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Dr. Christos Spyrou
National Observatory of Athens

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0 Climate Change
0 Modelling
0 Radiative Transfer
0 Nowcasting
0 desert dust

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Modelling
Climate Change
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Journal article
Published: 15 April 2021 in Resources
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The adoption of Nature-Based Solutions (NBSs) represents a novel means to mitigate natural hazards. In the framework of the OPERANDUM project, this study introduces a methodology to assess the efficiency of the NBSs and a series of Open-Air Laboratories (OALs) regarded as a proof-of-concept for the wider uptake of NBSs. The OALs are located in Finland, Greece, UK, Italy, and Ireland. The methodology is based on a wide modeling activity, incorporated in the context of future climate scenarios. Herein, we present a series of models’ chains able to estimate the efficiency of the NBSs. While the presented models are mainly well-established, their coupling represents a first fundamental step in the study of the long-term efficacy and impact of the NBSs. In the selected sites, NBSs are utilized to cope with distinct natural hazards: floods, droughts, landslides, salt intrusion, and nutrient and sediment loading. The study of the efficacy of NBSs to mitigate these hazards belongs to a series of works devoted to the implementation of NBSs for environmental purposes. Our findings prove that land management plays a crucial role in the process. Specifically, the selected NBSs include intensive forestry; the conversion of urban areas to grassland; dunes; marine seagrass; water retention ponds; live cribwalls; and high-density plantations of woody vegetation and deep-rooted herbaceous vegetation. The management of natural resources should eventually consider the effect of NBSs on urban and rural areas, as their employment is becoming widespread.

ACS Style

Glauco Gallotti; Marco Santo; Ilektra Apostolidou; Jacopo Alessandri; Alberto Armigliato; Bidroha Basu; Sisay Debele; Alessio Domeneghetti; Alejandro Gonzalez-Ollauri; Prashant Kumar; Angeliki Mentzafou; Francesco Pilla; Beatrice Pulvirenti; Paolo Ruggieri; Jeetendra Sahani; Aura Salmivaara; Arunima Basu; Christos Spyrou; Nadia Pinardi; Elena Toth; Silvia Unguendoli; Umesh Pillai; Andrea Valentini; George Varlas; Giorgia Verri; Filippo Zaniboni; Silvana Di Sabatino. On the Management of Nature-Based Solutions in Open-Air Laboratories: New Insights and Future Perspectives. Resources 2021, 10, 36 .

AMA Style

Glauco Gallotti, Marco Santo, Ilektra Apostolidou, Jacopo Alessandri, Alberto Armigliato, Bidroha Basu, Sisay Debele, Alessio Domeneghetti, Alejandro Gonzalez-Ollauri, Prashant Kumar, Angeliki Mentzafou, Francesco Pilla, Beatrice Pulvirenti, Paolo Ruggieri, Jeetendra Sahani, Aura Salmivaara, Arunima Basu, Christos Spyrou, Nadia Pinardi, Elena Toth, Silvia Unguendoli, Umesh Pillai, Andrea Valentini, George Varlas, Giorgia Verri, Filippo Zaniboni, Silvana Di Sabatino. On the Management of Nature-Based Solutions in Open-Air Laboratories: New Insights and Future Perspectives. Resources. 2021; 10 (4):36.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Glauco Gallotti; Marco Santo; Ilektra Apostolidou; Jacopo Alessandri; Alberto Armigliato; Bidroha Basu; Sisay Debele; Alessio Domeneghetti; Alejandro Gonzalez-Ollauri; Prashant Kumar; Angeliki Mentzafou; Francesco Pilla; Beatrice Pulvirenti; Paolo Ruggieri; Jeetendra Sahani; Aura Salmivaara; Arunima Basu; Christos Spyrou; Nadia Pinardi; Elena Toth; Silvia Unguendoli; Umesh Pillai; Andrea Valentini; George Varlas; Giorgia Verri; Filippo Zaniboni; Silvana Di Sabatino. 2021. "On the Management of Nature-Based Solutions in Open-Air Laboratories: New Insights and Future Perspectives." Resources 10, no. 4: 36.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2021 in Sustainability
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Nature-based solutions (NBS) are being deployed around the world in order to address hydrometeorological hazards, including flooding, droughts, landslides and many others. The term refers to techniques inspired, supported and copied from nature, avoiding large constructions and other harmful interventions. In this work the development and evaluation of an NBS applied to the Spercheios river basin in Central Greece is presented. The river is susceptible to heavy rainfall and bank overflow, therefore the intervention selected is a natural water retention measure that aims to moderate the impact of flooding and drought in the area. After the deployment of the NBS, we examine the benefits under current and future climate conditions, using various climate change scenarios. Even though the NBS deployed is small compared to the rest of the river, its presence leads to a decrease in the maximum depth of flooding, maximum velocity and smaller flooded areas. Regarding the subsurface/groundwater storage under current and future climate change and weather conditions, the NBS construction seems to favor long-term groundwater recharge.

ACS Style

Christos Spyrou; Michael Loupis; Νikos Charizopoulos; Ilektra Apostolidou; Angeliki Mentzafou; George Varlas; Anastasios Papadopoulos; Elias Dimitriou; Depy Panga; Lamprini Gkeka; Paul Bowyer; Susanne Pfeifer; Sisay Debele; Prashant Kumar. Evaluating Nature-Based Solution for Flood Reduction in Spercheios River Basin under Current and Future Climate Conditions. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3885 .

AMA Style

Christos Spyrou, Michael Loupis, Νikos Charizopoulos, Ilektra Apostolidou, Angeliki Mentzafou, George Varlas, Anastasios Papadopoulos, Elias Dimitriou, Depy Panga, Lamprini Gkeka, Paul Bowyer, Susanne Pfeifer, Sisay Debele, Prashant Kumar. Evaluating Nature-Based Solution for Flood Reduction in Spercheios River Basin under Current and Future Climate Conditions. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (7):3885.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christos Spyrou; Michael Loupis; Νikos Charizopoulos; Ilektra Apostolidou; Angeliki Mentzafou; George Varlas; Anastasios Papadopoulos; Elias Dimitriou; Depy Panga; Lamprini Gkeka; Paul Bowyer; Susanne Pfeifer; Sisay Debele; Prashant Kumar. 2021. "Evaluating Nature-Based Solution for Flood Reduction in Spercheios River Basin under Current and Future Climate Conditions." Sustainability 13, no. 7: 3885.

Preprint content
Published: 04 March 2021
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In the last years, several Etna eruption events are documented, forming lava flows and explosive activity. The Pilot EO4D_ash – Earth observation data for detection, discrimination & distribution (4D) of volcanic ash of the e-shape project provides the PANhellenic GEophysical observatory of Antikythera (PANGEA) of the National Observatory of Athens (NOA), in Greece with near-real-time alerts from Etna volcano eruptions. These alerts are used in the PANGEA station to monitor and reveal the presence of volcanic particles above the area the days following an eruption, also the station is supported by a volcanic particle monitoring and forecasting warning system. In this work, we investigate the volcano eruption between 30 May and 6 June 2019 which affected the southern parts of Greece and reaching the Antikythera station. Due to the prevailing meteorological conditions, volcanic particles and gases followed an easterly direction and were dispersed towards Greece. FLEXPART dispersion model simulations confirm the volcanic plume transport from Etna towards PANGEA, mixing also with co-existing desert dust particles. Model simulations are evaluated with PollyXT lidar measurements performed at PANGEA and satellite-based SO2 observations from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument onboard the Sentinel-5 Precursor (TROPOMI/S5P). This is the first time that Etna volcanic products are monitored at the Antikythera station, in Greece with implications for the investigation of their role in the Mediterranean weather and climate.

Acknowledgments: We acknowledge the support by EU H2020 E-shape project (Grant Agreement n. 820852). Also, this research was supported by data and services obtained from the PANhellenic Geophysical Observatory of Antikythera (PANGEA) of the National Observatory of Athens (NOA), Greece, and by the project “PANhellenic infrastructure for Atmospheric Composition and climatE change” (MIS 5021516) which is implemented under the Action “Reinforcement of the Research and Innovation Infrastructure”, funded by the Operational Programme "Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation" (NSRF 2014-2020) and co-financed by Greece and the European Union (European Regional Development Fund). NOA team acknowledges the support of the Stavros Niarchos Foundation (SNF).

ACS Style

Anna Kampouri; Vassilis Amiridis; Stavros Solomos; Anna Gialitaki; Eleni Marinou; Christos Spyrou; Aristeidis K. Georgoulias; Dimitris Akritidis; Nikolaos Papagiannopoulos; Lucia Mona; Simona Scollo; Ioannis Pytharoulis; Theodore Karacostas; Prodromos Zanis. Investigation of volcanic emissions in Antikythera PANGEA station using near-real-time alerts. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Anna Kampouri, Vassilis Amiridis, Stavros Solomos, Anna Gialitaki, Eleni Marinou, Christos Spyrou, Aristeidis K. Georgoulias, Dimitris Akritidis, Nikolaos Papagiannopoulos, Lucia Mona, Simona Scollo, Ioannis Pytharoulis, Theodore Karacostas, Prodromos Zanis. Investigation of volcanic emissions in Antikythera PANGEA station using near-real-time alerts. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anna Kampouri; Vassilis Amiridis; Stavros Solomos; Anna Gialitaki; Eleni Marinou; Christos Spyrou; Aristeidis K. Georgoulias; Dimitris Akritidis; Nikolaos Papagiannopoulos; Lucia Mona; Simona Scollo; Ioannis Pytharoulis; Theodore Karacostas; Prodromos Zanis. 2021. "Investigation of volcanic emissions in Antikythera PANGEA station using near-real-time alerts." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 09 February 2021 in Remote Sensing
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Atmospheric-chemical coupled models usually parameterize sea-salt aerosol (SSA) emissions using whitecap fraction estimated considering only wind speed and ignoring sea state. This approach may introduce inaccuracies in SSA simulation. This study aims to assess the impact of sea state on SSA modeling, applying a new parameterization for whitecap fraction estimation based on wave age, calculated by the ratio between wave phase velocity and wind speed. To this end, the new parameterization was incorporated in the coupled Chemical Hydrological Atmospheric Ocean wave modeling System (CHAOS). CHAOS encompasses the wave model (WAM) two-way coupled through the OASIS3-MCT coupler with the Advanced Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-ARW-Chem) and, thus, enabling the concurrent simulation of SSAs, wind speed and wave phase velocity. The simulation results were evaluated against in-situ and lidar measurements at 2 stations in Greece (Finokalia on 4 and 15 July 2014 and Antikythera-PANGEA on 15 September 2018). The results reveal significant differences between the parameterizations with the new one offering a more realistic representation of SSA levels in some layers of the lower atmosphere. This is attributed to the enhancement of the bubble-bursting mechanism representation with air-sea processes controlling whitecap fraction. Our findings also highlight the contribution of fresh wind-generated waves to SSA modeling.

ACS Style

George Varlas; Eleni Marinou; Anna Gialitaki; Nikolaos Siomos; Konstantinos Tsarpalis; Nikolaos Kalivitis; Stavros Solomos; Alexandra Tsekeri; Christos Spyrou; Maria Tsichla; Anna Kampouri; Vassilis Vervatis; Elina Giannakaki; Vassilis Amiridis; Nikolaos Mihalopoulos; Anastasios Papadopoulos; Petros Katsafados. Assessing Sea-State Effects on Sea-Salt Aerosol Modeling in the Lower Atmosphere Using Lidar and In-Situ Measurements. Remote Sensing 2021, 13, 614 .

AMA Style

George Varlas, Eleni Marinou, Anna Gialitaki, Nikolaos Siomos, Konstantinos Tsarpalis, Nikolaos Kalivitis, Stavros Solomos, Alexandra Tsekeri, Christos Spyrou, Maria Tsichla, Anna Kampouri, Vassilis Vervatis, Elina Giannakaki, Vassilis Amiridis, Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, Anastasios Papadopoulos, Petros Katsafados. Assessing Sea-State Effects on Sea-Salt Aerosol Modeling in the Lower Atmosphere Using Lidar and In-Situ Measurements. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13 (4):614.

Chicago/Turabian Style

George Varlas; Eleni Marinou; Anna Gialitaki; Nikolaos Siomos; Konstantinos Tsarpalis; Nikolaos Kalivitis; Stavros Solomos; Alexandra Tsekeri; Christos Spyrou; Maria Tsichla; Anna Kampouri; Vassilis Vervatis; Elina Giannakaki; Vassilis Amiridis; Nikolaos Mihalopoulos; Anastasios Papadopoulos; Petros Katsafados. 2021. "Assessing Sea-State Effects on Sea-Salt Aerosol Modeling in the Lower Atmosphere Using Lidar and In-Situ Measurements." Remote Sensing 13, no. 4: 614.

Journal article
Published: 30 December 2020 in Atmosphere
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Between 30 May and 6 June 2019 a series of new flanks eruptions interested the south-east flanks of Mt. Etna, Italy, forming lava flows and explosive activity that was most intense during the first day of the eruption; as a result, volcanic particles were dispersed towards Greece. Lidar measurements performed at the PANhellenic GEophysical observatory of Antikythera (PANGEA) of the National Observatory of Athens (NOA), in Greece, reveal the presence of particles of volcanic origin above the area the days following the eruption. FLEXible PARTicle dispersion model (FLEXPART) simulations and satellite-based SO2 observations from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument onboard the Sentinel-5 Precursor (TROPOMI/S5P), confirm the volcanic plume transport from Etna towards PANGEA and possible mixing with co-existing desert dust particles. Lidar and modeled values are in agreement and the derived sulfate mass concentration is approximately 15 μg/m3. This is the first time that Etna volcanic products are monitored at Antikythera station, in Greece with implications for the investigation of their role in the Mediterranean weather and climate.

ACS Style

Anna Kampouri; Vassilis Amiridis; Stavros Solomos; Anna Gialitaki; Eleni Marinou; Christos Spyrou; Aristeidis Georgoulias; Dimitris Akritidis; Nikolaos Papagiannopoulos; Lucia Mona; Simona Scollo; Maria Tsichla; Ioanna Tsikoudi; Ioannis Pytharoulis; Theodore Karacostas; Prodromos Zanis. Investigation of Volcanic Emissions in the Mediterranean: “The Etna–Antikythera Connection”. Atmosphere 2020, 12, 40 .

AMA Style

Anna Kampouri, Vassilis Amiridis, Stavros Solomos, Anna Gialitaki, Eleni Marinou, Christos Spyrou, Aristeidis Georgoulias, Dimitris Akritidis, Nikolaos Papagiannopoulos, Lucia Mona, Simona Scollo, Maria Tsichla, Ioanna Tsikoudi, Ioannis Pytharoulis, Theodore Karacostas, Prodromos Zanis. Investigation of Volcanic Emissions in the Mediterranean: “The Etna–Antikythera Connection”. Atmosphere. 2020; 12 (1):40.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anna Kampouri; Vassilis Amiridis; Stavros Solomos; Anna Gialitaki; Eleni Marinou; Christos Spyrou; Aristeidis Georgoulias; Dimitris Akritidis; Nikolaos Papagiannopoulos; Lucia Mona; Simona Scollo; Maria Tsichla; Ioanna Tsikoudi; Ioannis Pytharoulis; Theodore Karacostas; Prodromos Zanis. 2020. "Investigation of Volcanic Emissions in the Mediterranean: “The Etna–Antikythera Connection”." Atmosphere 12, no. 1: 40.

Journal article
Published: 27 August 2020 in Remote Sensing
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Severe hydrometeorological hazards such as floods, droughts, and thunderstorms are expected to increase in the future due to climate change. Due to the significant impacts of these phenomena, it is essential to develop new and advanced early warning systems for advance preparation of the population and local authorities (civil protection, government agencies, etc.). Therefore, reliable forecasts of extreme events, with high spatial and temporal resolution and a very short time horizon are needed, due to the very fast development and localized nature of these events. In very short time-periods (up to 6 h), small-scale phenomena can be described accurately by adopting a “nowcasting” approach, providing reliable short-term forecasts and warnings. To this end, a novel nowcasting system was developed and presented in this study, combining a data assimilation system (LAPS), a large amount of observed data, including XPOL radar precipitation measurements, the Chemical Hydrological Atmospheric Ocean wave System (CHAOS), and the WRF-Hydro model. The system was evaluated on the catastrophic flash flood event that occurred in the sub-urban area of Mandra in Western Attica, Greece, on 15 November 2017. The event was one of the most catastrophic flash floods with human fatalities (24 people died) and extensive infrastructure damage. The update of the simulations with assimilated radar data improved the initial precipitation description and led to an improved simulation of the evolution of the phenomenon. Statistical evaluation and comparison with flood data from the FloodHub showed that the nowcasting system could have provided reliable early warning of the flood event 1, 2, and even to 3 h in advance, giving vital time to the local authorities to mobilize and even prevent fatalities and injuries to the local population.

ACS Style

Christos Spyrou; George Varlas; Aikaterini Pappa; Angeliki Mentzafou; Petros Katsafados; Anastasios Papadopoulos; Marios Anagnostou; John Kalogiros. Implementation of a Nowcasting Hydrometeorological System for Studying Flash Flood Events: The Case of Mandra, Greece. Remote Sensing 2020, 12, 2784 .

AMA Style

Christos Spyrou, George Varlas, Aikaterini Pappa, Angeliki Mentzafou, Petros Katsafados, Anastasios Papadopoulos, Marios Anagnostou, John Kalogiros. Implementation of a Nowcasting Hydrometeorological System for Studying Flash Flood Events: The Case of Mandra, Greece. Remote Sensing. 2020; 12 (17):2784.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christos Spyrou; George Varlas; Aikaterini Pappa; Angeliki Mentzafou; Petros Katsafados; Anastasios Papadopoulos; Marios Anagnostou; John Kalogiros. 2020. "Implementation of a Nowcasting Hydrometeorological System for Studying Flash Flood Events: The Case of Mandra, Greece." Remote Sensing 12, no. 17: 2784.

Journal article
Published: 18 July 2020 in Ocean Modelling
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Understanding the governing mechanisms of atmosphere–wave–ocean​ interactions is critical for unravelling the formation and evolution mechanisms of severe weather phenomena. This study aims at investigating the effects of atmosphere–wave–ocean​ feedbacks on a Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone (medicane), occurred on 27–30 September 2018 at the central-eastern Mediterranean Sea and characterized by severe environmental and socioeconomic impact. To unveil the interactions across the air–sea interface, the medicane was simulated by an integrated modelling system consisting of the Chemical Hydrological Atmospheric Ocean wave System (CHAOS), upgraded by embedding to it the Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean (NEMO) as ocean circulation component. Coupled simulations revealed that air–seaheat transfer and Ekman pumping, bringing sub-surface cold waters in upper ocean layers (upwelling), caused SST cooling (∼2–3 °C). SST cooling triggered a negative feedback loop procedure tending to balance between atmospheric and ocean processes. It also attenuated the cyclone and, subsequently, reduced the atmospheric energy embedded in ocean through the upper ocean vertical stratification weakening, thus, upper ocean vertical mixing, upwelling and SST cooling. The waves adjusted this feedback loop making the system more resistant in air–sea flux variations. Waves additionally weakened the cyclone not only due to the kinetic energy loss in the lower-atmosphere but also due to the enhancement of SST cooling which is attributed to the strengthening of Ekman pumping and vertical mixing, forced by wind stress increase. Nevertheless, waves partially balanced the air–wave–sea exchanges through the slight enthalpy flux gain under high wind conditions which is explained by considering the increase of enthalpy transfer coefficient in rougher sea areas.

ACS Style

G. Varlas; V. Vervatis; Christos Spyrou; E. Papadopoulou; A. Papadopoulos; P. Katsafados. Investigating the impact of atmosphere–wave–ocean interactions on a Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone. Ocean Modelling 2020, 153, 101675 .

AMA Style

G. Varlas, V. Vervatis, Christos Spyrou, E. Papadopoulou, A. Papadopoulos, P. Katsafados. Investigating the impact of atmosphere–wave–ocean interactions on a Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone. Ocean Modelling. 2020; 153 ():101675.

Chicago/Turabian Style

G. Varlas; V. Vervatis; Christos Spyrou; E. Papadopoulou; A. Papadopoulos; P. Katsafados. 2020. "Investigating the impact of atmosphere–wave–ocean interactions on a Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone." Ocean Modelling 153, no. : 101675.

Journal article
Published: 28 March 2020 in Mediterranean Marine Science
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Nowadays, it has become clear that atmosphere and ocean should be simulated by integrated modeling systems resolving interconnected physical factors which determine Earth’s energy balance. Waves play a key role on the interfacial interaction between atmosphere and ocean regulating momentum, heat and moisture exchange. This study aims to evaluate the two-way coupled atmosphere-ocean wave system CHAOS (Chemical Hydrological Atmosphere Ocean wave System) over the Mediterranean and Black Seas. The evaluation is performed against in-situ and remote sensing data for the period from 1 December 2013 to 1 December 2014. CHAOS includes the Weather Research Forecasting (WRF) model version 3.8 as atmospheric component and the Wave model (WAM) cycle 4.5.4 as ocean wave component, coupled through the OASIS3-MCT coupler version 3.0. In order to assess the impact of the atmosphere-ocean waves coupling, two approaches of continuous model simulations are followed. In the first approach (1-way coupling mode) the ocean wave component uses the winds produced by the atmospheric component while in the second approach (2-way coupling mode) the atmospheric component additionally uses the sea state information estimated by the ocean wave component through wave-dependent Charnock parameter computations. In the 2-way coupling mode, the attenuation of the atmospheric flow has a damping effect on wind-generated waves. The simulations in 2-way coupling mode produce more realistic results yielding statistical improvements. Against buoys observations, 2-way reduces root mean square error (RMSE) per 1.2% and 6.3% for wind speed and significant wave height, respectively, while against Jason-2 satellite retrievals per 0.5% and 2.4%, respectively. Additionally, the 2-way outperforms the 1-way coupling mode under intense wind and wave conditions during this one-year period.

ACS Style

George Varlas; Christos Spyrou; Anastasios Papadopoulos; Gerasimos Korres; Petros Katsafados. One-year assessment of the two-way coupled atmosphere-ocean wave modeling system CHAOS over the Mediterranean and Black Seas. Mediterranean Marine Science 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

George Varlas, Christos Spyrou, Anastasios Papadopoulos, Gerasimos Korres, Petros Katsafados. One-year assessment of the two-way coupled atmosphere-ocean wave modeling system CHAOS over the Mediterranean and Black Seas. Mediterranean Marine Science. 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

George Varlas; Christos Spyrou; Anastasios Papadopoulos; Gerasimos Korres; Petros Katsafados. 2020. "One-year assessment of the two-way coupled atmosphere-ocean wave modeling system CHAOS over the Mediterranean and Black Seas." Mediterranean Marine Science , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 05 February 2020 in Atmosphere
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The necessity to reduce C O 2 emissions in combination with the rising energy demand worldwide makes the extensive use of renewable energy sources increasingly important. To that end, countries with long coastlines, such as Norway, can exploit ocean wave energy to produce large amounts of power. In order to facilitate these efforts as well as to provide quantitative data on the wave energy potential of a specific area, it is essential to analyze the weather and climatic conditions detecting any variabilities. The complex physical processes and the atmosphere-wave synergetic effects make the investigation of temporal variability of wave energy a challenging issue. This work aims to shed new light on potential wave energy mapping, presenting a spatio-temporal assessment of swell- and wind-sea-induced energy flux in the Nordic Seas with a focus on the Norwegian coastline using the NORA10 hindcast for the period 1958–2017 (59 years). The results indicate high spatial and seasonal variability of the wave energy flux along the coast. The maximum wave energy flux is observed during winter, while the minimum is observed during summer. The highest coastal wave energy flux is observed in the Norwegian Sea. The majority of areas with dominant swell conditions (i.e., in the Norwegian Sea) are characterized by the highest coastal wave energy flux. The maximum values of wave energy flux in the North Sea are denoted in its northern parts in the intersection with the Norwegian Sea. In contrast to the Norwegian Sea, areas located in the North Sea and the Barents Sea show that wind sea is contributing more than swell to the total wave energy flux.

ACS Style

Konstantinos Christakos; George Varlas; Ioannis Cheliotis; Christos Spyrou; Ole Johan Aarnes; Birgitte Rugaard Furevik. Characterization of Wind-Sea- and Swell-Induced Wave Energy along the Norwegian Coast. Atmosphere 2020, 11, 166 .

AMA Style

Konstantinos Christakos, George Varlas, Ioannis Cheliotis, Christos Spyrou, Ole Johan Aarnes, Birgitte Rugaard Furevik. Characterization of Wind-Sea- and Swell-Induced Wave Energy along the Norwegian Coast. Atmosphere. 2020; 11 (2):166.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Konstantinos Christakos; George Varlas; Ioannis Cheliotis; Christos Spyrou; Ole Johan Aarnes; Birgitte Rugaard Furevik. 2020. "Characterization of Wind-Sea- and Swell-Induced Wave Energy along the Norwegian Coast." Atmosphere 11, no. 2: 166.

Journal article
Published: 19 December 2019 in Atmospheric Pollution Research
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The concentrations, size distributions, and elemental compositions of atmospheric aerosol particles over a small but representative (in terms of size, population, and geographical characteristics) insular coastal city in the North Aegean Sea were measured during winter and summer. Mean PM2.0 and PM1.0 concentrations at the city centre were respectively 26 and 21 μg m−3 during the cold period, and 21 and 15 μg m−3 during the warm period. Although these concentrations are considerably lower compared to corresponding values of PM2.5 and PM1.0 recorded in large cities in the region, they are still very close to the mean annual standards set by the EU for PM2.5. Higher average mass concentrations (by ca. 26–36% for Total Suspended Particles, PM2.0 and PM1.0) were observed in the cold period compared to those in the warm period due to the additional emissions from domestic heating and the weaker atmospheric dilution. The elemental composition measurements showed that crustal and anthropogenic elements (i.e., K, Ca, Ti, Mg, Fe, As, S) in the collected particle samples were also enriched when polluted air masses were transported from Northeastern Turkey. These measurements also showed that natural sources contribute sea-salt and re-suspended soil to the particulate matter load in the city's atmosphere. Non-exhaust traffic emission sources were also found to be an important contributor, as indicated by the good correlations (R2 = 0.40–0.91) between crustal and traffic-related elements (i.e., Zn, Cr, Cu, and Mn). Overall, PM measurements in the urban environment in the region are relatively high, being influenced by both local sources and long-transported air masses.

ACS Style

E. Triantafyllou; E. Diapouli; Μ.β. Korras-Carraca; Manousos Manousakas; C. Psanis; Athena Augusta Floutsi; C. Spyrou; K. Eleftheriadis; G. Biskos. Contribution of locally-produced and transported air pollution to particulate matter in a small insular coastal city. Atmospheric Pollution Research 2019, 11, 667 -678.

AMA Style

E. Triantafyllou, E. Diapouli, Μ.β. Korras-Carraca, Manousos Manousakas, C. Psanis, Athena Augusta Floutsi, C. Spyrou, K. Eleftheriadis, G. Biskos. Contribution of locally-produced and transported air pollution to particulate matter in a small insular coastal city. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2019; 11 (4):667-678.

Chicago/Turabian Style

E. Triantafyllou; E. Diapouli; Μ.β. Korras-Carraca; Manousos Manousakas; C. Psanis; Athena Augusta Floutsi; C. Spyrou; K. Eleftheriadis; G. Biskos. 2019. "Contribution of locally-produced and transported air pollution to particulate matter in a small insular coastal city." Atmospheric Pollution Research 11, no. 4: 667-678.

Review article
Published: 15 August 2019 in Science of The Total Environment
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Hydro-meteorological risk (HMR) management involves a range of methods, such as monitoring of uncertain climate, planning and prevention by technical countermeasures, risk assessment, preparedness for risk by early-warnings, spreading knowledge and awareness, response and recovery. To execute HMR management by risk assessment, many models and tools, ranging from conceptual to sophisticated/numerical methods are currently in use. However, there is still a gap in systematically classifying and documenting them in the field of disaster risk management. This paper discusses various methods used for HMR assessment and its management via potential nature-based solutions (NBS), which are actually lessons learnt from nature. We focused on three hydro-meteorological hazards (HMHs), floods, droughts and heatwaves, and their management by relevant NBS. Different methodologies related to the chosen HMHs are considered with respect to exposure, vulnerability and adaptation interaction of the elements at risk. Two widely used methods for flood risk assessment are fuzzy logic (e.g. fuzzy analytic hierarchy process) and probabilistic methodology (e.g. univariate and multivariate probability distributions). Different kinds of indices have been described in the literature to define drought risk, depending upon the type of drought and the purpose of evaluation. For heatwave risk estimation, mapping of the vulnerable property and population-based on geographical information system is a widely used methodology in addition to a number of computational, mathematical and statistical methods, such as principal component analysis, extreme value theorem, functional data analysis, the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process and meta-analysis. NBS (blue, green and hybrid infrastructures) are promoted for HMR management. For example, marshes and wetlands in place of dams for flood and drought risk reduction, and green infrastructure for urban cooling and combating heatwaves, are potential NBS. More research is needed into risk assessment and management through NBS, to enhance its wider significance for sustainable living, building adaptations and resilience.

ACS Style

Jeetendra Sahani; Prashant Kumar; Sisay Debele; Christos Spyrou; Michael Loupis; Leonardo Aragão; Federico Porcu; Mohammad Aminur Rahman Shah; Silvana Di Sabatino. Hydro-meteorological risk assessment methods and management by nature-based solutions. Science of The Total Environment 2019, 696, 133936 .

AMA Style

Jeetendra Sahani, Prashant Kumar, Sisay Debele, Christos Spyrou, Michael Loupis, Leonardo Aragão, Federico Porcu, Mohammad Aminur Rahman Shah, Silvana Di Sabatino. Hydro-meteorological risk assessment methods and management by nature-based solutions. Science of The Total Environment. 2019; 696 ():133936.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jeetendra Sahani; Prashant Kumar; Sisay Debele; Christos Spyrou; Michael Loupis; Leonardo Aragão; Federico Porcu; Mohammad Aminur Rahman Shah; Silvana Di Sabatino. 2019. "Hydro-meteorological risk assessment methods and management by nature-based solutions." Science of The Total Environment 696, no. : 133936.

Model description paper
Published: 15 March 2019 in Geoscientific Model Development
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We developed a time-dependent dust source map for the NMME Dust Regional Atmospheric Model (DREAM v1.0) based on the satellite MODIS Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Areas with NDVI 0.25) and from −0.933 to −0.424 for dust episodes with AOD >1. This new development can be easily applied to other time periods, models, and different areas worldwide for a local fine tuning of the parameterization and assessment of its performance.

ACS Style

Stavros Solomos; Abdelgadir Abuelgasim; Christos Spyrou; Ioannis Binietoglou; Slobodan Nickovic. Development of a dynamic dust source map for NMME-DREAM v1.0 model based on MODIS Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) over the Arabian Peninsula. Geoscientific Model Development 2019, 12, 979 -988.

AMA Style

Stavros Solomos, Abdelgadir Abuelgasim, Christos Spyrou, Ioannis Binietoglou, Slobodan Nickovic. Development of a dynamic dust source map for NMME-DREAM v1.0 model based on MODIS Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) over the Arabian Peninsula. Geoscientific Model Development. 2019; 12 (3):979-988.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stavros Solomos; Abdelgadir Abuelgasim; Christos Spyrou; Ioannis Binietoglou; Slobodan Nickovic. 2019. "Development of a dynamic dust source map for NMME-DREAM v1.0 model based on MODIS Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) over the Arabian Peninsula." Geoscientific Model Development 12, no. 3: 979-988.

Journal article
Published: 28 December 2018 in Remote Sensing
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Urban areas often experience high precipitation rates and heights associated with flash flood events. Atmospheric and hydrological models in combination with remote-sensing and surface observations are used to analyze these phenomena. This study aims to conduct a hydrometeorological analysis of a flash flood event that took place in the sub-urban area of Mandra, western Attica, Greece, using remote-sensing observations and the Chemical Hydrological Atmospheric Ocean Wave System (CHAOS) modeling system that includes the Advanced Weather Research Forecasting (WRF-ARW) model and the hydrological model (WRF-Hydro). The flash flood was caused by a severe storm during the morning of 15 November 2017 around Mandra area resulting in extensive damages and 24 fatalities. The X-band dual-polarization (XPOL) weather radar of the National Observatory of Athens (NOA) observed precipitation rates reaching 140 mm/h in the core of the storm. CHAOS simulation unveils the persistent orographic convergence of humid southeasterly airflow over Pateras mountain as the dominant parameter for the evolution of the storm. WRF-Hydro simulated the flood using three different precipitation estimations as forcing data, obtained from the CHAOS simulation (CHAOS-hydro), the XPOL weather radar (XPOL-hydro) and the Global Precipitation Measurement (GMP)/Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) satellite dataset (GPM/IMERG-hydro). The findings indicate that GPM/IMERG-hydro underestimated the flood magnitude. On the other hand, XPOL-hydro simulation resulted to discharge about 115 m3/s and water level exceeding 3 m in Soures and Agia Aikaterini streams, which finally inundated. CHAOS-hydro estimated approximately the half water level and even lower discharge compared to XPOL-hydro simulation. Comparing site-detailed post-surveys of flood extent, XPOL-hydro is characterized by overestimation while CHAOS-hydro and GPM/IMERG-hydro present underestimation. However, CHAOS-hydro shows enough skill to simulate the flooded areas despite the forecast inaccuracies of numerical weather prediction. Overall, the simulation results demonstrate the potential benefit of using high-resolution observations from a X-band dual-polarization radar as an additional forcing component in model precipitation simulations.

ACS Style

George Varlas; Marios N. Anagnostou; Christos Spyrou; Anastasios Papadopoulos; John Kalogiros; Angeliki Mentzafou; Silas Michaelides; Evangelos Baltas; Efthimios Karymbalis; Petros Katsafados. A Multi-Platform Hydrometeorological Analysis of the Flash Flood Event of 15 November 2017 in Attica, Greece. Remote Sensing 2018, 11, 45 .

AMA Style

George Varlas, Marios N. Anagnostou, Christos Spyrou, Anastasios Papadopoulos, John Kalogiros, Angeliki Mentzafou, Silas Michaelides, Evangelos Baltas, Efthimios Karymbalis, Petros Katsafados. A Multi-Platform Hydrometeorological Analysis of the Flash Flood Event of 15 November 2017 in Attica, Greece. Remote Sensing. 2018; 11 (1):45.

Chicago/Turabian Style

George Varlas; Marios N. Anagnostou; Christos Spyrou; Anastasios Papadopoulos; John Kalogiros; Angeliki Mentzafou; Silas Michaelides; Evangelos Baltas; Efthimios Karymbalis; Petros Katsafados. 2018. "A Multi-Platform Hydrometeorological Analysis of the Flash Flood Event of 15 November 2017 in Attica, Greece." Remote Sensing 11, no. 1: 45.

Journal article
Published: 12 December 2018 in Science of The Total Environment
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Urban areas in Europe are facing a range of environmental public health challenges, such as air pollution, traffic noise and road injuries. The identification and quantification of the public health risks associated with exposure to environmental conditions is important for prioritising policies and interventions that aim to diminish the risks and improve the health of the population. With this purpose in mind, the EURO-HEALTHY project used a consistent approach to assess the impact of key environmental risk factors and urban environmental determinants on public health in European metropolitan areas. A number of environmental public health indicators, which are closely tied to the physical and built environment, were identified through stakeholder consultation; data were collected from six European metropolitan areas (Athens, Barcelona, Lisbon, London, Stockholm and Turin) covering the period 2000–2014, and a health impact assessment framework enabled the quantification of health effects (attributable deaths) associated with these indicators. The key environmental public health indicators were related to air pollution and certain urban environmental conditions (urban green spaces, road safety). The air pollution was generally the highest environmental public health risk; the associated number of deaths in Athens, Barcelona and London ranged between 800 and 2300 attributable deaths per year. The number of victims of road traffic accidents and the associated deaths were lowest in the most recent year compared with previous years. We also examined the positive impacts on health associated with urban green spaces by calculating reduced mortality impacts for populations residing in areas with greater green space coverage; results in Athens showed reductions of all-cause mortality of 26 per 100,000 inhabitants for populations with benefits of local greenspace. Based on our analysis, we discuss recommendations of potential interventions that could be implemented to reduce the environmental public health risks in the European metropolitan areas covered by this study.

ACS Style

Christina Mitsakou; Sani Dimitroulopoulou; Clare Heaviside; Klea Katsouyanni; Evangelia Samoli; Sophia Rodopoulou; Claudia Costa; Ricardo Almendra; Paula Santana; Marc Marí Dell'Olmo; Carme Borrell; Diana Corman; Nicolás Zengarini; Patrick Deboosere; Conrad Franke; Jürgen Schweikart; Michala Lustigova; Christos Spyrou; Kees de Hoogh; Daniela Fecht; John Gulliver; Sotiris Vardoulakis. Environmental public health risks in European metropolitan areas within the EURO-HEALTHY project. Science of The Total Environment 2018, 658, 1630 -1639.

AMA Style

Christina Mitsakou, Sani Dimitroulopoulou, Clare Heaviside, Klea Katsouyanni, Evangelia Samoli, Sophia Rodopoulou, Claudia Costa, Ricardo Almendra, Paula Santana, Marc Marí Dell'Olmo, Carme Borrell, Diana Corman, Nicolás Zengarini, Patrick Deboosere, Conrad Franke, Jürgen Schweikart, Michala Lustigova, Christos Spyrou, Kees de Hoogh, Daniela Fecht, John Gulliver, Sotiris Vardoulakis. Environmental public health risks in European metropolitan areas within the EURO-HEALTHY project. Science of The Total Environment. 2018; 658 ():1630-1639.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christina Mitsakou; Sani Dimitroulopoulou; Clare Heaviside; Klea Katsouyanni; Evangelia Samoli; Sophia Rodopoulou; Claudia Costa; Ricardo Almendra; Paula Santana; Marc Marí Dell'Olmo; Carme Borrell; Diana Corman; Nicolás Zengarini; Patrick Deboosere; Conrad Franke; Jürgen Schweikart; Michala Lustigova; Christos Spyrou; Kees de Hoogh; Daniela Fecht; John Gulliver; Sotiris Vardoulakis. 2018. "Environmental public health risks in European metropolitan areas within the EURO-HEALTHY project." Science of The Total Environment 658, no. : 1630-1639.

Model description paper
Published: 06 November 2018
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We developed a time dependent dust source map for NMME-DREAM v1.0 model based on the satellite MODIS Normalized Digital Vegetation Index (NDVI). Areas with NDVI 0.25) and from −0.933 to −0.424 for dust episodes with AOD > 1. This new development can be easily applied to other time periods, models and different areas worldwide for a local fine tuning of the parameterization and assessment of its performance.

ACS Style

Stavros Solomos; Abdelgadir Abuelgasim; Christos Spyrou; Ioannis Binietoglou; Slobodan Nickovic. Development of a dynamic dust-source map for NMME-DREAM v1.0 model based on MODIS NDVI over the Arabian Peninsula. 2018, 2018, 1 -14.

AMA Style

Stavros Solomos, Abdelgadir Abuelgasim, Christos Spyrou, Ioannis Binietoglou, Slobodan Nickovic. Development of a dynamic dust-source map for NMME-DREAM v1.0 model based on MODIS NDVI over the Arabian Peninsula. . 2018; 2018 ():1-14.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stavros Solomos; Abdelgadir Abuelgasim; Christos Spyrou; Ioannis Binietoglou; Slobodan Nickovic. 2018. "Development of a dynamic dust-source map for NMME-DREAM v1.0 model based on MODIS NDVI over the Arabian Peninsula." 2018, no. : 1-14.

Journal article
Published: 06 October 2018 in Remote Sensing
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The principal objective of this study is to present and evaluate an advanced dust wet deposition scheme in the Weather and Research Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem). As far as the chemistry component is concerned, the Georgia Tech Goddard Global Ozone Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport of the Air Force Weather Agency (GOCART-AFWA) module is applied, as it supports a binary scheme for dust emissions and transport. However, the GOCART-AFWA aerosol module does not incorporate a wet scavenging scheme, nor does it interact with cloud processes. The integration of a dust wet deposition scheme following Seinfeld and Pandis into the WRF-Chem model is assessed through a case study of large-scale Saharan dust transport over the Eastern Mediterranean that is characterized by severe wet deposition over Greece. An acceptable agreement was found between the calculated and measured near surface PM10 concentrations, as well as when model estimated atmospheric optical depth (AOD) was validated against the AERONET measurements, indicating the validity of our dust wet deposition scheme.

ACS Style

Konstantinos Tsarpalis; Anastasios Papadopoulos; Nikolaos Mihalopoulos; Christos Spyrou; Silas Michaelides; Petros Katsafados. The Implementation of a Mineral Dust Wet Deposition Scheme in the GOCART-AFWA Module of the WRF Model. Remote Sensing 2018, 10, 1595 .

AMA Style

Konstantinos Tsarpalis, Anastasios Papadopoulos, Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, Christos Spyrou, Silas Michaelides, Petros Katsafados. The Implementation of a Mineral Dust Wet Deposition Scheme in the GOCART-AFWA Module of the WRF Model. Remote Sensing. 2018; 10 (10):1595.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Konstantinos Tsarpalis; Anastasios Papadopoulos; Nikolaos Mihalopoulos; Christos Spyrou; Silas Michaelides; Petros Katsafados. 2018. "The Implementation of a Mineral Dust Wet Deposition Scheme in the GOCART-AFWA Module of the WRF Model." Remote Sensing 10, no. 10: 1595.

Articles
Published: 29 March 2018 in Aerosol Science and Technology
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The direct and indirect radiative impact of naturally produced dust particles influences climate from regional to global scale, introducing one of the largest uncertainties in future climate projections. By absorbing and scattering solar radiation, aerosols reduce the amount of energy reaching the earth's surface, while at the same time they enhance the greenhouse effect by absorbing and emitting longwave radiation (direct dust effect). In this study an attempt is made to quantify the feedback of this energy redistribution in the atmospheric water content in the Arabian Peninsula (one of the main sources of atmospheric mineral dust globally). To this end the SKIRON/dust modeling system was used for 2 years (2014–2015) and two sets of simulations were performed: in the first one the dust particles exert no feedback on the radiative transfer due to dust particles (control run), while in the second set dust interacts with radiation (direct radiative effect). Both simulations have been evaluated in their ability to describe the impacts on surface humidity, with the simulations including the dust feedback showing improved results. These direct feedbacks lead to an increase in the mass of water in the atmospheric column that can reach a maximum daily average of 0.5 g per kg of dry air. Water vapor is the most important greenhouse gas and through this process dust enhances its own greenhouse effect, further increasing the surface temperature and humidity, making life difficult for people living in an already harsh desert climate. © 2018 American Association for Aerosol Research

ACS Style

Christos Spyrou. Direct radiative impacts of desert dust on atmospheric water content. Aerosol Science and Technology 2018, 52, 693 -701.

AMA Style

Christos Spyrou. Direct radiative impacts of desert dust on atmospheric water content. Aerosol Science and Technology. 2018; 52 (6):693-701.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christos Spyrou. 2018. "Direct radiative impacts of desert dust on atmospheric water content." Aerosol Science and Technology 52, no. 6: 693-701.

Journal article
Published: 19 December 2017 in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
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A unique 4-week ship cruise from Guadeloupe to Cabo Verde in April–May 2013 see part 1, Rittmeister et al. (2017) is used for an in-depth comparison of dust profiles observed with a polarization/Raman lidar aboard the German research vessel Meteor over the remote tropical Atlantic and respective dust forecasts of a regional (SKIRON) and two global atmospheric (dust) transport models (NMMB/BSC-Dust, MACC/CAMS). New options of model–observation comparisons are presented. We analyze how well the modeled fine dust (submicrometer particles) and coarse dust contributions to light extinction and mass concentration match respective lidar observations, and to what extent models, adjusted to aerosol optical thickness observations, are able to reproduce the observed layering and mixing of dust and non-dust (mostly marine) aerosol components over the remote tropical Atlantic. Based on the coherent set of dust profiles at well-defined distances from Africa (without any disturbance by anthropogenic aerosol sources over the ocean), we investigate how accurately the models handle dust removal at distances of 1500 km to more than 5000 km west of the Saharan dust source regions. It was found that (a) dust predictions are of acceptable quality for the first several days after dust emission up to 2000 km west of the African continent, (b) the removal of dust from the atmosphere is too strong for large transport paths in the global models, and (c) the simulated fine-to-coarse dust ratio (in terms of mass concentration and light extinction) is too high in the models compared to the observations. This deviation occurs initially close to the dust sources and then increases with distance from Africa and thus points to an overestimation of fine dust emission in the models.

ACS Style

Albert Ansmann; Franziska Rittmeister; Ronny Engelmann; Sara Basart; Oriol Jorba; Christos Spyrou; Samuel Remy; Annett Skupin; Holger Baars; Patric Seifert; Fabian Senf; Thomas Kanitz. Profiling of Saharan dust from the Caribbean to western Africa – Part 2: Shipborne lidar measurements versus forecasts. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2017, 17, 14987 -15006.

AMA Style

Albert Ansmann, Franziska Rittmeister, Ronny Engelmann, Sara Basart, Oriol Jorba, Christos Spyrou, Samuel Remy, Annett Skupin, Holger Baars, Patric Seifert, Fabian Senf, Thomas Kanitz. Profiling of Saharan dust from the Caribbean to western Africa – Part 2: Shipborne lidar measurements versus forecasts. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2017; 17 (24):14987-15006.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Albert Ansmann; Franziska Rittmeister; Ronny Engelmann; Sara Basart; Oriol Jorba; Christos Spyrou; Samuel Remy; Annett Skupin; Holger Baars; Patric Seifert; Fabian Senf; Thomas Kanitz. 2017. "Profiling of Saharan dust from the Caribbean to western Africa – Part 2: Shipborne lidar measurements versus forecasts." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 24: 14987-15006.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2017 in Energy Procedia
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Platon Patlakas; Eleni Drakaki; George Galanis; Christos Spyrou; George Kallos. Wind gust estimation by combining a numerical weather prediction model and statistical post-processing. Energy Procedia 2017, 125, 190 -198.

AMA Style

Platon Patlakas, Eleni Drakaki, George Galanis, Christos Spyrou, George Kallos. Wind gust estimation by combining a numerical weather prediction model and statistical post-processing. Energy Procedia. 2017; 125 ():190-198.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Platon Patlakas; Eleni Drakaki; George Galanis; Christos Spyrou; George Kallos. 2017. "Wind gust estimation by combining a numerical weather prediction model and statistical post-processing." Energy Procedia 125, no. : 190-198.

Research article
Published: 15 March 2017 in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
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The contribution of natural sources to ambient air particulate matter (PM) concentrations is often not considered; however, it may be significant for certain areas and during specific periods of the year. In the framework of the AIRUSE-LIFE+ project, state-of-the-art methods have been employed for assessing the contribution of major natural sources (African dust, sea salt and forest fires) to PM concentrations, in southern European urban areas. 24 h measurements of PM10 and PM2. 5 mass and chemical composition were performed over the course of a year in five cities: Porto, Barcelona, Milan, Florence and Athens. Net African dust and sea-salt concentrations were calculated based on the methodologies proposed by the EC (SEC 2011/208). The contribution of uncontrolled forest fires was calculated through receptor modelling. Sensitivity analysis with respect to the calculation of African dust was also performed, in order to identify major parameters affecting the estimated net dust concentrations. African dust contribution to PM concentrations was more pronounced in the eastern Mediterranean, with the mean annual relative contribution to PM10 decreasing from 21 % in Athens, to 5 % in Florence, and around 2 % in Milan, Barcelona and Porto. The respective contribution to PM2. 5 was calculated equal to 14 % in Athens and from 1.3 to 2.4 % in all other cities. High seasonal variability of contributions was observed, with dust transport events occurring at different periods in the western and eastern Mediterranean basin. Sea salt was mostly related to the coarse mode and also exhibited significant seasonal variability. Sea-salt concentrations were highest in Porto, with average relative contributions equal to 12.3 % for PM10. Contributions from uncontrolled forest fires were quantified only for Porto and were low on an annual basis (1.4 and 1.9 % to PM10 and PM2. 5, respectively); nevertheless, contributions were greatly increased during events, reaching 20 and 22 % of 24 h PM10 and PM2. 5 concentrations, respectively.

ACS Style

Evangelia Diapouli; Manousos I. Manousakas; Stergios Vratolis; Vasiliki Vasilatou; Stella Pateraki; Kyriaki A. Bairachtari; Xavier Querol; Fulvio Amato; Andrés Alastuey; Angeliki A. Karanasiou; Franco Lucarelli; Silvia Nava; Giulia Calzolai; Vorne L. Gianelle; Cristina Colombi; Célia Alves; Danilo Custódio; Casimiro Pio; Christos Spyrou; George B. Kallos; Konstantinos Eleftheriadis. AIRUSE-LIFE +: estimation of natural source contributions to urban ambient air PM10 and PM2. 5 concentrations in southern Europe – implications to compliance with limit values. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2017, 17, 3673 -3685.

AMA Style

Evangelia Diapouli, Manousos I. Manousakas, Stergios Vratolis, Vasiliki Vasilatou, Stella Pateraki, Kyriaki A. Bairachtari, Xavier Querol, Fulvio Amato, Andrés Alastuey, Angeliki A. Karanasiou, Franco Lucarelli, Silvia Nava, Giulia Calzolai, Vorne L. Gianelle, Cristina Colombi, Célia Alves, Danilo Custódio, Casimiro Pio, Christos Spyrou, George B. Kallos, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis. AIRUSE-LIFE +: estimation of natural source contributions to urban ambient air PM10 and PM2. 5 concentrations in southern Europe – implications to compliance with limit values. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2017; 17 (5):3673-3685.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Evangelia Diapouli; Manousos I. Manousakas; Stergios Vratolis; Vasiliki Vasilatou; Stella Pateraki; Kyriaki A. Bairachtari; Xavier Querol; Fulvio Amato; Andrés Alastuey; Angeliki A. Karanasiou; Franco Lucarelli; Silvia Nava; Giulia Calzolai; Vorne L. Gianelle; Cristina Colombi; Célia Alves; Danilo Custódio; Casimiro Pio; Christos Spyrou; George B. Kallos; Konstantinos Eleftheriadis. 2017. "AIRUSE-LIFE +: estimation of natural source contributions to urban ambient air PM10 and PM2. 5 concentrations in southern Europe – implications to compliance with limit values." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 5: 3673-3685.