusters to find underlying factors of load consumption and predict the behavior of customers based on different parameters. On evaluating the accuracy of the prediction models, it is observed that ARIMA models with the (P, D, Q) values as (1, 1, 1) were most accurate compared to other values.

ACS Style

Muhammad Shaukat; Haafizah Shaukat; Zakria Qadir; Hafiz Munawar; Abbas Kouzani; M. Mahmud. Cluster Analysis and Model Comparison Using Smart Meter Data. Sensors 2021, 21, 3157 .

AMA Style

Muhammad Shaukat, Haafizah Shaukat, Zakria Qadir, Hafiz Munawar, Abbas Kouzani, M. Mahmud. Cluster Analysis and Model Comparison Using Smart Meter Data. Sensors. 2021; 21 (9):3157.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Shaukat; Haafizah Shaukat; Zakria Qadir; Hafiz Munawar; Abbas Kouzani; M. Mahmud. 2021. "Cluster Analysis and Model Comparison Using Smart Meter Data." Sensors 21, no. 9: 3157.

Journal article
Published: 15 April 2021 in IEEE Access
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In this paper, multi-antenna transceiver for zero-padded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system is designed at mmWave by integrating full-duplex unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) into the terrestrial cellular networks. Assuming that there exist no direct communication links between the ground base station (GBS) and the mobile users due to unexpected blockages from high storied buildings in urban area, the UAV applies decode-and-forward cooperative strategy on the received OFDM signals transmitted from GBS and re-transmits to the ground mobile users and passive eavesdropper. In this proposed system, intertwining logistic map (ILM)-cosine transform aided encryption algorithm combined with artificial noise enhancing physical layer security (PLS) is introduced. Also walsh-hadamard transform technique integrated with QR-decomposition based zero forcing (ZF) block diagonalization (QR-ZF-BD) precoding for multi-user interference reduction and non-iterative clipping and filtering technique for peak to average power ratio (PAPR) reduction are utilized. In addition, Low density parity check (LDPC) and repeat and accumulate (RA) channel coding with cholesky decomposition based ZF and minimum mean square error signal detection schemes for improved bit error rate (BER) are also introduced. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system in terms of PLS for color image transmission at high order digital modulation (16-PSK and 16-QAM). At the complementary cumulative distribution function of probability level 1-6%, the estimated PAPR is found to have value of 6 dB.The three users achieve BER $= 1\times {10}^{-4}$ at signal-to-noise ratio of 1.5 dB, 4 dB and 6 dB under RA channel coding and 16-QAM digital modulation.

ACS Style

Joarder Jafor Sadique; Shaikh Enayet Ullah; Rabiul Islam; Raad Raad; Abbas Z. Kouzani; M. A. Parvez Mahmud. Transceiver Design for Full-Duplex UAV Based Zero-Padded OFDM System With Physical Layer Security. IEEE Access 2021, 9, 59432 -59445.

AMA Style

Joarder Jafor Sadique, Shaikh Enayet Ullah, Rabiul Islam, Raad Raad, Abbas Z. Kouzani, M. A. Parvez Mahmud. Transceiver Design for Full-Duplex UAV Based Zero-Padded OFDM System With Physical Layer Security. IEEE Access. 2021; 9 ():59432-59445.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Joarder Jafor Sadique; Shaikh Enayet Ullah; Rabiul Islam; Raad Raad; Abbas Z. Kouzani; M. A. Parvez Mahmud. 2021. "Transceiver Design for Full-Duplex UAV Based Zero-Padded OFDM System With Physical Layer Security." IEEE Access 9, no. : 59432-59445.

Journal article
Published: 13 April 2021 in IEEE Access
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Asthma is a chronic and airway-induced disease, causing the incidence of bronchus inflammation, breathlessness, wheezing, is drastically becoming life-threatening. Even in the worst cases, it may destroy the quality to lead. Therefore, early detection of asthma is urgently needed, and machine learning can help identify asthma accurately. In this paper, a novel machine learning framework, namely BOMLA ( B ayesian O ptimisation-based M achine L earning framework for A sthma) detector has been proposed to detect asthma. Ten classifiers have been utilized in the BOMLA detector, where Support Vector Classifier (SVC), Random Forest (RF), Gradient Boosting Classifier (GBC), eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGB), and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) are state-of-the-art classifiers. In contrast, Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Quadratic Discriminant Analysis (QLDA), Naive Bayes (NB), Decision Tree (DT), and K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) are conventional popular classifiers. ADASYN algorithm has also been employed in the BOMLA detector to eradicate the issues created due to the imbalanced dataset. It has even been attempted to delineate how the ADASYN algorithm affects the classification performance. The highest accuracy (ACC) and Matthews’s correlation coefficient (MCC) for an Asthma dataset provide 94.35% and 88.97%, respectively, using BOMLA detector when SVC is adapted, and it has been increased to 96.52% and 93.04%, respectively, when ensemble technique is adapted. The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) has also been performed in the 10-fold cross-validation to measure the statistical significance. A decision support system has been built as a potential application of the proposed system to visualize the probable outcome of the patient. Finally, it is expected that the BOMLA detector will help patients in their early diagnosis of asthma.

ACS Style

Abdul Awal; Shahadat Hossain; Kumar Debjit; Nafiz Ahmed; Rajan Dev Nath; G. M. Monsur Habib; Salauddin Khan; Akhtarul Islam; M. A. Parvez Mahmud. An Early Detection of Asthma using BOMLA Detector. IEEE Access 2021, 9, 1 -1.

AMA Style

Abdul Awal, Shahadat Hossain, Kumar Debjit, Nafiz Ahmed, Rajan Dev Nath, G. M. Monsur Habib, Salauddin Khan, Akhtarul Islam, M. A. Parvez Mahmud. An Early Detection of Asthma using BOMLA Detector. IEEE Access. 2021; 9 ():1-1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abdul Awal; Shahadat Hossain; Kumar Debjit; Nafiz Ahmed; Rajan Dev Nath; G. M. Monsur Habib; Salauddin Khan; Akhtarul Islam; M. A. Parvez Mahmud. 2021. "An Early Detection of Asthma using BOMLA Detector." IEEE Access 9, no. : 1-1.

Regular paper
Published: 09 March 2021 in Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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This study reports the strain-dependent efficiency of the InGaN-based multi-junction solar cell (MJSC) for the first time. The route of strain in MJSC is identified to be the results of dissimilar lattice constants between layers of sub-cell grown epitaxially with bandgap stepping. Utilising multi-layered strain model, the state of strain and its magnitude is evaluated for three types of MJSC structures referred to as MJSC-1, MJSC-2, and MJSC-3. It is found that the MJSC position-dependent strain is strongly dependent on the sub-cell thickness as well as on the number of sub-cells. Employing the MJSC position-dependent strain in combination with deformation potentials, strain-induced energy bandgap is calculated when imposed under tensile strain condition. Finally, the strain-dependent efficiencies of different MJSC structures are estimated and obtained to be lower with that of reported with strain effects over sighted. The loss of efficiency is identified to be due to the open circuit voltage which decreases under tensile strain condition. Among the MJSC structures studied here, MJSC-3 with 7-layers is less efficient and its efficiency decreases up to 3.01% when strain effect is taken into consideration.

ACS Style

Aminur Rahman; Jahirul Islam; Rafiqul Islam; M. A. Parvez Mahmud. Strain Dependent Performance Analysis of InGaN Multi-junction Solar Cell. Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials 2021, 1 -10.

AMA Style

Aminur Rahman, Jahirul Islam, Rafiqul Islam, M. A. Parvez Mahmud. Strain Dependent Performance Analysis of InGaN Multi-junction Solar Cell. Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials. 2021; ():1-10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aminur Rahman; Jahirul Islam; Rafiqul Islam; M. A. Parvez Mahmud. 2021. "Strain Dependent Performance Analysis of InGaN Multi-junction Solar Cell." Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials , no. : 1-10.

Journal article
Published: 08 March 2021 in IEEE Access
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This article addresses the design and implementation of a novel quad-band electromagnetic (EM) and solar energy scavenging system, ensuring energy harvesting from ambient RF environment with excellent “cold start” power level. The proposed scavenger consists of a single port quad-band rectangular slot antenna, power film solar cell, a quad-band RF- to-DC converter, a microcell power management module, and a battery. The harmonic balance of EM solver is used to design and maximize the RF- to - DC rectification efficiency with the combination of the antenna and the solar cell. The power film solar cell is placed in the middle of the antenna with positive and negative edges connected to the top and bottom layer of the antenna so that total harvested energy passes through the rectifier and forms an ambient hybrid energy harvesting system. One significant benefit of this method is the utilization of the antenna free space for the effective area of the power film. Another important contribution is the employment of multiband antennas for increasing the total ambient RF scavenged energy. Besides, a cost-effective and flexible FR4 substrate and a micropower film solar cell are used to make it conformal and cheaper. The prototype of hybrid harvester demonstrated that with 360 lux ambient light intensity, at the solar cell can generate 0.109 V energy while the harvester can attain an extra 5% - 48% energy with ambient RF input level variation from −15 to −20 dBm. The rectifier circuit achieves 74.5% RF-to-DC rectification efficiency for the value of load resistance 2.7 $\text{k}\Omega $ . These performances depict that the proposed multiband ambient hybrid RF-solar power scavenger can raise the scavenged power level and offer energy multiplicity.

ACS Style

Sunanda Roy; Jun-Jiat Tiang; Mardeni Bin Roslee; Tanvir Ahmed; M. A. Parvez Mahmud. A Quad-Band Stacked Hybrid Ambient RF-Solar Energy Harvester With Higher RF-to-DC Rectification Efficiency. IEEE Access 2021, 9, 39303 -39321.

AMA Style

Sunanda Roy, Jun-Jiat Tiang, Mardeni Bin Roslee, Tanvir Ahmed, M. A. Parvez Mahmud. A Quad-Band Stacked Hybrid Ambient RF-Solar Energy Harvester With Higher RF-to-DC Rectification Efficiency. IEEE Access. 2021; 9 ():39303-39321.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sunanda Roy; Jun-Jiat Tiang; Mardeni Bin Roslee; Tanvir Ahmed; M. A. Parvez Mahmud. 2021. "A Quad-Band Stacked Hybrid Ambient RF-Solar Energy Harvester With Higher RF-to-DC Rectification Efficiency." IEEE Access 9, no. : 39303-39321.