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We developed a framework for the risk assessment of delaying the delivery of shipments to customers in the presence of incomplete information pertaining to a significant, e.g., weather-related, event that could cause substantial disruption. The approach was anchored in existing manual practices, but equipped with a mechanism for collecting critical data and incorporating it into decision-making, paving the path to gradual automation. Two key variables that affect the risk were: the likelihood of an event and the importance of the specific shipment. User-specified event likelihood, with elliptical spatial component, allowed the model to attach different probabilistic interpretations; uniform and Gaussian probability distributions were discussed, including possible paths for extensions. The framework development included a practical implementation in the Python scientific ecosystem. Although the framework was demonstrated in a prototype environment, the results clearly showed that the framework was quickly able to show scheduled and in-process shipments that were at risk of delay, while also providing a prioritized ranking of these shipments in order for personnel within the manufacturing organization to quickly implement mitigation actions and proactive communications with customers to ensure critical shipments were delivered when needed. Since the framework pulled in data from various business information systems, the framework proved to assist personnel to quickly identify potentially impacted shipments much faster than existing methods, which resulted in improved efficiency and customer satisfaction.
Mark Krystofik; Christopher Valant; Jeremy Archbold; Preston Bruessow; Nenad Nenadic. Risk Assessment Framework for Outbound Supply-Chain Management. Information 2020, 11, 417 .
AMA StyleMark Krystofik, Christopher Valant, Jeremy Archbold, Preston Bruessow, Nenad Nenadic. Risk Assessment Framework for Outbound Supply-Chain Management. Information. 2020; 11 (9):417.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMark Krystofik; Christopher Valant; Jeremy Archbold; Preston Bruessow; Nenad Nenadic. 2020. "Risk Assessment Framework for Outbound Supply-Chain Management." Information 11, no. 9: 417.
The economic value of high-capacity battery systems, being used in a wide variety of automotive and energy storage applications, is strongly affected by the duration of their service lifetime. Because many battery systems now feature a very large number of individual cells, it is necessary to understand how cell-to-cell interactions can affect durability, and how to best replace poorly performing cells to extend the lifetime of the entire battery pack. This paper first examines the baseline results of aging individual cells, then aging of cells in a representative 3S3P battery pack, and compares them to the results of repaired packs. The baseline results indicate nearly the same rate of capacity fade for single cells and those aged in a pack; however, the capacity variation due to a few degrees changes in room temperature (≃±3 ∘ C) is significant (≃±1.5% of capacity of new cell) compared to the percent change of capacity over the battery life cycle in primary applications (≃20–30%). The cell replacement strategies investigation considers two scenarios: early life failure, where one cell in a pack fails prematurely, and building a pack from used cells for less demanding applications. Early life failure replacement found that, despite mismatches in impedance and capacity, a new cell can perform adequately within a pack of moderately aged cells. The second scenario for reuse of lithium ion battery packs examines the problem of assembling a pack for less-demanding applications from a set of aged cells, which exhibit more variation in capacity and impedance than their new counterparts. The cells used in the aging comparison part of the study were deeply discharged, recovered, assembled in a new pack, and cycled. We discuss the criteria for selecting the aged cells for building a secondary pack and compare the performance and coulombic efficiency of the secondary pack to the pack built from new cells and the repaired pack. The pack that employed aged cells performed well, but its efficiency was reduced.
Nenad G. Nenadic; Thomas A. Trabold; Michael G. Thurston. Cell Replacement Strategies for Lithium Ion Battery Packs. Batteries 2020, 6, 39 .
AMA StyleNenad G. Nenadic, Thomas A. Trabold, Michael G. Thurston. Cell Replacement Strategies for Lithium Ion Battery Packs. Batteries. 2020; 6 (3):39.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNenad G. Nenadic; Thomas A. Trabold; Michael G. Thurston. 2020. "Cell Replacement Strategies for Lithium Ion Battery Packs." Batteries 6, no. 3: 39.
Lithium ion battery modules have significant capacity left after their useful life in transportation applications. This empirical study successfully tested the used modules in secondary grid applications in laboratory conditions. The selection of the secondary application was based on the construction features of the modules and the growing need for storage in grid operations. Description of the laboratory setup is provided in the context of a critical practical constraint where the battery management system and the usage and health history are not available to the secondary battery integrator. Charge and discharge profiles were developed based upon applications for peak shaving and firming renewables. Techno-economic analysis was focused on peak shaving at the utility level, considering a growing need for an affordable and environmentally friendly replacement to the traditional solutions based on environmentally costly peaker plants. The analysis showed strong evidence that near-term and future storage markets will be characterized by a large mismatch between the demand and supply of reused batteries from automotive primary applications for peak-shaving purposes in the generation side. The paper includes a discussion on successful adoption of cascaded use of batteries and their potential to reduce both economic and environmental cost of peak shaving.
Christopher Valant; Gabrielle Gaustad; Nenad Nenadic. Characterizing Large-Scale, Electric-Vehicle Lithium Ion Transportation Batteries for Secondary Uses in Grid Applications. Batteries 2019, 5, 8 .
AMA StyleChristopher Valant, Gabrielle Gaustad, Nenad Nenadic. Characterizing Large-Scale, Electric-Vehicle Lithium Ion Transportation Batteries for Secondary Uses in Grid Applications. Batteries. 2019; 5 (1):8.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristopher Valant; Gabrielle Gaustad; Nenad Nenadic. 2019. "Characterizing Large-Scale, Electric-Vehicle Lithium Ion Transportation Batteries for Secondary Uses in Grid Applications." Batteries 5, no. 1: 8.