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Belay Manju Gebru
Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Korea University, 145, Anam-Ro, Seongbuk Gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea

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Journal article
Published: 06 October 2020 in Global Ecology and Conservation
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Analysis of the correlation between vegetation greenness and climate variable trends is important in the study of vegetation greenness. Our study used Normalized Difference Vegetation Index-3rd generation data from the Advanced Very High-Resolution Radiometer - Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies (AVHRR-GIMMS NDVI3g), land cover data from the Climate Change Initiative (CCI-LC), and climate data from the Climatic Research Unit global time series (CRU TS) of climate variables (temperature and precipitation, solar radiation) over the past 33 years. First, we estimated the overall trends for vegetation greenness and climate variables over five time periods. Second, we subjected the data to correlation, regression, and residual analyses to detect correlations between vegetation greenness and different climate variables. Third, we extracted trends and correlation results by primary land cover types for each climate zone. Our study was focused at the global scale, and findings indicate that the largest decreasing trend of vegetation greenness and grasslands occurred in the mid-latitude regions of the Northern Hemisphere and in parts of South America, Africa, Saudi Arabia, and south and northeast Asia. In particular, the cold climatic zones of forest (36.6%), cropland (36.6%), and grassland (14.1%) suffered significant decline in vegetation greenness. Anthropogenic activities are mainly responsible for declining vegetation greenness particularly in northern Africa, central and western Asia. However, residual analysis shows an increase in vegetation greenness in some parts of western Europe, southern Australia, and the northern part of South America. The study also identified temperature and precipitation as the main factors responsible for controlling vegetation growth. Hot-spot areas with the largest temperature increases were found in the Amazon, Central America, southern Greenland, east Africa, south-east Asia, and other areas. However, temperatures decreased in the western part of South America, Angola, the Philippines, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea. Precipitation decreased the most from March to May over most parts of the world with high correlation (r = 0.88) in Russia Canada, northeast Asia, and central Africa. In general, climate factors were the principal drivers of the variation in vegetation greenness globally in recent years.

ACS Style

Munkhnasan Lamchin; Sonam Wangyel Wang; Chul-Hee Lim; Altansukh Ochir; Ukrainskiy Pavel; Belay Manju Gebru; Yuyoung Choi; Seong Woo Jeon; Woo-Kyun Lee. Understanding global spatio-temporal trends and the relationship between vegetation greenness and climate factors by land cover during 1982–2014. Global Ecology and Conservation 2020, 24, e01299 .

AMA Style

Munkhnasan Lamchin, Sonam Wangyel Wang, Chul-Hee Lim, Altansukh Ochir, Ukrainskiy Pavel, Belay Manju Gebru, Yuyoung Choi, Seong Woo Jeon, Woo-Kyun Lee. Understanding global spatio-temporal trends and the relationship between vegetation greenness and climate factors by land cover during 1982–2014. Global Ecology and Conservation. 2020; 24 ():e01299.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Munkhnasan Lamchin; Sonam Wangyel Wang; Chul-Hee Lim; Altansukh Ochir; Ukrainskiy Pavel; Belay Manju Gebru; Yuyoung Choi; Seong Woo Jeon; Woo-Kyun Lee. 2020. "Understanding global spatio-temporal trends and the relationship between vegetation greenness and climate factors by land cover during 1982–2014." Global Ecology and Conservation 24, no. : e01299.

Journal article
Published: 11 May 2020 in Sustainability
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Understanding land use and land cover changes has become a necessity in managing and monitoring natural resources and development especially urban planning. Remote sensing and geographical information systems are proven tools for assessing land use and land cover changes that help planners to advance sustainability. Our study used remote sensing and geographical information system to detect and predict land use and land cover changes in one of the world’s most vulnerable and rapidly growing city of Kathmandu in Nepal. We found that over a period of 20 years (from 1990 to 2010), the Kathmandu district has lost 9.28% of its forests, 9.80% of its agricultural land and 77% of its water bodies. Significant amounts of these losses have been absorbed by the expanding urbanized areas, which has gained 52.47% of land. Predictions of land use and land cover change trends for 2030 show worsening trends with forest, agriculture and water bodies to decrease by an additional 14.43%, 16.67% and 25.83%, respectively. The highest gain in 2030 is predicted for urbanized areas at 18.55%. Rapid urbanization—coupled with lack of proper planning and high rural-urban migration—is the key driver of these changes. These changes are associated with loss of ecosystem services which will negatively impact human wellbeing in the city. We recommend city planners to mainstream ecosystem-based adaptation and mitigation into urban plans supported by strong policy and funds.

ACS Style

Sonam Wangyel Wang; Belay Manjur Gebru; Munkhnasan Lamchin; Rijan Bhakta Kayastha; Woo-Kyun Lee. Land Use and Land Cover Change Detection and Prediction in the Kathmandu District of Nepal Using Remote Sensing and GIS. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3925 .

AMA Style

Sonam Wangyel Wang, Belay Manjur Gebru, Munkhnasan Lamchin, Rijan Bhakta Kayastha, Woo-Kyun Lee. Land Use and Land Cover Change Detection and Prediction in the Kathmandu District of Nepal Using Remote Sensing and GIS. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (9):3925.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sonam Wangyel Wang; Belay Manjur Gebru; Munkhnasan Lamchin; Rijan Bhakta Kayastha; Woo-Kyun Lee. 2020. "Land Use and Land Cover Change Detection and Prediction in the Kathmandu District of Nepal Using Remote Sensing and GIS." Sustainability 12, no. 9: 3925.

Journal article
Published: 15 August 2019 in Remote Sensing
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This study analyzes the impact of land use/land cover (LULC) changes on the hydrology of the dry Afromontane forest landscape in northern Ethiopia. Landsat satellite images of thematic mapper (TM) (1986), TM (2001), and Operational Land Imager (OLI) (2018) were employed to assess LULC. All of the images were classified while using the maximum likelihood image classification technique, and the changes were assessed by post-classification comparison. Seven LULC classes were defined with an overall accuracy 83–90% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.82–0.92. The classification result for 1986 revealed dominance of shrublands (48.5%), followed by cultivated land (42%). Between 1986 and 2018, cultivated land became the dominant (39.6%) LULC type, accompanied by a decrease in shrubland to 32.2%, as well as increases in forestland (from 4.8% to 21.4%) and bare land (from 0% to 0.96%). The soil conservation systems curve number model (SCS-CN) was consequently employed to simulate forest hydrological response to climatic variations and land-cover changes during three selected years. The observed changes in direct surface runoff, the runoff coefficient, and storage capacity of the soil were partially linked to the changes in LULC that were associated with expanding bare land and built-up areas. This change in land use aggravates the runoff potential of the study area by 31.6 mm per year on average. Runoff coefficients ranged from 25.3% to 47.2% with varied storm rainfall intensities of 26.1–45.4 mm/ha. The temporal variability of climate change and potential evapotranspiration increased by 1% during 1981–2018. The observed rainfall and modelled runoff showed a strong positive correlation (R2 = 0.78; p < 0.001). Regression analysis between runoff and rainfall intensity indicates their high and significant correlation (R2 = 0.89; p < 0.0001). Changes were also common along the slope gradient and agro-ecological zones at varying proportions. The observed changes in land degradation and surface runoff are highly linked to the change in LULC. Further study is suggested on climate scenario-based modeling of hydrological processes that are related to land use changes to understand the hydrological variability of the dry Afromontane forest ecosystems.

ACS Style

Belay Manjur Gebru; Woo-Kyun Lee; Asia Khamzina; Sle-Gee Lee; Emnet Negash. Hydrological Response of Dry Afromontane Forest to Changes in Land Use and Land Cover in Northern Ethiopia. Remote Sensing 2019, 11, 1905 .

AMA Style

Belay Manjur Gebru, Woo-Kyun Lee, Asia Khamzina, Sle-Gee Lee, Emnet Negash. Hydrological Response of Dry Afromontane Forest to Changes in Land Use and Land Cover in Northern Ethiopia. Remote Sensing. 2019; 11 (16):1905.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Belay Manjur Gebru; Woo-Kyun Lee; Asia Khamzina; Sle-Gee Lee; Emnet Negash. 2019. "Hydrological Response of Dry Afromontane Forest to Changes in Land Use and Land Cover in Northern Ethiopia." Remote Sensing 11, no. 16: 1905.

Journal article
Published: 08 July 2019 in Sustainability
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This study was carried out in the southern zone of Tigray to identify and characterize traditional common agroforestry practices and understand the existing knowledge of farm households on the management of trees under different agroforestry in different agroecologies. We conducted reconnaissance and diagnostic surveys by systematically and randomly selecting 147 farming households in the three agroecologies of the study area. A logit regression model was employed to determine how these factors influence farmers’ adoption decision. The findings indicate that a majority of the households (46.3%) were engaged in homestead agroforestry practices (AFP), followed by live fence (25.9%) and farmland or parkland (15%) agroforestry practices. The study identified Carica papaya, Malus domestic, Persea americana, Mangifera indica, Ziziphus spina-christi, and Balanites aegyptiaca as the most dominant fruit tree species found in the home garden agroforestry. In total, 68% of the households had some of these fruit trees around their home gardens. We also established the three most dominant agricultural production systems as: i) Agricultural production system, composed of fruit tree + cereal crops + Ziziphus spina-christi + Balanites aegyptiaca and/or acacia species; ii) agricultural production system, consisting of cash crops, like Coffee arabica and Catha edulies + fruit trees + Cordia africana + Balanites aegyptiaca and/or acacia species; and iii) agricultural production, composed of fruit trees + vegetables within a boundary of Sesbania sesban and other acacia species in the modern irrigated land. Furthermore, 90.16% of the households in the highlands reported a shortage of farmland for planting trees as the main constraint. About 34.44% farmers reported using leaves of Cordia africana, Balanites aegyptiaca, pods of acacia species, and crop residue as the main source of animal fodder. In total, 86.4% of the households also recognized the importance of multipurpose trees for soil fertility enhancement, control of runoff, microclimate amelioration, environmental protection, and dry season animal fodder. According to the logit model analysis, sex, family size, educational level, and landholding significantly (p < 0.05) influence the household’s role in the adoption of agroforestry practices. Based on these findings, farmers used different adaptation strategies, such as planting of multi-purpose trees (34.7%), conservation tillage to minimize both erosion and runoff potentials as soil conservation strategies (27.2%), varying planting dates, use of drought tolerant crop varieties (16.3%), and others based on farmers’ indigenous knowledge passed down from generation to generation. We conclude that agroforestry practices are important components of farming systems in Tigray, resulting in diversified products and ecological benefits that improve socio-ecological resilience. Therefore, we recommend that agroforestry practices are mainstreamed into development plans, especially in agriculture.

ACS Style

Belay Manjur Gebru; Sonam Wangyel Wang; Sea Jin Kim; Woo-Kyun Lee. Socio-Ecological Niche and Factors Affecting Agroforestry Practice Adoption in Different Agroecologies of Southern Tigray, Ethiopia. Sustainability 2019, 11, 3729 .

AMA Style

Belay Manjur Gebru, Sonam Wangyel Wang, Sea Jin Kim, Woo-Kyun Lee. Socio-Ecological Niche and Factors Affecting Agroforestry Practice Adoption in Different Agroecologies of Southern Tigray, Ethiopia. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (13):3729.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Belay Manjur Gebru; Sonam Wangyel Wang; Sea Jin Kim; Woo-Kyun Lee. 2019. "Socio-Ecological Niche and Factors Affecting Agroforestry Practice Adoption in Different Agroecologies of Southern Tigray, Ethiopia." Sustainability 11, no. 13: 3729.

Journal article
Published: 13 June 2019 in Sustainability
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As an agrarian nation, Bhutan’s agricultural policies prioritize agricultural subsidies to boost agricultural production, rural incomes, improve food security, and reduce income poverty, especially among the rural poor. However, the effectiveness and efficiency of such policy interventions remains unknown. Based on semi-structured interviews with heads of households from six blocks representing two districts, expert consultation with agricultural policymakers and extension agents, we attempted to evaluate the socio-economic impacts of agricultural subsidy programs including co-payments. The study found that while over 90% of the households received at least one form of subsidy, except for agricultural machineries and piglets, the non-poor population has greater access to the subsidies compared to the poor. For instance, only 35% of the poor received seed and sapling subsidies compared to 52% seeds and 39% sapling subsidies received by the non-poor population. Furthermore, none of the poor received Jersey cow or biogas subsidies due to their inability to co-pay. Additionally, the agriculture machinery subsidy was found to be counterproductive to the lower income groups (

ACS Style

Sonam Wangyel Wang; Belay Manjur; Jeong-Gyu Kim; Woo-Kyun Lee. Assessing Socio-Economic Impacts of Agricultural Subsidies: A Case Study from Bhutan. Sustainability 2019, 11, 3266 .

AMA Style

Sonam Wangyel Wang, Belay Manjur, Jeong-Gyu Kim, Woo-Kyun Lee. Assessing Socio-Economic Impacts of Agricultural Subsidies: A Case Study from Bhutan. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (12):3266.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sonam Wangyel Wang; Belay Manjur; Jeong-Gyu Kim; Woo-Kyun Lee. 2019. "Assessing Socio-Economic Impacts of Agricultural Subsidies: A Case Study from Bhutan." Sustainability 11, no. 12: 3266.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2018 in Journal of Arid Environments
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Boswellia papyrifera (Del.) Hochst, a flagship tree species in the drylands of Ethiopia, is of high ecological, economic and social value. Recent work has shown that a wood-boring beetle is threatening its survival. In situ and ex situ studies were carried out to study the biology and damage associated with the insect in the dry lowlands of Northern Ethiopia. The beetle's life cycle, biology, and population were studied for 10 months. The mortality of B. papyrifera trees due to the wood-boring beetle was assessed in two land management systems (managed and unmanaged) in 64 (400 m2) randomly allocated plots in Boswellia woodlands of Central and Western Tigray. The beetle was identified as Idactus spinipennis Gahan. Average annual tree mortality attributed to I. spinipennis was up to 7% and 8% ha−1 for Central and Western Tigray, respectively. I. spinipennis has a detrimental effect on the succession of Boswellia woodlands, causing resource loss and fragmentation. Estimated average losses in Central Tigray were 45.7 kg frankincense ha−1 (US $137.1 ha-1) and 26.9 kg frankincense ha−1 (US $80.6 ha-1) from unmanaged and managed Boswellia woodlands, respectively. Hence immediate management interventions are required to reduce ecological and economic loss of the Boswellia woodland.

ACS Style

Aklilu Negussie; Kindeya Gebrehiwot; Mekonnen Yohannes; Ermias Aynekulu; Belay Manjur; Lindsey Norgrove. An exploratory survey of long horn beetle damage on the dryland flagship tree species Boswellia papyrifera (Del.) Hochst. Journal of Arid Environments 2018, 152, 6 -11.

AMA Style

Aklilu Negussie, Kindeya Gebrehiwot, Mekonnen Yohannes, Ermias Aynekulu, Belay Manjur, Lindsey Norgrove. An exploratory survey of long horn beetle damage on the dryland flagship tree species Boswellia papyrifera (Del.) Hochst. Journal of Arid Environments. 2018; 152 ():6-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aklilu Negussie; Kindeya Gebrehiwot; Mekonnen Yohannes; Ermias Aynekulu; Belay Manjur; Lindsey Norgrove. 2018. "An exploratory survey of long horn beetle damage on the dryland flagship tree species Boswellia papyrifera (Del.) Hochst." Journal of Arid Environments 152, no. : 6-11.