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Yingxin Gao
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China; Wuhai Institute of Industrial Wastewater Treatment Technology, Wuhai, 016000, People's Republic of China

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Journal article
Published: 23 August 2019 in Chemosphere
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Fenton (Fe2+ + H2O2) reagents acting to remove organic pollutants possess dual functions, including the oxidation by hydroxyl radicals and the coagulation of Fe(III). Previous papers have extensively studied the oxidation reactions by hydroxyl radicals, however, the coagulation role of Fenton for benzoic acid (BA) removal is not clear. Comparing three coagulation systems, it was found that Fenton coagulation possesses a significant advantage for the removal of BA. Through Fenton conditional experiments, results showed that with the increase of H2O2 dosage, not only was the Fenton oxidation effect improved, but the Fenton coagulation effect was also significantly enhanced. Interestingly, the flocs produced by in situ Fenton possess a better coagulation effect than an aged Fenton system when processing BA. To further explain these results, Zeta potential, Transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and Brunner-Emmet-Teller (BET) measurements were used for characterization, and we found that the flocs produced by Fenton possessed a smaller particle size, lower polymerization states and a larger specific surface area and pore volume, which exposed more active sites to create a better coagulation effect. Additionally, through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS), we found that in situ Fenton oxidation and coagulation have synergistic effects, and the carboxyl-containing intermediates produced by the Fenton oxidation of BA can be combined with hydroxyl active sites of the flocs produced by in situ Fenton, resulting in a better removal effect. Finally, Fenton oxidation increases oxygen/carbon (O/C) to promote Fenton coagulation, and in situ Fenton more fully utilizes the active sites on the flocs’ surface.

ACS Style

Xiaogang Han; Hongbo Lu; Yingxin Gao; Xing Chen; Min Yang. The role of in situ Fenton coagulation on the removal of benzoic acid. Chemosphere 2019, 238, 124632 .

AMA Style

Xiaogang Han, Hongbo Lu, Yingxin Gao, Xing Chen, Min Yang. The role of in situ Fenton coagulation on the removal of benzoic acid. Chemosphere. 2019; 238 ():124632.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiaogang Han; Hongbo Lu; Yingxin Gao; Xing Chen; Min Yang. 2019. "The role of in situ Fenton coagulation on the removal of benzoic acid." Chemosphere 238, no. : 124632.

Journal article
Published: 18 December 2018 in Water
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Purification of produced water (PW) from polymer/surfactant flooding is a challenge for the petroleum industry due to the high emulsion stability. Demulsification using chemical demulsifiers has been expected to be an effective way to treat PW. In this paper, five cationic (branched quaternary ammonium chloride) and four nonionic (copolymer of propylene oxide and ethylene oxide) demulsifiers with different molecular weights were employed to test their respective demulsification performance in the treatment of PW from polymer/surfactant flooding. The cationic demulsifiers, in general, exhibited better performance than the nonionic ones and one cationic demulsifier (CP-1) exhibiting the best demulsification efficiency was further employed for a pilot experiment in the Xinjiang Oilfield. The oil content of PW could be successfully reduced from 128~7364 to less than 10 mg/L with a dosage of CP-1 for 350 mg/L and polyaluminum chloride (PAC, 30% w/w Al2O3) for 500 mg/L under ambient temperature (14~22 °C). At the same time, partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) was removed from 176.9~177.1 to 2.8~3.9 mg/L while petroleum sulfonate was not removed too much (from 35.5~43.8 to 25.5~26.5 mg/L). The interfacial rheology analysis on simulated PW from HPAM/petroleum sulfonate flooding revealed that the addition of CP-1 led to a significant increase of the oil-water interfacial tension (from 7 to 15~20 mN/m) and zeta potential (from −32.5 to −19.7 mV). It was, thus, assumed that the decreased net charge on the dispersed oil droplets surface and weakened oil/water film due to the formation of complex between the cationic demulsifier and HPAM may have facilitated the destabilization of the emulsion. The result of this study is useful in better understanding the demulsification processes as well as selecting suitable demulsifiers in the treatment of PW from polymer/surfactant flooding.

ACS Style

Dong Chen; Feng Li; Yingxin Gao; Min Yang. Pilot Performance of Chemical Demulsifier on the Demulsification of Produced Water from Polymer/Surfactant Flooding in the Xinjiang Oilfield. Water 2018, 10, 1874 .

AMA Style

Dong Chen, Feng Li, Yingxin Gao, Min Yang. Pilot Performance of Chemical Demulsifier on the Demulsification of Produced Water from Polymer/Surfactant Flooding in the Xinjiang Oilfield. Water. 2018; 10 (12):1874.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dong Chen; Feng Li; Yingxin Gao; Min Yang. 2018. "Pilot Performance of Chemical Demulsifier on the Demulsification of Produced Water from Polymer/Surfactant Flooding in the Xinjiang Oilfield." Water 10, no. 12: 1874.

Research article
Published: 29 August 2018 in Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering
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Treatment of sulfamethoxazole pharmaceutical wastewater is a big challenge. In this study, a series of anaerobic evaluation tests on pharmaceutical wastewater from different operating units was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of using anaerobic digestion, and the results indicated that the key refractory factor for anaerobic treatment of this wastewater was the high sulfate concentration. A laboratory-scale up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor was operated for 195 days to investigate the effects of the influent chemical oxygen demand (COD), organic loading rate (OLR), and COD/SO 42– ratio on the biodegradation of sulfamethoxazole in pharmaceutical wastewater and the process performance. The electron flow indicated that methanogenesis was still the dominant reaction although sulfidogenesis was enhanced with a stepwise decrease in the influent COD/SO 42– ratio. For the treated sulfamethoxazole pharmaceutical wastewater, a COD of 4983 mg/L (diluted by 50%), OLR of 2.5 kg COD/(m3∙d), and COD/SO 42– ratio of more than 5 were suitable for practical applications. The recovery performance indicated that the system could resume operation quickly even if production was halted for a few days.

ACS Style

Yi Chen; Shilong He; Mengmeng Zhou; Tingting Pan; Yujia Xu; Yingxin Gao; Hengkang Wang. Feasibility assessment of up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket treatment of sulfamethoxazole pharmaceutical wastewater. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2018, 12, 13 .

AMA Style

Yi Chen, Shilong He, Mengmeng Zhou, Tingting Pan, Yujia Xu, Yingxin Gao, Hengkang Wang. Feasibility assessment of up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket treatment of sulfamethoxazole pharmaceutical wastewater. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering. 2018; 12 (5):13.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yi Chen; Shilong He; Mengmeng Zhou; Tingting Pan; Yujia Xu; Yingxin Gao; Hengkang Wang. 2018. "Feasibility assessment of up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket treatment of sulfamethoxazole pharmaceutical wastewater." Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 12, no. 5: 13.

Journal article
Published: 22 April 2017 in Water
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High residual oil content in antibiotic production waste mother liquor makes solid–liquid separation of fermentation residue and wastewater difficult. A yeast-based pretreatment process was established for the removal of oil and promotion of solid–liquid separation in antibiotic production wastewater treatment systems. Six yeast strains acquired from different sources were inoculated into sequencing batch reactors (SBR) in pilot and full-scale wastewater treatment plants. Oil removal rates were 85.0%–92.0% and 61.4%–74.2%, and sludge settling velocities (SV) were 16.6%–21.3% and 22.6%–32.0% for the pilot and full-scale operations, respectively. 18S rRNA gene clone libraries were established to track the fates of the inoculated yeasts, which showed that Candida tropicalis was dominant in the full-scale plant. The fungi and bacteria gene copy ratio determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction was 14.87 during stable field operation, indicating that yeast successfully colonized. Both the pilot and full-scale studies proved that yeast can be used to promote solid–liquid separation, and yeast systems are a stable and effective method for oil-containing fermentation antibiotic production wastewater pretreatment.

ACS Style

Chunyan Wang; Ran Ding; Yingxin Gao; Min Yang; Yu Zhang. Performance and Yeast Tracking in A Full-Scale Oil-Containing Paromomycin Production Wastewater Treatment System Using Yeast. Water 2017, 9, 295 .

AMA Style

Chunyan Wang, Ran Ding, Yingxin Gao, Min Yang, Yu Zhang. Performance and Yeast Tracking in A Full-Scale Oil-Containing Paromomycin Production Wastewater Treatment System Using Yeast. Water. 2017; 9 (4):295.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chunyan Wang; Ran Ding; Yingxin Gao; Min Yang; Yu Zhang. 2017. "Performance and Yeast Tracking in A Full-Scale Oil-Containing Paromomycin Production Wastewater Treatment System Using Yeast." Water 9, no. 4: 295.

Articles
Published: 12 January 2017 in Environmental Technology
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The electro-Fenton treatment of coking wastewater was evaluated experimentally in a batch electrochemical reactor. Based on central composite design coupled with response surface methodology, a regression quadratic equation was developed to model the total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiency. This model was further proved to accurately predict the optimization of process variables by means of analysis of variance. With the aid of the convex optimization method, which is a global optimization method, the optimal parameters were determined as current density of 30.9 mA/cm2, Fe2+ concentration of 0.35 mg/L, and pH of 4.05. Under the optimized conditions, the corresponding TOC removal efficiency was up to 73.8%. The maximum TOC removal efficiency achieved can be further confirmed by the results of gas chromatography-mass spectrum analysis.

ACS Style

Bo Zhang; Jiwei Sun; Qin Wang; Niansi Fan; Jialing Ni; Weicheng Li; Yingxin Gao; Yu-You Li; Changyou Xu. Electro-Fenton oxidation of coking wastewater: optimization using the combination of central composite design and convex optimization method. Environmental Technology 2017, 38, 2456 -2464.

AMA Style

Bo Zhang, Jiwei Sun, Qin Wang, Niansi Fan, Jialing Ni, Weicheng Li, Yingxin Gao, Yu-You Li, Changyou Xu. Electro-Fenton oxidation of coking wastewater: optimization using the combination of central composite design and convex optimization method. Environmental Technology. 2017; 38 (19):2456-2464.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bo Zhang; Jiwei Sun; Qin Wang; Niansi Fan; Jialing Ni; Weicheng Li; Yingxin Gao; Yu-You Li; Changyou Xu. 2017. "Electro-Fenton oxidation of coking wastewater: optimization using the combination of central composite design and convex optimization method." Environmental Technology 38, no. 19: 2456-2464.

Journal article
Published: 25 May 2016 in Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
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The combined anaerobic-aerobic biosystem is assumed to consume less energy for the treatment of high strength industrial wastewater. In this study, pollutant removal performance and microbial diversity were assessed in a long-term (over 300 days) bench-scale sequential anaerobic-aerobic bioreactor treating coking wastewater. Anaerobic treatment removed one third of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and more than half of the phenols with hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 42 h, while the combined system with total HRT of 114 h removed 81.8, 85.6, 99.9, 98.2, and 85.4 % of COD, total organic carbon (TOC), total phenols, thiocyanate, and cyanide, respectively. Two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry showed complete removal of phenol derivatives and nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds (NHCs) via the combined system, with the anaerobic process alone contributing 58.4 and 58.6 % removal on average, respectively. Microbial activity in the bioreactors was examined by 454 pyrosequencing of the bacterial, archaeal, and fungal communities. Proteobacteria (61.2–93.4 %), particularly Betaproteobacteria (34.4–70.1 %), was the dominant bacterial group. Ottowia (14.1–46.7 %), Soehngenia (3.0–8.2 %), and Corynebacterium (0.9–12.0 %), which are comprised of phenol-degrading and hydrolytic bacteria, were the most abundant genera in the anaerobic sludge, whereas Thiobacillus (6.6–43.6 %), Diaphorobacter (5.1–13.0 %), and Comamonas (0.2–11.1 %) were the major degraders of phenol, thiocyanate, and NHCs in the aerobic sludge. Despite the low density of fungi, phenol degrading oleaginous yeast Trichosporon was abundant in the aerobic sludge. This study demonstrated the feasibility and optimization of less energy intensive treatment and the potential association between abundant bacterial groups and biodegradation of key pollutants in coking wastewater.

ACS Style

Dev Raj Joshi; Yu Zhang; Zhe Tian; Yingxin Gao; Min Yang. Performance and microbial community composition in a long-term sequential anaerobic-aerobic bioreactor operation treating coking wastewater. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 2016, 100, 8191 -8202.

AMA Style

Dev Raj Joshi, Yu Zhang, Zhe Tian, Yingxin Gao, Min Yang. Performance and microbial community composition in a long-term sequential anaerobic-aerobic bioreactor operation treating coking wastewater. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2016; 100 (18):8191-8202.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dev Raj Joshi; Yu Zhang; Zhe Tian; Yingxin Gao; Min Yang. 2016. "Performance and microbial community composition in a long-term sequential anaerobic-aerobic bioreactor operation treating coking wastewater." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 100, no. 18: 8191-8202.

Articles
Published: 28 April 2016 in Environmental Technology
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The batch and column experimental studies on the adsorption of phosphate onto synthetic lepidocrocite from reclaimed water are presented. A second-order polynomial model in the batch study is successfully applied to describe phosphate immobilization performance using the response surface methodology. The model proposed is further linked with the convex optimization method to determine the optimal variables for maximum phosphate uptake since convex method is a global optimization method. Consequently, under optimal parameters determined as pH of 3.88, an initial P concentration of 0.66 mg/L, and a dosage of 0.15 g, the corresponding phosphate removal efficiency can reach up to 97.4%. Adsorption behavior is further revealed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy observation and FTIR spectra. A comparative column study indicates that co-existing competing anions in artificial reclaimed water do not significantly interfere with P adsorption under the neutral condition. The experimental results highlight that synthetic lepidocrocite is an excellent absorbent for sustainable P removal from reclaimed water.

ACS Style

Qin Wang; Bo Zhang; Muhua Wang; Jiang Wu; Yuyou Li; Yingxin Gao; Weicheng Li; Yong Jin. Synthetic lepidocrocite for phosphorous removal from reclaimed water: optimization using convex optimization method and successive adsorption in fixed bed column. Environmental Technology 2016, 37, 2750 -2759.

AMA Style

Qin Wang, Bo Zhang, Muhua Wang, Jiang Wu, Yuyou Li, Yingxin Gao, Weicheng Li, Yong Jin. Synthetic lepidocrocite for phosphorous removal from reclaimed water: optimization using convex optimization method and successive adsorption in fixed bed column. Environmental Technology. 2016; 37 (21):2750-2759.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qin Wang; Bo Zhang; Muhua Wang; Jiang Wu; Yuyou Li; Yingxin Gao; Weicheng Li; Yong Jin. 2016. "Synthetic lepidocrocite for phosphorous removal from reclaimed water: optimization using convex optimization method and successive adsorption in fixed bed column." Environmental Technology 37, no. 21: 2750-2759.

Journal article
Published: 21 August 2015 in Journal of Environmental Sciences
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The purpose of this study was to reveal how activated sludge communities respond to influent quality and indigenous communities by treating two produced waters from different origins in a batch reactor in succession. The community shift and compositions were investigated using Polymerase Chain Reaction–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR–DGGE) and further 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) clone library analysis. The abundance of targeted genes for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) degradation, nahAc/phnAc and C12O/C23O, was tracked to define the metabolic ability of the in situ microbial community by Most Probable Number (MPN) PCR. The biosystem performed almost the same for treatment of both produced waters in terms of removals of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and PAHs. Sludge communities were closely associated with the respective influent bacterial communities (similarity > 60%), while one sludge clone library was dominated by the Betaproteobacteria (38%) and Bacteriodetes (30%) and the other was dominated by Gammaproteobacteria (52%). This suggested that different influent and water quality have an effect on sludge community compositions. In addition, the existence of catabolic genes in sludge was consistent with the potential for degradation of PAHs in the treatment of both produced waters.

ACS Style

Zhenyu Wang; Feng Pan; Abd El-Latif Hesham; Yingxin Gao; Yu Zhang; Min Yang. Impacts of produced water origin on bacterial community structures of activated sludge. Journal of Environmental Sciences 2015, 37, 192 -199.

AMA Style

Zhenyu Wang, Feng Pan, Abd El-Latif Hesham, Yingxin Gao, Yu Zhang, Min Yang. Impacts of produced water origin on bacterial community structures of activated sludge. Journal of Environmental Sciences. 2015; 37 ():192-199.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhenyu Wang; Feng Pan; Abd El-Latif Hesham; Yingxin Gao; Yu Zhang; Min Yang. 2015. "Impacts of produced water origin on bacterial community structures of activated sludge." Journal of Environmental Sciences 37, no. : 192-199.

Journal article
Published: 31 December 2014 in International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation
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A lab-scale UASB reactor was operated for the treatment of p-acetamidobenzene sulfonyl chloride (p-ASC)-containing wastewater with and without ethanol for 210 days. The influence of the organic loading rate on the performance of reactor by step-decreasing HRT reduction/step-increasing the concentration of p-ASC was evaluated. Almost complete degradation of 50 mg/l p-ASC and COD removal efficiency (79.5%) was noticed with a COD removal of 79.5% at HRT of 0.5 day or longer and an applied p-ASC loading rate below 120 mg/l/day. No inhibition to the performance of this reactor was observed even at a p-ASC concentration up to 1000 mg/l. Of interest that despite the absence of sulfate in the feed, a certain quantity of sulfate and sulfide was simultaneously generated in the effluent. The trial result in the absence of ethanol demonstrated that p-ASC could be used as the sole source of carbon and energy. Clone libraries for the archaeal and bacterial communities were constructed for a biomass sample taken on day 190. The majority of bacterial clones were represented by Proteobacteria, followed by Thermotogae, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. Bacterial groups within the phyla Clostridia might be responsible for the desulfonation of p-ASC.

ACS Style

Wei Cheng Li; Chunyan Wang; Zhe Tian; Hong Zhang; Yingxin Gao; Yu Zhang; Min Yang; Yu-You Li; Osamu Nishimura. Anaerobic treatment of p-acetamidobenzene sulfonyl chloride (p-ASC)-containing wastewater in the presence or absence of ethanol in a UASB reactor. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 2014, 98, 81 -88.

AMA Style

Wei Cheng Li, Chunyan Wang, Zhe Tian, Hong Zhang, Yingxin Gao, Yu Zhang, Min Yang, Yu-You Li, Osamu Nishimura. Anaerobic treatment of p-acetamidobenzene sulfonyl chloride (p-ASC)-containing wastewater in the presence or absence of ethanol in a UASB reactor. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation. 2014; 98 ():81-88.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wei Cheng Li; Chunyan Wang; Zhe Tian; Hong Zhang; Yingxin Gao; Yu Zhang; Min Yang; Yu-You Li; Osamu Nishimura. 2014. "Anaerobic treatment of p-acetamidobenzene sulfonyl chloride (p-ASC)-containing wastewater in the presence or absence of ethanol in a UASB reactor." International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 98, no. : 81-88.

Journal article
Published: 06 September 2014 in Chemical Engineering Journal
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The feasibility of treating of chemical synthesis-based pharmaceutical wastewater containing rich organic sulfur compounds and sulfate using an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) was investigated. The initial COD/SO42− ratio of 8 in the wastewater varied from 5 to 1.5 after adding sulfate. Of interest that under the condition of COD/SO42− at 8 and 5, despite the simultaneous generation of sulfide and hydrogen sulfide, the sulfate concentration in the effluent was higher than in the influent. This is due to the sulfur release in the form of sulfate during the degradation of these organic sulfur compounds in this reactor. Conversely, at COD/SO42− of 1.5, influent sulfate was higher than effluent sulfate due to reduction of more sulfates in the reactor. At COD/SO42− of 8, for practical application, the optimum OLR was found to be 8 kg COD/m3/d, where a nearly 70% COD reduction occurred with biogas containing 63% methane. In this stage, the distribution of the archaea and bacterial community varied greatly with altered OLR (accompanied with prolonged operation time). Some species, such as Lysinibacillus sphaericus, Clostridium cellulovorans were expected to be partly responsible for S release from some organic sulfur compounds in the reactor. By increasing the sulfate loading at a COD/SO42− ratio up to 1.5 resulted in a light inhibition of methanogenesis due to the high sulfide concentration (1212 SO42− – S mg/L) with no obvious suppression of sulfidogenesis.

ACS Style

Weicheng Li; Qigui Niu; Hong Zhang; Zhe Tian; Yu Zhang; Yingxin Gao; Yu-You Li; Osamu Nishimura; Min Yang. UASB treatment of chemical synthesis-based pharmaceutical wastewater containing rich organic sulfur compounds and sulfate and associated microbial characteristics. Chemical Engineering Journal 2014, 260, 55 -63.

AMA Style

Weicheng Li, Qigui Niu, Hong Zhang, Zhe Tian, Yu Zhang, Yingxin Gao, Yu-You Li, Osamu Nishimura, Min Yang. UASB treatment of chemical synthesis-based pharmaceutical wastewater containing rich organic sulfur compounds and sulfate and associated microbial characteristics. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2014; 260 ():55-63.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Weicheng Li; Qigui Niu; Hong Zhang; Zhe Tian; Yu Zhang; Yingxin Gao; Yu-You Li; Osamu Nishimura; Min Yang. 2014. "UASB treatment of chemical synthesis-based pharmaceutical wastewater containing rich organic sulfur compounds and sulfate and associated microbial characteristics." Chemical Engineering Journal 260, no. : 55-63.

Journal article
Published: 16 June 2014 in Water Research
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The behaviors of the Macrolide-Lincosamide-Streptogramin (MLS) resistance genes were investigated in an anaerobic-aerobic pilot-scale system treating spiramycin (SPM) production wastewater. After screening fifteen typical MLS resistance genes with different mechanisms using conventional PCR, eight detected genes were determined by quantitative PCR, together with three mobile elements. Aerobic sludge in the pilot system exhibited a total relative abundance of MLS resistance genes (per 16S rRNA gene) 2.5 logs higher than those in control samples collected from sewage and inosine wastewater treatment systems (P < 0.05), implying the presence of SPM could induce the production of MLS resistance genes. However, the total relative gene abundance in anaerobic sludge (4.3 × 10−1) was lower than that in aerobic sludge (3.7 × 100) despite of the higher SPM level in anaerobic reactor, showing the advantage of anaerobic treatment in reducing the production of MLS resistance genes. The rRNA methylase genes (erm(B), erm(F), erm(X)) were the most abundant in the aerobic sludge (5.3 × 10−1–1.7 × 100), followed by esterase gene ere(A) (1.3 × 10−1) and phosphorylase gene mph(B) (5.7 × 10−2). In anaerobic sludge, erm(B), erm(F), ere(A), and msr(D) were the major ones (1.2 × 10−2–3.2 × 10−1). These MLS resistance genes (except for msr(D)) were positively correlated with Class 1 integron (r2 = 0.74–0.93, P < 0.05), implying the significance of horizontal transfer in their proliferation.

ACS Style

Miaomiao Liu; Ran Ding; Yu Zhang; Yingxin Gao; Zhe Tian; Tong Zhang; Min Yang. Abundance and distribution of Macrolide-Lincosamide-Streptogramin resistance genes in an anaerobic-aerobic system treating spiramycin production wastewater. Water Research 2014, 63, 33 -41.

AMA Style

Miaomiao Liu, Ran Ding, Yu Zhang, Yingxin Gao, Zhe Tian, Tong Zhang, Min Yang. Abundance and distribution of Macrolide-Lincosamide-Streptogramin resistance genes in an anaerobic-aerobic system treating spiramycin production wastewater. Water Research. 2014; 63 ():33-41.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Miaomiao Liu; Ran Ding; Yu Zhang; Yingxin Gao; Zhe Tian; Tong Zhang; Min Yang. 2014. "Abundance and distribution of Macrolide-Lincosamide-Streptogramin resistance genes in an anaerobic-aerobic system treating spiramycin production wastewater." Water Research 63, no. : 33-41.