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Basin eco-compensation (BEC) helps balance development opportunities and ecological protection. With rising demand for water and severe ecological problems driven by rapid economic growth, an appropriate BEC standard is urgently needed for basins in China. The BEC standard should comprehensively cover ecosystem services flow and ecological protection cost. This study proposes a BEC valuation method developed by combining gross ecosystem product (GEP) accounting with total cost accounting (TCA). The method was applied to the cross-regional water transfer project involving Shanxi province, Beijing city, and Xiong’an new district, which requires a BEC mechanism to coordinate payers and acceptors. The results revealed that water-related ecosystem services (WESs) received a minor proportion (<3%) of the compensation, owing to deficiencies in the current WESs pricing standard, and that stakeholder interests may be infringed by the imperfect profit distribution system. Multi-agent joint bargaining, a BEC fund, and hydrological monitoring should be implemented to improve BEC valuations.
Zhou Fang; Junyu Chen; Gang Liu; Huimin Wang; Juha M. Alatalo; Zhangqian Yang; Enyi Mu; Yang Bai. Framework of basin eco-compensation standard valuation for cross-regional water supply – A case study in northern China. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 279, 123630 .
AMA StyleZhou Fang, Junyu Chen, Gang Liu, Huimin Wang, Juha M. Alatalo, Zhangqian Yang, Enyi Mu, Yang Bai. Framework of basin eco-compensation standard valuation for cross-regional water supply – A case study in northern China. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 279 ():123630.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhou Fang; Junyu Chen; Gang Liu; Huimin Wang; Juha M. Alatalo; Zhangqian Yang; Enyi Mu; Yang Bai. 2020. "Framework of basin eco-compensation standard valuation for cross-regional water supply – A case study in northern China." Journal of Cleaner Production 279, no. : 123630.
From a water footprint perspective, this paper adopts Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as the influencing factor to construct a lexicographical optimization framework for optimizing water resources allocation under equity and efficiency considerations. This approach consists of a lexicographic allocation of water footprints (LAWF) model and an input-output capacity of water footprints (IOWF) model. The proposed methodology is then applied to allocate water resources in the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) by employing the 2013 cross-sectional data in the area. The results show that: (1) The LAWF scheme signifies reductions in water footprints in each of the YREB administrative units, thereby significantly strengthening their IOWFs. (2) IOWFs are affected by industrial attributes and natural endowments, and the impact tends to vary across different industries and regions. (3) Policy suggestions are proposed to effectively enhance the IOWFs of the weakest industries across the three YREB regions to exploit their natural endowments.
Gang Liu; Weiqian Wang; Kevin W. Li. Water Footprint Allocation under Equity and Efficiency Considerations: A Case Study of the Yangtze River Economic Belt in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 743 .
AMA StyleGang Liu, Weiqian Wang, Kevin W. Li. Water Footprint Allocation under Equity and Efficiency Considerations: A Case Study of the Yangtze River Economic Belt in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (5):743.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGang Liu; Weiqian Wang; Kevin W. Li. 2019. "Water Footprint Allocation under Equity and Efficiency Considerations: A Case Study of the Yangtze River Economic Belt in China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 5: 743.
This paper develops a lexicographic optimization model to allocate agricultural and non-agricultural water footprints by using the land area as the influencing factor. An index known as the water-footprint-land density (WFLD) index is then put forward to assess the impact and equity of the resulting allocation scheme. Subsequently, the proposed model is applied to a case study allocating water resources for the 11 provinces and municipalities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB). The objective is to achieve equitable spatial allocation of water resources from a water footprint perspective. Based on the statistical data in 2013, this approach starts with a proper accounting for water footprints in the 11 YREB provinces. We then determined an optimal allocation of water footprints by using the proposed lexicographic optimization approach from a land area angle. Lastly, we analyzed how different types of land uses contribute to allocation equity and we discuss policy changes to implement the optimal allocation schemes in the YREB. Analytical results show that: (1) the optimized agricultural and non-agricultural water footprints decrease from the current levels for each province across the YREB, but this decrease shows a heterogeneous pattern; (2) the WFLD of 11 YREB provinces all decline after optimization with the largest decline in Shanghai and the smallest decline in Sichuan; and (3) the impact of agricultural land on the allocation of agricultural water footprints is mainly reflected in the land use structure of three land types including arable land, forest land, and grassland. The different land use structures in the upstream, midstream, and downstream regions lead to the spatial heterogeneity of the optimized agricultural water footprints in the three YREB segments; (4) In addition to the non-agricultural land area, different regional industrial structures are the main reason for the spatial heterogeneity of the optimized non-agricultural water footprints. Our water-footprint-based optimal water resources allocation scheme helps alleviate the water resources shortage pressure and achieve coordinated and balanced development in the YREB.
Gang Liu; Lu Shi; Kevin Li. Equitable Allocation of Blue and Green Water Footprints Based on Land-Use Types: A Case Study of the Yangtze River Economic Belt. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3556 .
AMA StyleGang Liu, Lu Shi, Kevin Li. Equitable Allocation of Blue and Green Water Footprints Based on Land-Use Types: A Case Study of the Yangtze River Economic Belt. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (10):3556.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGang Liu; Lu Shi; Kevin Li. 2018. "Equitable Allocation of Blue and Green Water Footprints Based on Land-Use Types: A Case Study of the Yangtze River Economic Belt." Sustainability 10, no. 10: 3556.