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Dr. Eric Brevik
Dickinson State University

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Review
Published: 23 August 2021 in Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
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The health sector is critical to the well-being of any country, but developing countries have several obstacles that prevent them from providing adequate health care. This became an even larger concern after the COVID-19 outbreak left millions of people dead worldwide and generated huge amounts of infected or potentially infected wastes. The management and disposal of medical wastes during and post-COVID-19 represent a major challenge in all countries, but this challenge is particularly great for developing countries that do not have robust waste disposal infrastructure. The main problems in developing countries include inefficient treatment procedures, limited capacity of healthcare facilities, and improper waste disposal procedures. The management of medical wastes in most developing countries was primitive prior to the pandemic. The improper treatment and disposal of these wastes in our current situation may further speed COVID-19 spread, creating a serious risk for workers in the medical and sanitation fields, patients, and all of society. Therefore, there is a critical need to discuss emerging challenges in handling, treating, and disposing of medical wastes in developing countries during and after the COVID-19 outbreak. There is a need to determine best disposal techniques given the conditions and limitations under which developing countries operate. Several open questions need to be investigated concerning this global issue, such as to what extent developing countries can control the expected environmental impacts of COVID-19, particularly those related to medical wastes? What are the projected management scenarios for medical wastes under the COVID-19 outbreak? And what are the major environmental risks posed by contaminated wastes related to COVID-19 treatment? Studies directed at the questions above, careful planning, the use of large capacity mobile recycling facilities, and following established guidelines for disposal of medical wastes should reduce risk of COVID-19 spread in developing countries.

ACS Style

Hassan El-Ramady; Eric C. Brevik; Heba Elbasiouny; Fathy Elbehiry; Megahed Amer; Tamer Elsakhawy; Alaa El-Dein Omara; Ahmed A. Mosa; Ayman M. El-Ghamry; Neama Abdalla; Szilárd Rezes; Mai Elboraey; Ahmed Ezzat; Yahya Eid. Planning for disposal of COVID-19 pandemic wastes in developing countries: a review of current challenges. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 2021, 193, 1 -15.

AMA Style

Hassan El-Ramady, Eric C. Brevik, Heba Elbasiouny, Fathy Elbehiry, Megahed Amer, Tamer Elsakhawy, Alaa El-Dein Omara, Ahmed A. Mosa, Ayman M. El-Ghamry, Neama Abdalla, Szilárd Rezes, Mai Elboraey, Ahmed Ezzat, Yahya Eid. Planning for disposal of COVID-19 pandemic wastes in developing countries: a review of current challenges. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2021; 193 (9):1-15.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hassan El-Ramady; Eric C. Brevik; Heba Elbasiouny; Fathy Elbehiry; Megahed Amer; Tamer Elsakhawy; Alaa El-Dein Omara; Ahmed A. Mosa; Ayman M. El-Ghamry; Neama Abdalla; Szilárd Rezes; Mai Elboraey; Ahmed Ezzat; Yahya Eid. 2021. "Planning for disposal of COVID-19 pandemic wastes in developing countries: a review of current challenges." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 193, no. 9: 1-15.

Journal article
Published: 09 August 2021 in CATENA
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Understanding how topography affects the distribution of soil properties is essential in the management of landscape hydrology and establishment of sustainable soil management practices. This study investigated the impact of topography on the variation in particle size distribution, coarse fragments, and soil bulk density using different interpolation techniques and fractal analysis. It also evaluated the performance of various interpolation techniques in predicting and characterizing the distribution of soil properties. The study was conducted using data from 620 samples extracted from the Tellus and LUCAS databases in Eglinton and Castlederg counties, Northern Ireland. Terrain attributes were obtained at a 30 × 30 m resolution using a global digital elevation model (GDEM) reintroduced to the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection. Interpolation analyses were conducted using inverse distance weighting (IDW), ordinary kriging (OK), block kriging (BK) and co-kriging (CK). Among the terrain attributes, elevation was the most influential covariate for CK. In addition, fractal analysis was conducted to assess the self-similarity of the soil properties. Prediction accuracy of the interpolation methods was evaluated using the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency, mean absolute error, index of agreement, and Pearson correlation coefficient. Spatial maps produced from the kriging techniques showed high accuracy in the prediction of soil particle size distribution and bulk density. The use of elevation as an auxiliary variable was successful in producing accurate soil property distribution maps with CK. The fractal parameters showed that the soil properties had short range spatial variability, anti-persistent nature, and strong spatial structure. Additionally, the fractal dimension was strongly correlated with sand, silt and clay contents and bulk density, and weakly correlated with the coarse fragments.

ACS Style

Ali Keshavarzi; Henry Oppong Tuffour; Eric C. Brevik; Güneş Ertunç. Spatial variability of soil mineral fractions and bulk density in Northern Ireland: Assessing the influence of topography using different interpolation methods and fractal analysis. CATENA 2021, 207, 105646 .

AMA Style

Ali Keshavarzi, Henry Oppong Tuffour, Eric C. Brevik, Güneş Ertunç. Spatial variability of soil mineral fractions and bulk density in Northern Ireland: Assessing the influence of topography using different interpolation methods and fractal analysis. CATENA. 2021; 207 ():105646.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ali Keshavarzi; Henry Oppong Tuffour; Eric C. Brevik; Güneş Ertunç. 2021. "Spatial variability of soil mineral fractions and bulk density in Northern Ireland: Assessing the influence of topography using different interpolation methods and fractal analysis." CATENA 207, no. : 105646.

Chapter
Published: 02 August 2021 in Practical Applications of Medical Geology
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Soils influence human health in many ways, both positive and negative. These include the supply of nutrients; exposure to heavy metals, organic chemicals, and pathogens; the supply of antibiotics and other medicines; and soils may even support mental health. Soils can impact all aspects of the human system, from the skin to the respiratory tract, digestive and nervous systems, and beyond. Human management of the soil system can have a major impact on these influences. In particular, any management that supports soil health also supports human health. Establishing the health of a soil involves the measurement of soil biological, chemical, and physical properties. Future needs in the area of soil and human health include well-designed scientific studies that investigate the links between soil abiotic and biotic properties and human health as well as soil science links to soils and human health.

ACS Style

Lily Pereg; Joshua J. Steffan; Csongor Gedeon; Phil Thomas; Eric C. Brevik. Medical Geology of Soil Ecology. Practical Applications of Medical Geology 2021, 343 -401.

AMA Style

Lily Pereg, Joshua J. Steffan, Csongor Gedeon, Phil Thomas, Eric C. Brevik. Medical Geology of Soil Ecology. Practical Applications of Medical Geology. 2021; ():343-401.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lily Pereg; Joshua J. Steffan; Csongor Gedeon; Phil Thomas; Eric C. Brevik. 2021. "Medical Geology of Soil Ecology." Practical Applications of Medical Geology , no. : 343-401.

Review
Published: 31 July 2021 in Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
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ACS Style

Heba Elbasiouny; Marwa Darweesh; Hala Elbltagy; Fatma G. Abo-Alhamd; Ahlam A. Amer; Mariam A. Elsegaiy; Israa A. Khattab; Esraa A. Elsharawy; Fathy Elbehiry; Hassan El-Ramady; Eric C. Brevik. Correction to: Ecofriendly remediation technologies for wastewater contaminated with heavy metals with special focus on using water hyacinth and black tea wastes: a review. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 2021, 193, 1 -1.

AMA Style

Heba Elbasiouny, Marwa Darweesh, Hala Elbltagy, Fatma G. Abo-Alhamd, Ahlam A. Amer, Mariam A. Elsegaiy, Israa A. Khattab, Esraa A. Elsharawy, Fathy Elbehiry, Hassan El-Ramady, Eric C. Brevik. Correction to: Ecofriendly remediation technologies for wastewater contaminated with heavy metals with special focus on using water hyacinth and black tea wastes: a review. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2021; 193 (8):1-1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Heba Elbasiouny; Marwa Darweesh; Hala Elbltagy; Fatma G. Abo-Alhamd; Ahlam A. Amer; Mariam A. Elsegaiy; Israa A. Khattab; Esraa A. Elsharawy; Fathy Elbehiry; Hassan El-Ramady; Eric C. Brevik. 2021. "Correction to: Ecofriendly remediation technologies for wastewater contaminated with heavy metals with special focus on using water hyacinth and black tea wastes: a review." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 193, no. 8: 1-1.

Journal article
Published: 19 July 2021 in Journal of Soils and Sediments
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The availability of potentially toxic elements in the soil is important to evaluate the risk they pose for humans and the broader environment. Implementation of environmental laws, especially in developing countries, makes it necessary to establish background concentrations for contaminants in soil. Soil samples from Aridisols, Entisols, and Vertisols in the northern Nile Delta, Egypt, were taken at three depths and extracted with Mehlich III (M3) reagent to evaluate the availability and potential ecological risk of some emerging contaminants (Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Li, and Se). Concentrations of the studied elements in the 60–90 cm depth soil layer, which were used as background values, showed that Li concentration was highest in Aridisols and Entisols, while Ba had the highest concentration in Vertisols. The contamination status of the soils was addressed by calculating a variety of pollution indices. Vertisols were enriched in the studied elements, while the Aridisols and Entisols were not enriched to moderately enriched (relative to background values). This study provides an effective reference for the local background ‘available’ concentrations of the above-mentioned elements in different soil orders in the Nile Delta. Although many countries in the world built their environmental legislation on (pseudo)total element concentrations, these are not representative of the actual risk, and we recommend the use of M3 extraction and pollution indices to set up guidelines for trace element limits in the soils of Egypt.

ACS Style

Fathy Elbehiry; Heba Elbasiouny; Valérie Cappuyns; Eric C. Brevik. Available concentrations of some potentially toxic and emerging contaminants in different soil orders in Egypt and assessment of soil pollution. Journal of Soils and Sediments 2021, 1 -18.

AMA Style

Fathy Elbehiry, Heba Elbasiouny, Valérie Cappuyns, Eric C. Brevik. Available concentrations of some potentially toxic and emerging contaminants in different soil orders in Egypt and assessment of soil pollution. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 2021; ():1-18.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fathy Elbehiry; Heba Elbasiouny; Valérie Cappuyns; Eric C. Brevik. 2021. "Available concentrations of some potentially toxic and emerging contaminants in different soil orders in Egypt and assessment of soil pollution." Journal of Soils and Sediments , no. : 1-18.

Original research article
Published: 28 June 2021 in Natural Sciences Education
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ACS Style

Robert L. Mahler; Maja Krzic; Bethann Garramon Merkle; Colby Moorberg; Eric C. Brevik. Natural sciences education in a COVID‐19 world. Natural Sciences Education 2021, e220067 .

AMA Style

Robert L. Mahler, Maja Krzic, Bethann Garramon Merkle, Colby Moorberg, Eric C. Brevik. Natural sciences education in a COVID‐19 world. Natural Sciences Education. 2021; ():e220067.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Robert L. Mahler; Maja Krzic; Bethann Garramon Merkle; Colby Moorberg; Eric C. Brevik. 2021. "Natural sciences education in a COVID‐19 world." Natural Sciences Education , no. : e220067.

Review
Published: 26 June 2021 in Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
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Treatment of water contaminated with heavy metals is challenging. Heavy metals are non-degradable, persistent in the environment, have a high dispersion capacity by water, can bioaccumulate, and represent risks to human and environmental health. Conventional treatment methods have disadvantages; however, adsorption in biomass is a highly promising method with high efficiency and low cost that avoids many of the disadvantages of conventional methods. Black tea (BT) wastes and water hyacinth (WH) have attracted attention for their ability to remove heavy metals from wastewater. Utilizing these approaches can remove contaminants and effectively manage problematic invasive species and wastes. The conventional uses of BT and WH were efficient for removing heavy metals from wastewater. Due to the unique and distinct properties and advantages of biochar and nano-forms of biosorbents, the use of BT and WH in these forms is promising to achieve sustainable heavy metals removal from wastewater. However, more study is needed to confirm preliminary results.

ACS Style

Heba Elbasiouny; Marwa Darwesh; Hala Elbeltagy; Fatma G. Abo-Alhamd; Ahlam A. Amer; Mariam A. Elsegaiy; Israa A. Khattab; Esraa A. Elsharawy; Fathy Ebehiry; Hassan El-Ramady; Eric C. Brevik. Ecofriendly remediation technologies for wastewater contaminated with heavy metals with special focus on using water hyacinth and black tea wastes: a review. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 2021, 193, 1 -19.

AMA Style

Heba Elbasiouny, Marwa Darwesh, Hala Elbeltagy, Fatma G. Abo-Alhamd, Ahlam A. Amer, Mariam A. Elsegaiy, Israa A. Khattab, Esraa A. Elsharawy, Fathy Ebehiry, Hassan El-Ramady, Eric C. Brevik. Ecofriendly remediation technologies for wastewater contaminated with heavy metals with special focus on using water hyacinth and black tea wastes: a review. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2021; 193 (7):1-19.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Heba Elbasiouny; Marwa Darwesh; Hala Elbeltagy; Fatma G. Abo-Alhamd; Ahlam A. Amer; Mariam A. Elsegaiy; Israa A. Khattab; Esraa A. Elsharawy; Fathy Ebehiry; Hassan El-Ramady; Eric C. Brevik. 2021. "Ecofriendly remediation technologies for wastewater contaminated with heavy metals with special focus on using water hyacinth and black tea wastes: a review." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 193, no. 7: 1-19.

Review article
Published: 16 April 2021 in Geoderma Regional
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Being critical to achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations, strengthening understanding of the properties and processes of soil at national and regional scales is imperative. The necessity to realize SDGs by 2030 also inspires a greater sense of responsibility and care for soils. Sustainable management of soil health is important to achieving several SDGs. Pertinent SDGs intricately connected with soil health include SDG 1 (End Poverty), 2 (Zero Hunger), 3 (Good Health and Wellbeing), 5 (Gender Equality), 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy), 9 (Industry Innovation and Infrastructure), 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), 13 (Climate Action), and 15 (Life on Land). Some of these SDGs rely considerably on plant production and others depend on soil processes. Pertinent among soil processes are water movement, heat transfer, sorption and physical filtration, ion exchange, and biochemical and biophysical transformations. In terms of specific accomplishments, 130 countries have aligned with the Zero Hunger Challenge, the globally available fresh water has decreased to 71% of needs, Technosols (soils whose formation is influenced by anthropogenic based materials) are used in urban ecosystems, food wastes are composted, specific targets of Land Degradation Neutrality have been signed by several countries, and soil C sequestration targets are widely implemented through initiatives such as the 4 Per Thousand (4P1000) initiative, Platform on Climate Action in Americas (PLACA), Adapting African Agriculture (AAA), Living Soils of the Americas (LiSAM), etc. In addition, policy and regulatory frameworks being widely promoted by several U.N. agencies (e.g., U.N. SDGs,limiting global warming to 1.5°C or 2 °C) can be supported by innovations in soil science including forensic soil science, remote sensing and other innovations. Soil health is becoming a central element of the research and innovation program of the EU, aiming to reach a 75% of healthy soils by 2030. In addition, the importance of soil health to human health and environmental issues is being widely promoted through educational books on soil science and secondary schools, as well as the revision of curricula. With continuous progress in movement into the digital world, transfer and communication of knowledge of the soil sciences can improve for the end users, policymakers, and the general public but additional efforts are needed. Soil science knowledge and research forms a significant contribution to specific aspects of food and nutritional security, human wellbeing, nature conservancy, and global peace and harmony. Achieving critical SDGs by 2030 can be facilitated by soil restoration and sustainable management.

ACS Style

Rattan Lal; Johan Bouma; Eric Brevik; Lorna Dawson; Damien J. Field; Bruno Glaser; Ryusuke Hatano; Alfred E. Hartemink; Takashi Kosaki; Bruce Lascelles; Curtis Monger; Cristine Muggler; Georges Martial Ndzana; Stefan Norra; Xicai Pan; Remigio Paradelo; Laura Bertha Reyes-Sánchez; Taru Sandén; Bal Ram Singh; Heide Spiegel; Junta Yanai; Jiabao Zhang. Soils and sustainable development goals of the United Nations: An International Union of Soil Sciences perspective. Geoderma Regional 2021, 25, e00398 .

AMA Style

Rattan Lal, Johan Bouma, Eric Brevik, Lorna Dawson, Damien J. Field, Bruno Glaser, Ryusuke Hatano, Alfred E. Hartemink, Takashi Kosaki, Bruce Lascelles, Curtis Monger, Cristine Muggler, Georges Martial Ndzana, Stefan Norra, Xicai Pan, Remigio Paradelo, Laura Bertha Reyes-Sánchez, Taru Sandén, Bal Ram Singh, Heide Spiegel, Junta Yanai, Jiabao Zhang. Soils and sustainable development goals of the United Nations: An International Union of Soil Sciences perspective. Geoderma Regional. 2021; 25 ():e00398.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rattan Lal; Johan Bouma; Eric Brevik; Lorna Dawson; Damien J. Field; Bruno Glaser; Ryusuke Hatano; Alfred E. Hartemink; Takashi Kosaki; Bruce Lascelles; Curtis Monger; Cristine Muggler; Georges Martial Ndzana; Stefan Norra; Xicai Pan; Remigio Paradelo; Laura Bertha Reyes-Sánchez; Taru Sandén; Bal Ram Singh; Heide Spiegel; Junta Yanai; Jiabao Zhang. 2021. "Soils and sustainable development goals of the United Nations: An International Union of Soil Sciences perspective." Geoderma Regional 25, no. : e00398.

Invited opinion article
Published: 12 April 2021 in European Journal of Soil Science
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Previous studies have indicated that diversity is a concern in soil science, including as this relates to gender equity. However, gender equity data for soil science is extremely limited, with only the USA having a current relatively extensive study published in the scientific literature. Therefore, this paper was undertaken to gain a preliminary understanding of gender equity issues in a range of countries worldwide using the gender data of membership in national soil science societies, international conferences, and journals. Data for 2020 membership was supplied by 44 soil science societies providing a broad geographic representation. Thirty‐seven of the 44 societies had more male members than female. Only 32% of the soil science society members were women, although the highest percentage for an individual society was 69% female membership. Regionally, Asia had the lowest female membership at 22%, while Africa had the highest at 40%. Only 20% of the national soil science societies who are members of the International Union of Soil Sciences had female presidents, indicating that women are underrepresented in the top leadership roles in our professional societies. Women were underrepresented as keynote speakers at conferences and on many editorial boards. This initial scoping study demonstrates that there is an urgent global need to address gender equity within the soil science profession. However, gender equity extends beyond just the number of women in our profession: it also includes equal access to wages, leadership roles and decision making. We conclude that it is critical that individual countries undertake detailed studies of gender equity so we have a more complete picture of the national and international scale of this issue.

ACS Style

Lorna Dawson; Eric C. Brevik; Laura Bertha Reyes‐Sánchez. International gender equity in soil science. European Journal of Soil Science 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Lorna Dawson, Eric C. Brevik, Laura Bertha Reyes‐Sánchez. International gender equity in soil science. European Journal of Soil Science. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lorna Dawson; Eric C. Brevik; Laura Bertha Reyes‐Sánchez. 2021. "International gender equity in soil science." European Journal of Soil Science , no. : 1.

Review
Published: 05 April 2021 in Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology
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Agriculture is widely recognized as a source of considerable greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, with opportunities for mitigation. The limited capacity to identify and collect reliable activity data and to quantify emissions by sources and removals by sinks needs to be addressed. One proposed solution is to adapt IPCC methodologies that include estimations of both CO2 emissions and carbon sequestration in agricultural systems, which were applied to Colombia at the farm level in this study. The aim of this work was to provide an assessment of GHG balances through these IPCC methodologies to identify potential GHG mitigation in sustainable agricultural systems used in Colombia that provide acceptable GHG trade‐offs to the atmosphere. Agroforestry systems made the largest contribution to this mitigation potential because of the potential to sequester carbon in both soil and biomass, giving a negative GHG emission to the atmosphere. GHG balance analysis at the Colombian farm level indicated that conventional agriculture with pastures of Pennisetum clandestinum in rotation with potatoes (PRP) in the Andean zone of Nariño (Colombia) is a large emitter of GHG with 9.1 ton CO2eq ha−1 year−1. On the other hand, in livestock systems in the Andean zone (Antioquia), intensive silvopastoral systems with 500 Eucalyptus tereticornis trees ha−1 (SSPi) on pastures is a great neutralizer of GHG emissions, accounting for −26.6 t CO2eq ha−1 year−1. Agroforestry systems play a leading role, as crop rotation and improved pastures can represent a GHG mitigation opportunity for sustainable agricultural production at the farm level in Colombia. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

ACS Style

Amanda Silva‐Parra; Juan Manuel Trujillo‐González; Eric C. Brevik. Greenhouse gas balance and mitigation potential of agricultural systems in Colombia: A systematic analysis. Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology 2021, 11, 554 -572.

AMA Style

Amanda Silva‐Parra, Juan Manuel Trujillo‐González, Eric C. Brevik. Greenhouse gas balance and mitigation potential of agricultural systems in Colombia: A systematic analysis. Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology. 2021; 11 (3):554-572.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amanda Silva‐Parra; Juan Manuel Trujillo‐González; Eric C. Brevik. 2021. "Greenhouse gas balance and mitigation potential of agricultural systems in Colombia: A systematic analysis." Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology 11, no. 3: 554-572.

Preprint content
Published: 03 March 2021
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Gender equity is a concern in many scientific fields, including soil science. Lower percentages of women work as soil scientists than we have in the general population; fewer opportunities to serve on committees or as invited speakers at scientific meetings; lower selection rates for scientific awards; unconscious bias; tension with work-life balance; poor funding and pay; lack of career progression and a lack of networking opportunities. Advances have been made in many countries, although major discrepancies still exist and women are overall still a minority in soil science and related fields.

A review of international gender equity issues in soil science was undertaken by requesting gender data from 70 national soil science societies around the world; forty-three societies responded. Female members ranged from 0% to 69%. Thirty-six of the 43 societies had more male than female members; the global average was 68% male and 32% female. Some societies noted that women make up a majority of the younger soil science generation or women make up a larger percentage of the younger membership than of the total membership in their society. These findings indicate there is some progress in gender equity in these countries. However, higher numbers of women do not always mean the reasons for those higher numbers are positive. For example, the Bulgarian Soil Science Society mentioned that women were a majority of their soil scientists because soil science did not pay well and men would not take such a low-paying job. Twenty percent of the national soil science societies belonging to the International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS) have a woman as their president. However, this is lower than the average female membership (32%) in these societies. This is an indication that women are underrepresented in leadership roles.

A rethinking of gender equity is needed to create a new paradigm that allows us:

1. To create an inclusive perspective that encourages respect, collaboration and solidarity between the genders. An education based on the full understanding that “equality does not mean that women and men will become the same but that women’s and men’s rights, responsibilities and opportunities will not depend on whether they are born male or female.”

2. An education that recognizes that soil is not only a natural resource, but also provides social, economic, cultural, political and patrimonial good. The soil not only allows humans to live on it, it supplies food, water and a legitimate sustenance to overcome poverty and to construct an identity, cultural and economic independence.

Therefore, legitimate land ownership is a key element in achieving gender equality for the construction of a just and equitable life, but also the only real way to end all forms of discrimination against women and girls. To improve equity in the sciences, including soil science, we need to educate in a way that changes the gender stereotypes that link science to stereotypes about masculinity. There is no equality without economic independence, and there is no economic independence without equal access to land ownership and land care.

ACS Style

Eric C. Brevik; Lorna Dawson; Laura Bertha Reyes Sanchez. International Gender Equity in Soil Science: A Social Equity Issue. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Eric C. Brevik, Lorna Dawson, Laura Bertha Reyes Sanchez. International Gender Equity in Soil Science: A Social Equity Issue. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eric C. Brevik; Lorna Dawson; Laura Bertha Reyes Sanchez. 2021. "International Gender Equity in Soil Science: A Social Equity Issue." , no. : 1.

Original paper
Published: 04 January 2021 in Environmental Geochemistry and Health
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It is imperative to comprehend the level and spatial distribution of soil pollution with heavy metals to find sustainable management approaches for affected soils. Selected heavy metals (Mn, Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr, Ni, As, Co, and Cd) and physiochemical parameters were appraised for 620 samples from industrial, agricultural and urban sites in Northern Ireland using the Tellus database. The findings of this study showed that among the analyzed heavy metals, Mn content was the highest and Cd content the lowest. Pearson’s correlation analysis revealed that heavy metals were highly correlated with each other, signifying similar sources for the heavy metals. Mixed factors (anthropogenic and lithogenic) were responsible for the contribution of heavy metals as revealed by multivariate statistical analysis. The results of contamination factor and enrichment factor analyses suggest that As, Cd, and Pb showed very high risk for pollution in the study area. The geoaccumulation index revealed that with the exception of Cd, all analyzed heavy metals showed severe accumulation in the soils. The potential and modified ecological risk indices inferred that Cd, As, and Pb represented ecological threats in the soils of Northern Ireland. The findings of this study will aid in forming approaches to decrease the risks associated with heavy metals in industrial, urban and agricultural soils, and help create guidelines to protect the environment from long-term accumulation of heavy metals.

ACS Style

Ali Keshavarzi; Vinod Kumar; Güneş Ertunç; Eric C. Brevik. Ecological risk assessment and source apportionment of heavy metals contamination: an appraisal based on the Tellus soil survey. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 2021, 43, 2121 -2142.

AMA Style

Ali Keshavarzi, Vinod Kumar, Güneş Ertunç, Eric C. Brevik. Ecological risk assessment and source apportionment of heavy metals contamination: an appraisal based on the Tellus soil survey. Environmental Geochemistry and Health. 2021; 43 (5):2121-2142.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ali Keshavarzi; Vinod Kumar; Güneş Ertunç; Eric C. Brevik. 2021. "Ecological risk assessment and source apportionment of heavy metals contamination: an appraisal based on the Tellus soil survey." Environmental Geochemistry and Health 43, no. 5: 2121-2142.

Case study
Published: 01 January 2021 in Natural Sciences Education
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On March 12, 2020 Dickinson State University moved all classes to distance delivery (DD) in response to COVID‐19. Faculty had only a brief opportunity to plan, as the turn‐around to DD was very rapid. Meaningful laboratory exercises were needed for SOIL 210 – Introduction to Soil Science. The senior author learned about the Science of Agriculture (SoA) website on a discussion board created by the Soil Science Society of America, which provided links to distance education resources. Most of the resources from SoA addressed topics still to be covered in SOIL 210, and four of the semester's final six labs were developed using SoA: Understanding Data and Chemistry, Soil Chemistry, Dryland Soils, and Microbiology and Nitrogen. Materials available on the SoA website include video clips, interactive exercises, and virtual labs. While the virtual labs, with the exception of Sorption!, are not soil science focused, they cover basic skills that soil scientists use. Each of the four labs utilized four to eight of the activities (video clips, interactives, and/or virtual labs) available on SoA, depending on the length of time each activity was expected to take and the number of activities available for the given topic. Students were asked to answer specific questions related to their lab experience with the digital activities. SoA provided useful tools to develop meaningful experiences for the SOIL 210 students in lieu of their traditional laboratory exercises. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

ACS Style

Eric C. Brevik; April Ulery; Amy Smith Muise. Pivoting to online laboratories due to COVID‐19 using the Science of Agriculture digital tools: A case study. Natural Sciences Education 2021, 50, e20045 .

AMA Style

Eric C. Brevik, April Ulery, Amy Smith Muise. Pivoting to online laboratories due to COVID‐19 using the Science of Agriculture digital tools: A case study. Natural Sciences Education. 2021; 50 (1):e20045.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eric C. Brevik; April Ulery; Amy Smith Muise. 2021. "Pivoting to online laboratories due to COVID‐19 using the Science of Agriculture digital tools: A case study." Natural Sciences Education 50, no. 1: e20045.

Review article
Published: 09 December 2020 in Journal of Sustainable Agricultural Sciences
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Water is considered one of the most important components of life, alongside atmospheric air. Its pollution represents a serious threat not only to human health but also to the surrounding ecology. Water pollution problems were aggravated in the era of COVID-19. Approximately 80% of global diseases are waterborne, and polluted aquatic environments have been linked to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes the disease COVID-19. Understanding the fate of this virus in aquatic environments like water and wastewater is critical. SARS-CoV-2 may be adsorbed on charged colloidal particles and this process probably depends on the pH of the medium. Other parameters that may influence this process include sorptive interaction with solid particles in soils, aquatic environments and sewage sludge. There are several areas of research that need to be investigated regarding the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 and the transmission of COVID-19 to aqueous environments, including indirect relationships between different aquatic environments (e.g., groundwater, drinking water and wastewater) and outbreaks of COVID-19. Different pathways and the fate of SARS-CoV-2 in water, wastewater and groundwater and subsequent human exposures also need to be determined. These issues will be explored in this review.

ACS Style

Hassan El-Ramady; Yahya Z Eid; Eric C Brevik. New Pollution Challenges in Groundwater and Wastewater Due to COVID-19. Journal of Sustainable Agricultural Sciences 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Hassan El-Ramady, Yahya Z Eid, Eric C Brevik. New Pollution Challenges in Groundwater and Wastewater Due to COVID-19. Journal of Sustainable Agricultural Sciences. 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hassan El-Ramady; Yahya Z Eid; Eric C Brevik. 2020. "New Pollution Challenges in Groundwater and Wastewater Due to COVID-19." Journal of Sustainable Agricultural Sciences , no. : 1.

Review
Published: 09 September 2020 in Soil Systems
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Selenium is an essential micronutrient required for the health of humans and lower plants, but its importance for higher plants is still being investigated. The biological functions of Se related to human health revolve around its presence in 25 known selenoproteins (e.g., selenocysteine or the 21st amino acid). Humans may receive their required Se through plant uptake of soil Se, foods enriched in Se, or Se dietary supplements. Selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) have been applied to biofortified foods and feeds. Due to low toxicity and high efficiency, Se-NPs are used in applications such as cancer therapy and nano-medicines. Selenium and nano-selenium may be able to support and enhance the productivity of cultivated plants and animals under stressful conditions because they are antimicrobial and anti-carcinogenic agents, with antioxidant capacity and immune-modulatory efficacy. Thus, nano-selenium could be inserted in the feeds of fish and livestock to improvise stress resilience and productivity. This review offers new insights in Se and Se-NPs biofortification for edible plants and farm animals under stressful environments. Further, extensive research on Se-NPs is required to identify possible adverse effects on humans and their cytotoxicity.

ACS Style

Hassan El-Ramady; Salah E.-D. Faizy; Neama Abdalla; Hussein Taha; Éva Domokos-Szabolcsy; Miklós Fari; Tamer Elsakhawy; Alaa El-Dein Omara; Tarek Shalaby; Yousry Bayoumi; Said Shehata; Christoph-Martin Geilfus; Eric C. Brevik. Selenium and Nano-Selenium Biofortification for Human Health: Opportunities and Challenges. Soil Systems 2020, 4, 57 .

AMA Style

Hassan El-Ramady, Salah E.-D. Faizy, Neama Abdalla, Hussein Taha, Éva Domokos-Szabolcsy, Miklós Fari, Tamer Elsakhawy, Alaa El-Dein Omara, Tarek Shalaby, Yousry Bayoumi, Said Shehata, Christoph-Martin Geilfus, Eric C. Brevik. Selenium and Nano-Selenium Biofortification for Human Health: Opportunities and Challenges. Soil Systems. 2020; 4 (3):57.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hassan El-Ramady; Salah E.-D. Faizy; Neama Abdalla; Hussein Taha; Éva Domokos-Szabolcsy; Miklós Fari; Tamer Elsakhawy; Alaa El-Dein Omara; Tarek Shalaby; Yousry Bayoumi; Said Shehata; Christoph-Martin Geilfus; Eric C. Brevik. 2020. "Selenium and Nano-Selenium Biofortification for Human Health: Opportunities and Challenges." Soil Systems 4, no. 3: 57.

Review article
Published: 08 September 2020 in Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health
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Soil ecosystems contain and support the greatest amount of biodiversity on the planet. A majority of this diversity is made up of microorganisms, most of which are beneficial for humans. However, some of these organisms are considered human pathogens. In light of the current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak, one may ponder the origin of the next pandemic and if soil may represent a source of pathogens with pandemic potential. This review focuses on several bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens that can result in human infection due to direct interaction with the soil. Moreover, the current status of knowledge regarding SARS-CoV-2 survival in and transmission from soil is reviewed.

ACS Style

Joshua J. Steffan; Jade A. Derby; Eric C. Brevik. Soil pathogens that may potentially cause pandemics, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronaviruses. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health 2020, 17, 35 -40.

AMA Style

Joshua J. Steffan, Jade A. Derby, Eric C. Brevik. Soil pathogens that may potentially cause pandemics, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronaviruses. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health. 2020; 17 ():35-40.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Joshua J. Steffan; Jade A. Derby; Eric C. Brevik. 2020. "Soil pathogens that may potentially cause pandemics, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronaviruses." Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health 17, no. : 35-40.

Soil science issues
Published: 14 August 2020 in Soil Science Society of America Journal
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Several soil science education studies over the last 15 years have focused on the number of students enrolled in soil science programs. However, no studies have quantitatively addressed the number of undergraduate soil science preparatory programs that exist in the United States, which means we do not have solid data concerning whether overall program numbers are declining, rising, or holding steady. This also means we do not have complete data on the same trends for total undergraduate soil science students in the United States. This study used the US Office of Personnel Management (OPM) Soil Science Series 0470 standards to determine if a bachelor's degree met soil science preparatory criteria. Lists of the approximately 3,500 regionally accredited colleges and universities were obtained from the regional accrediting agencies and the website of each of the colleges and universities was visited to determine if they had a degree program that met the OPM 0470 criteria. A total of 92 soil science preparatory degree programs were identified at 86 colleges and universities. These programs were primarily linked to 1) agriculture, 2) environmental science, and 3) soil and water science based on number of degree occurrences. This study creates a baseline for future studies that can investigate trends in soil science programs. It also provides insight into the institutions and degree programs that should be included in soil science education studies. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

ACS Style

Eric C. Brevik; Holly Dolliver; Susan Edinger‐Marshall; Danny Itkin; Jodi Johnson‐Maynard; Garrett Liles; Monday Mbila; Colby Moorberg; Yaniria Sanchez‐De Leon; Joshua J. Steffan; April Ulery; Karen Vaughan. Undergraduate degrees that train students for soil science careers at universities in the USA and its territories. Soil Science Society of America Journal 2020, 84, 1797 -1807.

AMA Style

Eric C. Brevik, Holly Dolliver, Susan Edinger‐Marshall, Danny Itkin, Jodi Johnson‐Maynard, Garrett Liles, Monday Mbila, Colby Moorberg, Yaniria Sanchez‐De Leon, Joshua J. Steffan, April Ulery, Karen Vaughan. Undergraduate degrees that train students for soil science careers at universities in the USA and its territories. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 2020; 84 (6):1797-1807.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eric C. Brevik; Holly Dolliver; Susan Edinger‐Marshall; Danny Itkin; Jodi Johnson‐Maynard; Garrett Liles; Monday Mbila; Colby Moorberg; Yaniria Sanchez‐De Leon; Joshua J. Steffan; April Ulery; Karen Vaughan. 2020. "Undergraduate degrees that train students for soil science careers at universities in the USA and its territories." Soil Science Society of America Journal 84, no. 6: 1797-1807.

Original article
Published: 10 August 2020 in European Journal of Soil Science
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Numerous lines of evidence have been presented in the literature that shows the patterns of pedodiversity and biodiversity are very similar. One of the most corroborated patterns lies in the fits of the relationships between biodiversity and soil diversity to power laws according the increase in study area. Several authors have analyzed the presence of fractal and multifractal features in pedodiversity and biodiversity analyses. Similarly, it has also been found that valuable information can be extracted from the polygons of soil and vegetation maps, which also have surprising similarities. These approaches concern information on the spatial distribution of natural resources. However, other more artificial but interesting maps and their comparison has been neglected by such studies. Land systems maps and their georeferenced databases fall into this latter category, and they include most of the soil forming factors. In this paper a georeferenced land system database and map were analyzed and the results compared with those obtained in previous pedodiversity and biodiversity studies, primarily the spatial patterns of the polygons. The results showed that the analyzed land system map units follow the same patterns that were previously found in pedodiversity and biodiversity studies, that is, the power law concerning richness‐area relationships. The same patterns occur with the number of polygons. Some geographers claim there is a “law” that states there are far more small things/objects than larger ones across several orders of magnitude in geographic space and thus this regularity conforms to scaling laws, independent of the resource involved. The results obtained corroborate this conjecture irrespective of whether natural resources or artificial cartographies were analyzed. This paper represents a first test of land use maps, additional work in this area is needed.

ACS Style

Juan‐José Ibáñez; Beatriz Ramírez‐Rosario; Luis Fernández‐Pozo; Eric C. Brevik. Land system diversity, scaling laws and polygons map analysis. European Journal of Soil Science 2020, 72, 656 -666.

AMA Style

Juan‐José Ibáñez, Beatriz Ramírez‐Rosario, Luis Fernández‐Pozo, Eric C. Brevik. Land system diversity, scaling laws and polygons map analysis. European Journal of Soil Science. 2020; 72 (2):656-666.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Juan‐José Ibáñez; Beatriz Ramírez‐Rosario; Luis Fernández‐Pozo; Eric C. Brevik. 2020. "Land system diversity, scaling laws and polygons map analysis." European Journal of Soil Science 72, no. 2: 656-666.

Review
Published: 28 July 2020 in Soil Systems
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The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the global food supply chain and exacerbated the problem of food and nutritional insecurity. Here we outline soil strategies to strengthen local food production systems, enhance their resilience, and create a circular economy focused on soil restoration through carbon sequestration, on-farm cycling of nutrients, minimizing environmental pollution, and contamination of food. Smart web-based geospatial decision support systems (S-DSSs) for land use planning and management is a useful tool for sustainable development. Forensic soil science can also contribute to cold case investigations, both in providing intelligence and evidence in court and in ascertaining the provenance and safety of food products. Soil can be used for the safe disposal of medical waste, but increased understanding is needed on the transfer of virus through pedosphere processes. Strengthening communication between soil scientists and policy makers and improving distance learning techniques are critical for the post-COVID restoration.

ACS Style

Rattan Lal; Eric Brevik; Lorna Dawson; Damien Field; Bruno Glaser; Alfred Hartemink; Ryusuke Hatano; Bruce Lascelles; Curtis Monger; Thomas Scholten; Bal Singh; Heide Spiegel; Fabio Terribile; Angelo Basile; Yakun Zhang; Rainer Horn; Takashi Kosaki; Laura Sánchez. Managing Soils for Recovering from the COVID-19 Pandemic. Soil Systems 2020, 4, 46 .

AMA Style

Rattan Lal, Eric Brevik, Lorna Dawson, Damien Field, Bruno Glaser, Alfred Hartemink, Ryusuke Hatano, Bruce Lascelles, Curtis Monger, Thomas Scholten, Bal Singh, Heide Spiegel, Fabio Terribile, Angelo Basile, Yakun Zhang, Rainer Horn, Takashi Kosaki, Laura Sánchez. Managing Soils for Recovering from the COVID-19 Pandemic. Soil Systems. 2020; 4 (3):46.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rattan Lal; Eric Brevik; Lorna Dawson; Damien Field; Bruno Glaser; Alfred Hartemink; Ryusuke Hatano; Bruce Lascelles; Curtis Monger; Thomas Scholten; Bal Singh; Heide Spiegel; Fabio Terribile; Angelo Basile; Yakun Zhang; Rainer Horn; Takashi Kosaki; Laura Sánchez. 2020. "Managing Soils for Recovering from the COVID-19 Pandemic." Soil Systems 4, no. 3: 46.

Review
Published: 26 July 2020 in European Journal of Soil Science
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A debate has occurred concerning the laws of scale and the fractal nature of geographical space. Biodiversity and pedodiversity studies show the emergence of fractal structures such as taxa‐area relationships. Biodiversity and pedodiversity are natural resources, although some consider pedotaxa to be artificial. The studies carried out to date emphasize that many pedodiversity and biodiversity spatial patterns converge at the same regularities. Many of these studies used natural resources maps and their digital databases. Information is extracted from the taxa types contained in each polygon and the areas covered. However, the structure of the maps (number, area, fragmentation, etc.) has rarely been a matter of study. When map structure was studied, intriguing similarities were observed in pedodiversity and biodiversity analyses. To understand whether these similarities also appear in other types of spatial entities that are more artificial, a review of geospatial analyses that studied topics such as urban maps, land systems maps, etc. was undertaken. The main variables in these maps are manmade and/or combinations of natural resources data layers. Regularities detected in the geospatial information of these latter topics also seem to conform to results obtained when analyzing natural resources maps such as soils, rock types, landforms, plant communities, etc. Thus, some geographers consider the idea that there are far more small things/objects than larger ones across several orders of magnitude in geographic space to be a law. Some geographers also contend that the classical “Gaussian thinking” and its statistical tools should be replaced by a “Paretian thinking” and its related statistical tools. This paper analyzes the above topics as well as the lack of adequate data and types of cognitive maps we use in our civilization, supporting the conjecture that that we should include Paretian thinking in our research at least in the same way we use Gaussian thinking.

ACS Style

Juan‐José Ibáñez; Beatriz Ramírez‐Rosario; Luis F. Fernández‐Pozo; Eric C. Brevik. Exploring the scaling law of geographical space: Gaussian versus Paretian thinking. European Journal of Soil Science 2020, 72, 495 -509.

AMA Style

Juan‐José Ibáñez, Beatriz Ramírez‐Rosario, Luis F. Fernández‐Pozo, Eric C. Brevik. Exploring the scaling law of geographical space: Gaussian versus Paretian thinking. European Journal of Soil Science. 2020; 72 (2):495-509.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Juan‐José Ibáñez; Beatriz Ramírez‐Rosario; Luis F. Fernández‐Pozo; Eric C. Brevik. 2020. "Exploring the scaling law of geographical space: Gaussian versus Paretian thinking." European Journal of Soil Science 72, no. 2: 495-509.