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Green manuring of legume crops has increased in interest in recent years because of environmental and economic costs of synthetic fertilizers and need of sustainable cropping systems. Climatic conditions can reduce the agronomic and environmental effectiveness of green manuring promoting reactive nitrogen losses, or fostering soil heterotrophic respiration. This study aims to quantify ammonia and nitrous oxide losses, as well as carbon dioxide exchanges following green manuring of faba bean (Vicia faba spp. minor L.) under semi-arid climate conditions, typical of the Mediterranean basin. Ammonia emissions were measured by means of an aerodynamic gradient approach equipped with a multi-channel wet-denuder system (ROSAA), alongside with a concentration-based inverse dispersion modelling assessment. Nitrous oxide losses were measured with an automated chamber system, whereas carbon dioxide and water vapor exchanges were monitored jointly by means of eddy covariance technique. Ammonia volatilization lasted for three weeks and was triggered by the increase of soil water content due to rainfall, occurring 5 days after green manuring. Total emissions were 0.31% of the nitrogen supplied by green manuring (230 kg N ha−1). Nitrous oxide emissions from soil were of low intensity during the measurement period and were directly corelated to the water filled pore space. The biogeochemical model CERES-EGC was validated with the measurements of nitrous oxide, then used to reproduce the dynamic until the sowing of the succeeding crop. Cumulated emissions of nitrous oxide were 1% of the total nitrogen supplied. Soil became a net source both of carbon dioxide and water vapor soon after green manuring, with an emission of 900 kg C-CO2 ha−1 by heterotrophic respiration (23% of added carbon). In terms of water balance, 19 mm of water evaporated from soil surface, originated from the addition of fresh biomass. Green manuring proved to be a significant agronomic strategy to improve soil fertility, limiting reactive nitrogen and carbon losses to the atmosphere.
Rossana Monica Ferrara; Marco Carozzi; Céline Decuq; Benjamin Loubet; Angelo Finco; Riccardo Marzuoli; Giacomo Gerosa; Paul Di Tommasi; Vincenzo Magliulo; Gianfranco Rana. Ammonia, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, and water vapor fluxes after green manuring of faba bean under Mediterranean climate. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 2021, 315, 107439 .
AMA StyleRossana Monica Ferrara, Marco Carozzi, Céline Decuq, Benjamin Loubet, Angelo Finco, Riccardo Marzuoli, Giacomo Gerosa, Paul Di Tommasi, Vincenzo Magliulo, Gianfranco Rana. Ammonia, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, and water vapor fluxes after green manuring of faba bean under Mediterranean climate. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 2021; 315 ():107439.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRossana Monica Ferrara; Marco Carozzi; Céline Decuq; Benjamin Loubet; Angelo Finco; Riccardo Marzuoli; Giacomo Gerosa; Paul Di Tommasi; Vincenzo Magliulo; Gianfranco Rana. 2021. "Ammonia, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, and water vapor fluxes after green manuring of faba bean under Mediterranean climate." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 315, no. : 107439.
Agriculture is mainly responsible for ammonia (NH3) volatilisation. A common effort to produce reliable quantifications, national emission inventories, and policies is needed to reduce health and environmental issues related to this emission. Sources of NH3 are locally distributed and mainly depend on farm building characteristics, management of excreta, and the field application of mineral fertilisers. To date, appropriate measurements related to the application of fertilisers to the field are still scarce in the literature. Proper quantification of NH3 must consider the nature of the fertiliser, the environmental variables that influence the dynamic of the emission, and a reliable measurement method. This paper presents the state of the art of the most commonly used direct methods to measure NH3 volatilisation following field application of fertilisers, mainly focusing on chamber method. The characteristics and the associated uncertainty of the measurement of the most widespread chamber types are discussed and compared to the micrometeorological methods.
Ester Scotto Di Perta; Nunzio Fiorentino; Marco Carozzi; Elena Cervelli; Stefania Pindozzi. A Review of Chamber and Micrometeorological Methods to Quantify NH3 Emissions from Fertilisers Field Application. International Journal of Agronomy 2020, 2020, 1 -16.
AMA StyleEster Scotto Di Perta, Nunzio Fiorentino, Marco Carozzi, Elena Cervelli, Stefania Pindozzi. A Review of Chamber and Micrometeorological Methods to Quantify NH3 Emissions from Fertilisers Field Application. International Journal of Agronomy. 2020; 2020 ():1-16.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEster Scotto Di Perta; Nunzio Fiorentino; Marco Carozzi; Elena Cervelli; Stefania Pindozzi. 2020. "A Review of Chamber and Micrometeorological Methods to Quantify NH3 Emissions from Fertilisers Field Application." International Journal of Agronomy 2020, no. : 1-16.
In this study, we present the first long-term N2O eddy covariance dataset measured from a working farm. The eddy covariance method was used over a four year period to measure fluxes of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) from an intensively managed grazed grassland, to which regular applications of ammonium nitrate or urea fertilisers were spread, for two years each at the field site. The mean emission factors (EFs) reported for ammonium nitrate and urea fertiliser applications in this study over a period of 30 days after fertilisation, were 0.90 and 1.73% of the nitrogen applied, respectively, with EFs of individual events ranging between 0.13 and 5.71%. Our study accurately quantifies emission factors for multiple events and showing unambiguously that large-scale variability is real. EFs do indeed vary from one fertiliser event to another, even at the same site with the same fertiliser type under similar environmental conditions. This makes distinguishing EFs between different fertiliser types for the purposes of developing emission mitigation policy very difficult.
N. Cowan; P. Levy; Juliette Maire; M. Coyle; S.R. Leeson; Daniela Famulari; M. Carozzi; E. Nemitz; U. Skiba. An evaluation of four years of nitrous oxide fluxes after application of ammonium nitrate and urea fertilisers measured using the eddy covariance method. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 2019, 280, 107812 .
AMA StyleN. Cowan, P. Levy, Juliette Maire, M. Coyle, S.R. Leeson, Daniela Famulari, M. Carozzi, E. Nemitz, U. Skiba. An evaluation of four years of nitrous oxide fluxes after application of ammonium nitrate and urea fertilisers measured using the eddy covariance method. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 2019; 280 ():107812.
Chicago/Turabian StyleN. Cowan; P. Levy; Juliette Maire; M. Coyle; S.R. Leeson; Daniela Famulari; M. Carozzi; E. Nemitz; U. Skiba. 2019. "An evaluation of four years of nitrous oxide fluxes after application of ammonium nitrate and urea fertilisers measured using the eddy covariance method." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 280, no. : 107812.
This study investigates the CO 2 emissions following slurry spreading and its incorporation into the soil under actual field conditions. The experiment was conducted in an arable soil in North Italy where all the potential sources of CO 2 were evaluated by a footprint analysis covered by eddy covariance (EC) measurements. A detailed assessment of the emissions during field operations showed that almost all CO 2 emissions come from the slurry applied to the field surface, while the contributions from the tractor that managed the field was relevant only during the slurry spreading without effects during the ploughing, since the tractor intersected the footprint of the EC tower very few times. The CO 2 emissions from the vehicular traffic of the nearby street and the cowsheds were negligible.
Rossana M. Ferrara; Marco Carozzi; Gianfranco Rana. The sources of CO2 emissions by slurry spreading under field conditions. 2019 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for Agriculture and Forestry (MetroAgriFor) 2019, 52 -57.
AMA StyleRossana M. Ferrara, Marco Carozzi, Gianfranco Rana. The sources of CO2 emissions by slurry spreading under field conditions. 2019 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for Agriculture and Forestry (MetroAgriFor). 2019; ():52-57.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRossana M. Ferrara; Marco Carozzi; Gianfranco Rana. 2019. "The sources of CO2 emissions by slurry spreading under field conditions." 2019 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for Agriculture and Forestry (MetroAgriFor) , no. : 52-57.
The agricultural area in the Po Valley is prone to high nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions as it is characterized by irrigated maize-based cropping systems, high amounts of nitrogen supplied, and elevated air temperature in summer. Here, two monitoring campaigns were carried out in maize fertilized with raw digestate in a randomized block design in 2016 and 2017 to test the effectiveness of the 3, 4 DMPP inhibitor Vizura® on reducing N2O-N emissions. Digestate was injected into 0.15 m soil depth at side-dressing (2016) and before sowing (2017). Non-steady state chambers were used to collect N2O-N air samples under zero N fertilization (N0), digestate (D), and digestate + Vizura® (V). Overall, emissions were significantly higher in the D treatment than in the V treatment in both 2016 and 2017. The emission factor (EF, %) of V was two and four times lower than the EF in D in 2016 and 2017, respectively. Peaks of NO3-N generally resulted in N2O-N emissions peaks, especially during rainfall or irrigation events. The water-filled pore space (WFPS, %) did not differ between treatments and was generally below 60%, suggesting that N2O-N emissions were mainly due to nitrification rather than denitrification.
Marcello Ermido Chiodini; Alessia Perego; Marco Carozzi; Marco Acutis. The Nitrification Inhibitor Vizura® Reduces N2O Emissions When Added to Digestate before Injection under Irrigated Maize in the Po Valley (Northern Italy). Agronomy 2019, 9, 431 .
AMA StyleMarcello Ermido Chiodini, Alessia Perego, Marco Carozzi, Marco Acutis. The Nitrification Inhibitor Vizura® Reduces N2O Emissions When Added to Digestate before Injection under Irrigated Maize in the Po Valley (Northern Italy). Agronomy. 2019; 9 (8):431.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarcello Ermido Chiodini; Alessia Perego; Marco Carozzi; Marco Acutis. 2019. "The Nitrification Inhibitor Vizura® Reduces N2O Emissions When Added to Digestate before Injection under Irrigated Maize in the Po Valley (Northern Italy)." Agronomy 9, no. 8: 431.
M.E. Chiodini; F. Tambone; M. Carozzi; M. Sanna; S. Salati; F. Adani; M. Acutis; A. Perego. Evaluation of total and bioavailable heavy metals and other soil-related variables in a rice paddy after the application of defecation lime. Agrochimica 2019, 351 -366.
AMA StyleM.E. Chiodini, F. Tambone, M. Carozzi, M. Sanna, S. Salati, F. Adani, M. Acutis, A. Perego. Evaluation of total and bioavailable heavy metals and other soil-related variables in a rice paddy after the application of defecation lime. Agrochimica. 2019; (4):351-366.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM.E. Chiodini; F. Tambone; M. Carozzi; M. Sanna; S. Salati; F. Adani; M. Acutis; A. Perego. 2019. "Evaluation of total and bioavailable heavy metals and other soil-related variables in a rice paddy after the application of defecation lime." Agrochimica , no. 4: 351-366.
This work describes a semi-empirical dynamic model for predicting ammonia volatilization from field-applied slurry. Total volatilization is the sum of first-order transfer from two pools: a "fast" pool representing slurry in direct contact with the atmosphere, and a “slow” one representing fractions less available for emission due to infiltration or other processes. This simple structure is sufficient for reproducing the characteristic course of emission over time. Values for parameters that quantify effects of the following predictor variables on partitioning and transfer rates were estimated from a large data set of emission from cattle and pig slurry (490 field plots in 6 countries from the ALFAM2 database): slurry dry matter, application method, application rate, incorporation (shallow or deep), air temperature, wind speed, and rainfall rate. The effects of acidification were estimated using a smaller dataset. Model predictions generally matched the measured course of emission over time in a reserved data subset used for evaluation, although the model over- or under-estimated emission in many individual plots. Mean error was ca. 12% of applied total ammoniacal nitrogen (and as much as 82% of measured emission) for 72 h cumulative emission, and model efficiency (fraction of observed variation explained by the model) was 0.5–0.7. Most of the explanatory power of the model was related to application method. The magnitude and sign of (apparent) model error varied among countries, highlighting the need to understand why measured emission varies among locations. The new model may be a useful tool for predicting fertilizer efficiency of field-applied slurries, assessing emission factors, and quantifying the impact of mitigation. The model can readily be applied or extended, and is available as an R package (ALFAM2, https://github.com/sashahafner/ALFAM2) or a simple spreadsheet (http://www.alfam.dk).
Sasha D. Hafner; Andreas Pacholski; Shabtai Bittman; Marco Carozzi; Martin Chantigny; Sophie Génermont; Christoph Häni; Martin N. Hansen; Jan Huijsmans; Thomas Kupper; Tom Misselbrook; Albrecht Neftel; Tavs Nyord; Sven G. Sommer. A flexible semi-empirical model for estimating ammonia volatilization from field-applied slurry. Atmospheric Environment 2018, 199, 474 -484.
AMA StyleSasha D. Hafner, Andreas Pacholski, Shabtai Bittman, Marco Carozzi, Martin Chantigny, Sophie Génermont, Christoph Häni, Martin N. Hansen, Jan Huijsmans, Thomas Kupper, Tom Misselbrook, Albrecht Neftel, Tavs Nyord, Sven G. Sommer. A flexible semi-empirical model for estimating ammonia volatilization from field-applied slurry. Atmospheric Environment. 2018; 199 ():474-484.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSasha D. Hafner; Andreas Pacholski; Shabtai Bittman; Marco Carozzi; Martin Chantigny; Sophie Génermont; Christoph Häni; Martin N. Hansen; Jan Huijsmans; Thomas Kupper; Tom Misselbrook; Albrecht Neftel; Tavs Nyord; Sven G. Sommer. 2018. "A flexible semi-empirical model for estimating ammonia volatilization from field-applied slurry." Atmospheric Environment 199, no. : 474-484.
Ammonia (NH3) emission from agriculture is an environmental threat and a loss of nitrogen for crop production. Mineral fertilizers and manure are significant sources of NH3; therefore, abatement technologies have been introduced to mitigate these emissions. The aim of this study was to demonstrate that low-cost measuring techniques are suitable to assess NH3 emissions in smaller plots, appropriate to test different managements. Two experiments were established to quantify NH3 emissions from urea application in a multi-plot design with radii of 5 (R5) and 20 m (R20). Field was bare soil partially surrounded by shelterbelts. Measurement techniques included passive flux samplers (Leuning), and passive concentration samplers (ALPHA) coupled to WindTrax dispersion model. NH3 emission from R5 was consistent with the emission from R20 when the surface-to-atmosphere exchange was not affected by shelterbelts, and wind speed near surface was greater than 1 m s−1. Both measurement methods gave unreliable NH3 quantification in combination with wind speed lower than 1 m s−1 and low emission strength. Cumulative emission over 60 h was 2% of the supplied N from the plots not affected by the shelterbelt, and 1% from the plots affected by shelterbelts, indicating that these structures can significantly reduce NH3 emissions.
Jakob Lavrsen Kure; Jakob Krabben; Simon Vilms Pedersen; Marco Carozzi; Sven G. Sommer. An Assessment of Low-Cost Techniques to Measure Ammonia Emission from Multi-Plots: A Case Study with Urea Fertilization. Agronomy 2018, 8, 245 .
AMA StyleJakob Lavrsen Kure, Jakob Krabben, Simon Vilms Pedersen, Marco Carozzi, Sven G. Sommer. An Assessment of Low-Cost Techniques to Measure Ammonia Emission from Multi-Plots: A Case Study with Urea Fertilization. Agronomy. 2018; 8 (11):245.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJakob Lavrsen Kure; Jakob Krabben; Simon Vilms Pedersen; Marco Carozzi; Sven G. Sommer. 2018. "An Assessment of Low-Cost Techniques to Measure Ammonia Emission from Multi-Plots: A Case Study with Urea Fertilization." Agronomy 8, no. 11: 245.
Simulation models quantify the impacts on carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling in grassland systems caused by changes in management practices. To support agricultural policies, it is however important to contrast the responses of alternative models, which can differ greatly in their treatment of key processes and in their response to management. We applied eight biogeochemical models at five grassland sites (in France, New Zealand, Switzerland, United Kingdom and United States) to compare the sensitivity of modelled C and N fluxes to changes in the density of grazing animals (from 100% to 50% of the original livestock densities), also in combination with decreasing N fertilization levels (reduced to zero from the initial levels). Simulated multi-model median values indicated that input reduction would lead to an increase in the C sink strength (negative net ecosystem C exchange) in intensive grazing systems: −64 ± 74 g C m−2 yr−1 (animal density reduction) and −81 ± 74 g C m−2 yr−1 (N and animal density reduction), against the baseline of −30.5 ± 69.5 g C m−2 yr−1 (LSU [livestock units] ≥ 0.76 ha−1 yr−1). Simulations also indicated a strong effect of N fertilizer reduction on N fluxes, e.g. N2O-N emissions decreased from 0.34 ± 0.22 (baseline) to 0.1 ± 0.05 g N m−2 yr−1 (no N fertilization). Simulated decline in grazing intensity had only limited impact on the N balance. The simulated pattern of enteric methane emissions was dominated by high model-to-model variability. The reduction in simulated offtake (animal intake + cut biomass) led to a doubling in net primary production per animal (increased by 11.6 ± 8.1 t C LSU−1 yr−1 across sites). The highest N2O-N intensities (N2O-N/offtake) were simulated at mown and extensively grazed arid sites. We show the possibility of using grassland models to determine sound mitigation practices while quantifying the uncertainties associated with the simulated outputs.
Renáta Sándor; Fiona Ehrhardt; Lorenzo Brilli; Marco Carozzi; Sylvie Recous; Pete Smith; Val Snow; Jean-Francois Soussana; Christopher D. Dorich; Kathrin Fuchs; Nuala Fitton; Ekaterina Gongadze; Katja Klumpp; Mark Liebig; Raphaël Martin; Lutz Merbold; Paul C.D. Newton; Robert Rees; Susanne Rolinski; Gianni Bellocchi. The use of biogeochemical models to evaluate mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions from managed grasslands. Science of The Total Environment 2018, 642, 292 -306.
AMA StyleRenáta Sándor, Fiona Ehrhardt, Lorenzo Brilli, Marco Carozzi, Sylvie Recous, Pete Smith, Val Snow, Jean-Francois Soussana, Christopher D. Dorich, Kathrin Fuchs, Nuala Fitton, Ekaterina Gongadze, Katja Klumpp, Mark Liebig, Raphaël Martin, Lutz Merbold, Paul C.D. Newton, Robert Rees, Susanne Rolinski, Gianni Bellocchi. The use of biogeochemical models to evaluate mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions from managed grasslands. Science of The Total Environment. 2018; 642 ():292-306.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRenáta Sándor; Fiona Ehrhardt; Lorenzo Brilli; Marco Carozzi; Sylvie Recous; Pete Smith; Val Snow; Jean-Francois Soussana; Christopher D. Dorich; Kathrin Fuchs; Nuala Fitton; Ekaterina Gongadze; Katja Klumpp; Mark Liebig; Raphaël Martin; Lutz Merbold; Paul C.D. Newton; Robert Rees; Susanne Rolinski; Gianni Bellocchi. 2018. "The use of biogeochemical models to evaluate mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions from managed grasslands." Science of The Total Environment 642, no. : 292-306.
Ammonia (NH3) emission from animal manure contributes to air pollution and ecosystem degradation, and the loss of reactive nitrogen (N) from agricultural systems. Estimates of NH3 emission are necessary for national inventories and nutrient management, and NH3 emission from field-applied manure has been measured in many studies over the past few decades. In this work, we facilitate the use of these data by collecting and organizing them in the ALFAM2 database. In this paper we describe the development of the database and summarise its contents, quantify effects of application methods and other variables on emission using a data subset, and discuss challenges for data analysis and model development. The database contains measurements of emission, manure and soil properties, weather, application technique, and other variables for 1895 plots from 22 research institutes in 12 countries. Data on five manure types (cattle, pig, mink, poultry, mixed, as well as sludge and “other”) applied to three types of crops (grass, small grains, maize, as well as stubble and bare soil) are included. Application methods represented in the database include broadcast, trailing hose, trailing shoe (narrow band application), and open slot injection. Cattle manure application to grassland was the most common combination, and analysis of this subset (with dry matter (DM) limited to <15%) was carried out using mixed- and fixed-effects models in order to quantify effects of management and environment on ammonia emission, and to highlight challenges for use of the database. Measured emission in this subset ranged from <1% to 130% of applied ammonia after 48 h. Results showed clear, albeit variable, reductions in NH3 emission due to trailing hose, trailing shoe, and open slot injection of slurry compared to broadcast application. There was evidence of positive effects of air temperature and wind speed on NH3 emission, and limited evidence of effects of slurry DM. However, random-effects coefficients for differences among research institutes were among the largest model coefficients, and showed a deviation from the mean response by more than 100% in some cases. The source of these institute differences could not be determined with certainty, but there is some evidence that they are related to differences in soils, or differences in application or measurement methods. The ALFAM2 database should be useful for development and evaluation of both emission factors and emission models, but users need to recognize the limitations caused by confounding variables, imbalance in the dataset, and dependence among observations from the same institute. Variation among measurements and in reported variables highlights the importance of international agreement on how NH3 emission should be measured, along with necessary types of supporting data and standard protocols for their measurement. Both are needed in order to produce more accurate and useful ammonia emission measurements. Expansion of the ALFAM2 database will continue, and readers are invited to contact the corresponding author for information on data submission. The latest version of the database is available at http://www.alfam.dk.
Sasha D. Hafner; Andreas Pacholski; Shabtai Bittman; William Burchill; Wim Bussink; Martin Chantigny; Marco Carozzi; Sophie Génermont; Christoph Häni; Martin N. Hansen; Jan Huijsmans; Derek Hunt; Thomas Kupper; Gary Lanigan; Benjamin Loubet; Tom Misselbrook; John J. Meisinger; Albrecht Neftel; Tavs Nyord; Simon Vilms Pedersen; Jörg Sintermann; Rodney Thompson; Bert Vermeulen; Annette V. Vestergaard; Polina Voylokov; John R. Williams; Sven G. Sommer. The ALFAM2 database on ammonia emission from field-applied manure: Description and illustrative analysis. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 2018, 258, 66 -79.
AMA StyleSasha D. Hafner, Andreas Pacholski, Shabtai Bittman, William Burchill, Wim Bussink, Martin Chantigny, Marco Carozzi, Sophie Génermont, Christoph Häni, Martin N. Hansen, Jan Huijsmans, Derek Hunt, Thomas Kupper, Gary Lanigan, Benjamin Loubet, Tom Misselbrook, John J. Meisinger, Albrecht Neftel, Tavs Nyord, Simon Vilms Pedersen, Jörg Sintermann, Rodney Thompson, Bert Vermeulen, Annette V. Vestergaard, Polina Voylokov, John R. Williams, Sven G. Sommer. The ALFAM2 database on ammonia emission from field-applied manure: Description and illustrative analysis. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 2018; 258 ():66-79.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSasha D. Hafner; Andreas Pacholski; Shabtai Bittman; William Burchill; Wim Bussink; Martin Chantigny; Marco Carozzi; Sophie Génermont; Christoph Häni; Martin N. Hansen; Jan Huijsmans; Derek Hunt; Thomas Kupper; Gary Lanigan; Benjamin Loubet; Tom Misselbrook; John J. Meisinger; Albrecht Neftel; Tavs Nyord; Simon Vilms Pedersen; Jörg Sintermann; Rodney Thompson; Bert Vermeulen; Annette V. Vestergaard; Polina Voylokov; John R. Williams; Sven G. Sommer. 2018. "The ALFAM2 database on ammonia emission from field-applied manure: Description and illustrative analysis." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 258, no. : 66-79.
Tropospheric ammonia (NH3) is a threat to the environment and human health and is mainly emitted by agriculture. Ammonia volatilisation following application of nitrogen in the field accounts for more than 40 % of the total NH3 emissions in France. This represents a major loss of nitrogen use efficiency which needs to be reduced by appropriate agricultural practices. In this study we evaluate a novel method to infer NH3 volatilisation from small agronomic plots consisting of multiple treatments with repetition. The method is based on the combination of a set of NH3 diffusion sensors exposed for durations of 3 h to 1 week and a short-range atmospheric dispersion model, used to retrieve the emissions from each plot. The method is evaluated by mimicking NH3 emissions from an ensemble of nine plots with a resistance analogue–compensation point–surface exchange scheme over a yearly meteorological database separated into 28-day periods. A multifactorial simulation scheme is used to test the effects of sensor numbers and heights, plot dimensions, source strengths, and background concentrations on the quality of the inference method. We further demonstrate by theoretical considerations in the case of an isolated plot that inferring emissions with diffusion sensors integrating over daily periods will always lead to underestimations due to correlations between emissions and atmospheric transfer. We evaluated these underestimations as −8 % ± 6 % of the emissions for a typical western European climate. For multiple plots, we find that this method would lead to median underestimations of −16 % with an interquartile [−8–22 %] for two treatments differing by a factor of up to 20 and a control treatment with no emissions. We further evaluate the methodology for varying background concentrations and NH3 emissions patterns and demonstrate the low sensitivity of the method to these factors. The method was also tested in a real case and proved to provide sound evaluations of NH3 losses from surface applied and incorporated slurry. We hence showed that this novel method should be robust and suitable for estimating NH3 emissions from agronomic plots. We believe that the method could be further improved by using Bayesian inference and inferring surface concentrations rather than surface fluxes. Validating against controlled source is also a remaining challenge.
Benjamin Loubet; Marco Carozzi; Polina Voylokov; Jean-Pierre Cohan; Robert Trochard; Sophie Génermont. Evaluation of a new inference method for estimating ammonia volatilisation from multiple agronomic plots. Biogeosciences 2018, 15, 3439 -3460.
AMA StyleBenjamin Loubet, Marco Carozzi, Polina Voylokov, Jean-Pierre Cohan, Robert Trochard, Sophie Génermont. Evaluation of a new inference method for estimating ammonia volatilisation from multiple agronomic plots. Biogeosciences. 2018; 15 (11):3439-3460.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBenjamin Loubet; Marco Carozzi; Polina Voylokov; Jean-Pierre Cohan; Robert Trochard; Sophie Génermont. 2018. "Evaluation of a new inference method for estimating ammonia volatilisation from multiple agronomic plots." Biogeosciences 15, no. 11: 3439-3460.
Biogeochemical simulation models are important tools for describing and quantifying the contribution of agricultural systems to C sequestration and GHG source/sink status. The abundance of simulation tools developed over recent decades, however, creates a difficulty because predictions from different models show large variability. Discrepancies between the conclusions of different modelling studies are often ascribed to differences in the physical and biogeochemical processes incorporated in equations of C and N cycles and their interactions. Here we review the literature to determine the state-of-the-art in modelling agricultural (crop and grassland) systems. In order to carry out this study, we selected the range of biogeochemical models used by the CN-MIP consortium of FACCE-JPI (http://www.faccejpi.com): APSIM, CERES-EGC, DayCent, DNDC, DSSAT, EPIC, PaSim, RothC and STICS. In our analysis, these models were assessed for the quality and comprehensiveness of underlying processes related to pedo-climatic conditions and management practices, but also with respect to time and space of application, and for their accuracy in multiple contexts. Overall, it emerged that there is a possible impact of ill-defined pedo-climatic conditions in the unsatisfactory performance of the models (46.2%), followed by limitations in the algorithms simulating the effects of management practices (33.1%). The multiplicity of scales in both time and space is a fundamental feature, which explains the remaining weaknesses (i.e. 20.7%). Innovative aspects have been identified for future development of C and N models. They include the explicit representation of soil microbial biomass to drive soil organic matter turnover, the effect of N shortage on SOM decomposition, the improvements related to the production and consumption of gases and an adequate simulations of gas transport in soil. On these bases, the assessment of trends and gaps in the modelling approaches currently employed to represent biogeochemical cycles in crop and grassland systems appears an essential step for future research
Lorenzo Brilli; Luca Bechini; Marco Bindi; Marco Carozzi; Daniele Cavalli; Richard Conant; Cristopher D. Dorich; Luca Doro; Fiona Ehrhardt; Roberta Farina; Roberto Ferrise; Nuala Fitton; Rosa Francaviglia; Peter Grace; Ileana Iocola; Katja Klumpp; Joël Léonard; Raphaël Martin; Raia Silvia Massad; Sylvie Recous; Giovanna Seddaiu; Joanna Sharp; Pete Smith; Ward Smith; Jean-Francois Soussana; Gianni Bellocchi. Review and analysis of strengths and weaknesses of agro-ecosystem models for simulating C and N fluxes. Science of The Total Environment 2017, 598, 445 -470.
AMA StyleLorenzo Brilli, Luca Bechini, Marco Bindi, Marco Carozzi, Daniele Cavalli, Richard Conant, Cristopher D. Dorich, Luca Doro, Fiona Ehrhardt, Roberta Farina, Roberto Ferrise, Nuala Fitton, Rosa Francaviglia, Peter Grace, Ileana Iocola, Katja Klumpp, Joël Léonard, Raphaël Martin, Raia Silvia Massad, Sylvie Recous, Giovanna Seddaiu, Joanna Sharp, Pete Smith, Ward Smith, Jean-Francois Soussana, Gianni Bellocchi. Review and analysis of strengths and weaknesses of agro-ecosystem models for simulating C and N fluxes. Science of The Total Environment. 2017; 598 ():445-470.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLorenzo Brilli; Luca Bechini; Marco Bindi; Marco Carozzi; Daniele Cavalli; Richard Conant; Cristopher D. Dorich; Luca Doro; Fiona Ehrhardt; Roberta Farina; Roberto Ferrise; Nuala Fitton; Rosa Francaviglia; Peter Grace; Ileana Iocola; Katja Klumpp; Joël Léonard; Raphaël Martin; Raia Silvia Massad; Sylvie Recous; Giovanna Seddaiu; Joanna Sharp; Pete Smith; Ward Smith; Jean-Francois Soussana; Gianni Bellocchi. 2017. "Review and analysis of strengths and weaknesses of agro-ecosystem models for simulating C and N fluxes." Science of The Total Environment 598, no. : 445-470.
Intensively managed grass production in high-rainfall temperate climate zones is a globally important source of N2O. Many of these grasslands are occasionally tilled to rejuvenate the sward, and this can lead to increased N2O emissions. This was investigated by comparing N2O fluxes from two adjacent intensively managed grazed grasslands in Scotland, one of which was tilled. A combination of eddy covariance, high-resolution dynamic chamber and static chamber methods was used. N2O emissions from the tilled field increased significantly for several days immediately after ploughing and remained elevated for approximately 2 months after the tillage event contributing to an estimated increase in N2O fluxes of 0.85 ± 0.11 kg N2O-N ha−1. However, any influence on N2O emissions after this period appears to be minimal. The cumulative N2O emissions associated with the tillage event and a fertiliser application of 70 kg N ammonia nitrate from one field were not significantly different from the adjacent untilled field, in which two fertiliser applications of 70 kg N ammonia nitrate occurred during the same period. Total cumulative fluxes calculated for the tilled and untilled fields over the entire 175-day measurement period were 2.14 ± 0.18 and 1.65 ± 1.02 kg N2O-N ha−1, respectively.
Nicholas J. Cowan; Peter E. Levy; Daniela Famulari; Margaret Anderson; Julia Drewer; Marco Carozzi; David S. Reay; Ute M. Skiba. The influence of tillage on N2O fluxes from an intensively managed grazed grassland in Scotland. Biogeosciences 2016, 13, 4811 -4821.
AMA StyleNicholas J. Cowan, Peter E. Levy, Daniela Famulari, Margaret Anderson, Julia Drewer, Marco Carozzi, David S. Reay, Ute M. Skiba. The influence of tillage on N2O fluxes from an intensively managed grazed grassland in Scotland. Biogeosciences. 2016; 13 (16):4811-4821.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicholas J. Cowan; Peter E. Levy; Daniela Famulari; Margaret Anderson; Julia Drewer; Marco Carozzi; David S. Reay; Ute M. Skiba. 2016. "The influence of tillage on N2O fluxes from an intensively managed grazed grassland in Scotland." Biogeosciences 13, no. 16: 4811-4821.
Ammonia (NH3) emissions have been quantified during slurry spreading in two experimental trials in two intensively managed agricultural fields in northern Italy, during spring 2009 and 2011. NH3 fluxes have been measured by Eddy covariance (EC) method from the slurry application to the soil incorporation until the end of the emission phenomenon. The EC system was equipped with a fast sensor for NH3 concentration measurements based on Tunable Infrared Laser Differential Absorption Spectrometry (QC-TILDAS). NH3 volatilisation has been monitored in continuous for both experimental trials, confirming the rapidity of the NH3 losses when slurry is spread to the field. Within 24 h from the application the volatilisation suddenly decreases, stopping after soil incorporation occurred 24 and 30 h from the spreading for the two experimental trials. The maximum NH3 emission levels were 138.3 and 243.5 μg m−2 s−1 and the total losses of NH4-N were 19.4% and 28.5%, determined 7 days after the spreading for the first and the second trial, respectively. EC measurements have been compared to the emissions estimated by a backward Lagrangian stochastic model, resulting consistent for dynamic and quantitative emitted. To explain the differences between the losses in the two experiments, the relationship between emission and meteorological conditions has been investigated. In particular, rain during the 2009 trial caused a significant reduction in emissions, whereas high air temperatures enhanced the emission phenomenon in the 2011 trial. The results shown that for improving nitrogen efficiency, slurry incorporation has to be performed in times closer from spreading than 24 h, under weather conditions which limit NH3 emissions (such as cloudy with low solar radiation and temperature).
Rossana Monica Ferrara; Marco Carozzi; Paul Di Tommasi; David D. Nelson; Gerardo Fratini; Teresa Bertolini; Vincenzo Magliulo; Marco Acutis; Gianfranco Rana. Dynamics of ammonia volatilisation measured by eddy covariance during slurry spreading in north Italy. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 2016, 219, 1 -13.
AMA StyleRossana Monica Ferrara, Marco Carozzi, Paul Di Tommasi, David D. Nelson, Gerardo Fratini, Teresa Bertolini, Vincenzo Magliulo, Marco Acutis, Gianfranco Rana. Dynamics of ammonia volatilisation measured by eddy covariance during slurry spreading in north Italy. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 2016; 219 ():1-13.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRossana Monica Ferrara; Marco Carozzi; Paul Di Tommasi; David D. Nelson; Gerardo Fratini; Teresa Bertolini; Vincenzo Magliulo; Marco Acutis; Gianfranco Rana. 2016. "Dynamics of ammonia volatilisation measured by eddy covariance during slurry spreading in north Italy." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 219, no. : 1-13.
Anaerobic digestion produces a biologically stable and high-value fertilizer product, the digestate, which can be used as an alternative to mineral fertilizers on crops. However, misuse of digestate can lead to annoyance for the public (odours) and to environmental problems such as nitrate leaching and ammonia emissions into the air. Full field experimental data are needed to support the use of digestate in agriculture, promoting its correct management. In this work, short-term experiments were performed to substitute mineral N fertilizers (urea) with digestate and products derived from it to the crop silage maize. Digestate and the liquid fraction of digestate were applied to soil at pre-sowing and as topdressing fertilizers in comparison with urea, both by surface application and subsurface injection during the cropping seasons 2012 and 2013. After each fertilizer application, both odours and ammonia emissions were measured, giving data about digestate and derived products' impacts. The AD products could substitute for urea without reducing crop yields, apart from the surface application of AD-derived fertilizers. Digestate and derived products, because of high biological stability acquired during the AD, had greatly reduced olfactometry impact, above all when they were injected into soils (82–88% less odours than the untreated biomass, i.e. cattle slurry). Ammonia emission data indicated, as expected, that the correct use of digestate and derived products required their injection into the soil avoiding, ammonia volatilization into the air and preserving fertilizer value. Sub-surface injection allowed ammonia emissions to be reduced by 69% and 77% compared with surface application during the 2012 and 2013 campaigns.
C. Riva; V. Orzi; Marco Carozzi; Marco Acutis; G. Boccasile; S. Lonati; F. Tambone; G. D'Imporzano; Fabrizio Adani. Short-term experiments in using digestate products as substitutes for mineral (N) fertilizer: Agronomic performance, odours, and ammonia emission impacts. Science of The Total Environment 2016, 547, 206 -214.
AMA StyleC. Riva, V. Orzi, Marco Carozzi, Marco Acutis, G. Boccasile, S. Lonati, F. Tambone, G. D'Imporzano, Fabrizio Adani. Short-term experiments in using digestate products as substitutes for mineral (N) fertilizer: Agronomic performance, odours, and ammonia emission impacts. Science of The Total Environment. 2016; 547 ():206-214.
Chicago/Turabian StyleC. Riva; V. Orzi; Marco Carozzi; Marco Acutis; G. Boccasile; S. Lonati; F. Tambone; G. D'Imporzano; Fabrizio Adani. 2016. "Short-term experiments in using digestate products as substitutes for mineral (N) fertilizer: Agronomic performance, odours, and ammonia emission impacts." Science of The Total Environment 547, no. : 206-214.
This chapther review aims at developing a clear understanding of the impacts and benefits of Conservation Agriculture with respect to Climate Change, and examining if there are any misleading findings at present in the scientific literature. \ud Most of the world’s agricultural soils have been depleted of organic matter and soil health over the years under tillage-based agriculture (TA), compared with their state under natural vegetation. This degradation process can be reversed and the review identifies conditions that can lead to increase in soil organic matter content and improvement in soil health under Conservation Agriculture (CA) practices which involve minimum soil disturbance, maintenance of soil cover, and crop diversity.\ud The review also discusses the need to refer to specific carbon pools when addressing carbon sequestration, as each carbon category has a different turnover rate.\ud With respect to greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs), sustainable agricultural systems based on CA principles are described which result in lower emissions from farm operations as well as from machinery manufacturing processes, and that also help to reduce fertilizer use. \ud This review concludes that terrestrial sequestration of carbon can efficiently be achieved by changing the management of agricultural lands from high soil disturbance TA practices to low disturbance CA practices and by adopting effective nitrogen management practices to provide a positive nitrogen balance for carbon sequestration. However, full advantages of CA in terms of carbon sequestration can usually be observed only in the medium- to longer-term when CA practices and associated carbon sequestration processes in the soil are well established
M. Pisante; F. Stagnari; Marco Acutis; Marco Bindi; Lorenzo Brilli; V. Di Stefano; Marco Carozzi. Conservation Agriculture and Climate Change. Conservation Agriculture 2014, 579 -620.
AMA StyleM. Pisante, F. Stagnari, Marco Acutis, Marco Bindi, Lorenzo Brilli, V. Di Stefano, Marco Carozzi. Conservation Agriculture and Climate Change. Conservation Agriculture. 2014; ():579-620.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Pisante; F. Stagnari; Marco Acutis; Marco Bindi; Lorenzo Brilli; V. Di Stefano; Marco Carozzi. 2014. "Conservation Agriculture and Climate Change." Conservation Agriculture , no. : 579-620.
Intensive agriculture and livestock breeding represent critical factors in the Lombardy region since the nitrate vulnerable zones are 62% of utilised agricultural plain area. The aim of reducing the environmental risk caused by agriculture activities (e.g. nitrogen losses into groundwater and atmosphere) can be only achieved through a critical and scientific analysis of livestock manure management in a whole-farm perspective. Keeping in mind this objective, the decision support system (DSS) ValorE was developed. It can be described as a tool able to evaluate from the environmental, technical, agronomic and economic points of view the main components of manure management (production, storage, treatment and land application) for a variety of livestock types (i.e., cattle, swine, poultry, sheep, goats and horses), under different scenarios adopted at farm and territorial scale. ValorE consists of three main components: data management subsystem, model management subsystem and two versions of user-interface, both for farm and territorial scale. Most of the inputs to the DSS comes from external databases, while a software tool developed in the .NET environment and implemented using object oriented programming (C# language), provides the logic to manage the scenario simulation of agronomic and environmental farm-scale models. Users and stakeholders can carry out comparative analysis, starting from the knowledge of the current perspective, in terms of manure management system at farm or territorial scale by interrogating the available databases. Moreover, they can generate different alternative scenarios thanks to different options for the manure handling and cropping system simulation. Then they can finally evaluate and compare different scenarios through multidisciplinary and synthetic indicators but also visualise spatial effects exploiting the coupled webGIS. ValorE is therefore an attempt to offer a comprehensive tool for improving both farm strategy and decision making process, which is particularly important in a very intensive agricultural area, with one of the highest livestock density in the world, as Lombardy
Marco Acutis; Lodovico Alfieri; Andrea Giussani; Giorgio Provolo; Andrea Di Guardo; Stefania Colombini; Gianpaolo Bertoncini; Marco Castelnuovo; Guido Sali; Maurizio Moschini; Mattia Sanna; Alessia Perego; Marco Carozzi; Marcello Ermido Chiodini; Mattia Fumagalli. ValorE: An integrated and GIS-based decision support system for livestock manure management in the Lombardy region (northern Italy). Land Use Policy 2014, 41, 149 -162.
AMA StyleMarco Acutis, Lodovico Alfieri, Andrea Giussani, Giorgio Provolo, Andrea Di Guardo, Stefania Colombini, Gianpaolo Bertoncini, Marco Castelnuovo, Guido Sali, Maurizio Moschini, Mattia Sanna, Alessia Perego, Marco Carozzi, Marcello Ermido Chiodini, Mattia Fumagalli. ValorE: An integrated and GIS-based decision support system for livestock manure management in the Lombardy region (northern Italy). Land Use Policy. 2014; 41 ():149-162.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarco Acutis; Lodovico Alfieri; Andrea Giussani; Giorgio Provolo; Andrea Di Guardo; Stefania Colombini; Gianpaolo Bertoncini; Marco Castelnuovo; Guido Sali; Maurizio Moschini; Mattia Sanna; Alessia Perego; Marco Carozzi; Marcello Ermido Chiodini; Mattia Fumagalli. 2014. "ValorE: An integrated and GIS-based decision support system for livestock manure management in the Lombardy region (northern Italy)." Land Use Policy 41, no. : 149-162.
M. Carozzi; Simone Bregaglio; B. Scaglia; E. Bernardoni; Marco Acutis; R. Confalonieri. The development of a methodology using fuzzy logic to assess the performance of cropping systems based on a case study of maize in the Po Valley. Soil Use and Management 2013, 29, 576 -585.
AMA StyleM. Carozzi, Simone Bregaglio, B. Scaglia, E. Bernardoni, Marco Acutis, R. Confalonieri. The development of a methodology using fuzzy logic to assess the performance of cropping systems based on a case study of maize in the Po Valley. Soil Use and Management. 2013; 29 (4):576-585.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Carozzi; Simone Bregaglio; B. Scaglia; E. Bernardoni; Marco Acutis; R. Confalonieri. 2013. "The development of a methodology using fuzzy logic to assess the performance of cropping systems based on a case study of maize in the Po Valley." Soil Use and Management 29, no. 4: 576-585.
To evaluate the best practices in reducing ammonia (NH3) losses from fertilised arable lands, six field trials were carried out in three different locations in northern Italy. NH3 emissions from cattle slurry were estimated considering the spreading techniques and the field incorporation procedures. The measurements were performed using long term exposure samplers associated to the determination of the atmospheric turbulence and the use of the backward Lagrangian stochastic (bLS) model WindTrax. The results obtained indicate that the NH3 emission process was exhausted in the first 24-48 h after slurry spreading. The slurry incorporation technique was able to reduce the NH3 losses with respect to the surface spreading, where a contextual incorporation led to reductions up to 87%. However, the best abatement strategy for NH3 losses from slurry applications has proved to be the direct injection into the soil, with a reduction of about 95% with respect to the surface spreading. The results obtained highlight the strong dependence of the volatilisation phenomenon by soil and weather conditions.
Marco Carozzi; Rossana Monica Ferrara; G. Rana; Marco Acutis. Evaluation of mitigation strategies to reduce ammonia losses from slurry fertilisation on arable lands. Science of The Total Environment 2013, 449, 126 -133.
AMA StyleMarco Carozzi, Rossana Monica Ferrara, G. Rana, Marco Acutis. Evaluation of mitigation strategies to reduce ammonia losses from slurry fertilisation on arable lands. Science of The Total Environment. 2013; 449 ():126-133.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarco Carozzi; Rossana Monica Ferrara; G. Rana; Marco Acutis. 2013. "Evaluation of mitigation strategies to reduce ammonia losses from slurry fertilisation on arable lands." Science of The Total Environment 449, no. : 126-133.
The performance of two inverse dispersion models to quantify ammonia (NH3) fluxes has been evaluated. Ammonia emissions from cattle slurry spreading have been estimated following two different application techniques in northern Italy: (i) surface spreading with incorporation after 24 h and (ii) injection into the soil. Passive diffusion samplers were used to measure atmospheric ammonia concentrations at the treated fields and at background sites. A sonic anemometer was used to characterise the atmospehric turbulence and provided the necessary inputs for the inverse models. Two inverse dispersion models were then employed: FIDES, based on the Philip (1959) analytical solution of the advection-diffusion equation and WindTrax, a Lagrangian stochastic dispersion model. Both models were parameterised with friction velocity, Obukhov length and roughness as input. WindTrax was also alternatively used with wind components statistics from the sonic anemometer. The two models agreed well in estimating ammonia emissions under neutral conditions but diverged under stable and unstable conditions because of different parameterisation of the diffusivity profile. The maximum difference between the two models was less than 32%. The uncertainty associated with the concentration measurements with the passive samplers, was lower than 11%. The direct injection of slurry into the soil was the most effective method for reducing N loss from slurry application, resulting in an emission of 2% of the total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN) applied when surface application resulted in losses of 5.4% of TAN
Marco Carozzi; Benjamin Loubet; Marco Acutis; Gianfranco Rana; Rossana Monica Ferrara. Inverse dispersion modelling highlights the efficiency of slurry injection to reduce ammonia losses by agriculture in the Po Valley (Italy). Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 2013, 171-172, 306 -318.
AMA StyleMarco Carozzi, Benjamin Loubet, Marco Acutis, Gianfranco Rana, Rossana Monica Ferrara. Inverse dispersion modelling highlights the efficiency of slurry injection to reduce ammonia losses by agriculture in the Po Valley (Italy). Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 2013; 171-172 ():306-318.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarco Carozzi; Benjamin Loubet; Marco Acutis; Gianfranco Rana; Rossana Monica Ferrara. 2013. "Inverse dispersion modelling highlights the efficiency of slurry injection to reduce ammonia losses by agriculture in the Po Valley (Italy)." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 171-172, no. : 306-318.