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Mr. Yeon-Soo Kim
Korea Institute of Industrial Technology

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Research Keywords & Expertise

0 Agricultural Machinery
0 Multibody Dynamics
0 Reliability Test
0 Tractor
0 discrete element method

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Agricultural Machinery

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Journal article
Published: 11 March 2021 in Sensors
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The objective of this study was to develop a model to estimate the axle torque (AT) of a tractor using an artificial neural network (ANN) based on a relatively low-cost sensor. ANN has proven to be useful in the case of nonlinear analysis, and it can be applied to consider nonlinear variables such as soil characteristics, unlike studies that only consider tractor major parameters, thus model performance and its implementation can be extended to a wider range. In this study, ANN-based models were compared with multiple linear regression (MLR)-based models for performance verification. The main input data were tractor engine parameters, major tractor parameters, and soil physical properties. Data of soil physical properties (i.e., soil moisture content and cone index) and major tractor parameters (i.e., engine torque, engine speed, specific fuel consumption, travel speed, tillage depth, and slip ratio) were collected during a tractor field experiment in four Korean paddy fields. The collected soil physical properties and major tractor parameter data were used to estimate the AT of the tractor by the MLR- and ANN-based models: 250 data points were used for developing and training the model were used, the 50 remaining data points were used to test the model estimation. The AT estimated with the developed MLR- and ANN-based models showed agreement with actual measured AT, with the R2 value ranging from 0.825 to 0.851 and from 0.857 to 0.904, respectively. These results suggest that the developed models are reliable in estimating tractor AT, while the ANN-based model showed better performance than the MLR-based model. This study can provide useful results as a simple method using ANNs based on relatively inexpensive sensors that can replace the existing complex tractor AT measurement method is emphasized.

ACS Style

Wan-Soo Kim; Dae-Hyun Lee; Yong-Joo Kim; Yeon-Soo Kim; Seong-Un Park. Estimation of Axle Torque for an Agricultural Tractor Using an Artificial Neural Network. Sensors 2021, 21, 1989 .

AMA Style

Wan-Soo Kim, Dae-Hyun Lee, Yong-Joo Kim, Yeon-Soo Kim, Seong-Un Park. Estimation of Axle Torque for an Agricultural Tractor Using an Artificial Neural Network. Sensors. 2021; 21 (6):1989.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wan-Soo Kim; Dae-Hyun Lee; Yong-Joo Kim; Yeon-Soo Kim; Seong-Un Park. 2021. "Estimation of Axle Torque for an Agricultural Tractor Using an Artificial Neural Network." Sensors 21, no. 6: 1989.

Journal article
Published: 18 December 2020 in Sensors
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The objective of this study is the simulation of the most affected design factors and variables of the clutch pack for the power-shift transmission (PST) of a tractor based measured data. The simulation model, the mathematical model of sliding velocity, a moment of inertia, and clutch engagement pressure of clutch pack were developed using the powertrain and configurations of the real PST tractor. In this study, the sensor fusion method was used to precisely measure the proportional valve pressure by test bench, which was applied to the simulation model. The clutch engagement times were found 1.20 s at all temperatures for determined factors. The engagement pressures have a significant difference at various temperatures (25 to 100 °C) of the hydraulic oils after the 1.20 s but the most affected factors were satisfied with the simulation conditions that ensure the clutch engagement on time. Finally, this sensor fusion method is believed to be helpful in realizing precision agriculture through minimization of power loss and maximum energy efficiency of tractors.

ACS Style

Abu Ayub Siddique; Wan-Soo Kim; Yeon-Soo Kim; Seung-Yun Baek; Seung-Min Baek; Yong-Joo Kim; Seong-Un Park; Chang-Hyun Choi. Simulation of Design Factors of a Clutch Pack for Power-Shift Transmission for an Agricultural Tractor. Sensors 2020, 20, 7293 .

AMA Style

Abu Ayub Siddique, Wan-Soo Kim, Yeon-Soo Kim, Seung-Yun Baek, Seung-Min Baek, Yong-Joo Kim, Seong-Un Park, Chang-Hyun Choi. Simulation of Design Factors of a Clutch Pack for Power-Shift Transmission for an Agricultural Tractor. Sensors. 2020; 20 (24):7293.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abu Ayub Siddique; Wan-Soo Kim; Yeon-Soo Kim; Seung-Yun Baek; Seung-Min Baek; Yong-Joo Kim; Seong-Un Park; Chang-Hyun Choi. 2020. "Simulation of Design Factors of a Clutch Pack for Power-Shift Transmission for an Agricultural Tractor." Sensors 20, no. 24: 7293.

Journal article
Published: 13 December 2020 in Applied Sciences
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The spiral bevel gear in a tractor, unlike the other gears in the transmission, is one of the most vulnerable gears in terms of fatigue life, as it is consistently driven throughout the operations of the tractor. Conventional fatigue life tests of transmission gears require expensive equipment and repeated tests, and do not reflect dynamic field loads. The aim of this study is to develop a simulation model which can replace conventional fatigue life tests for actual gears, in order to evaluate the fatigue life of a tractor using dynamic field load data. A transmission simulation model including a spiral bevel gear was developed using commercial software. In order to measure the dynamic load of the tractor according to various field operations, an axle torque measurement system was developed, and field experiments were performed for major agricultural operations occurring in the field. Fatigue life was calculated using Rainflow cycle counting (RFC), the Smith–Watson–Topper (SWT) model, and S–N curves based on torque data measured in the field. The fatigue life under moldboard plow tillage, subsoiler tillage, rotary tillage, and baler operation were 13,599, 285, 278,884, and 525,977 h, respectively. The fatigue life of the tractor, according to subsoiler tillage and baler operation, was 0.104 and 192 times the service life, respectively, where the difference between these two operations was about 1846 times. The fatigue life of the tractor, according to the attached implement type, was significantly different. Therefore, it can be seen that the fatigue life of a tractor can be significantly different, depending on agricultural operation type which the farmer uses most often; this can be used as basic data for tractor design and evaluation. In addition, it is considered that the developed simulation model can be applied to fatigue life evaluation using dynamic field load data.

ACS Style

Wan-Soo Kim; Yong-Joo Kim; Seung-Min Baek; Seok-Pyo Moon; Nam-Gyu Lee; Yeon-Soo Kim; Seong-Un Park; Yong Choi; Young-Keun Kim; Il-Su Choi; Duck-Kyu Choi; Chang-Hyun Choi. Fatigue Life Simulation of Tractor Spiral Bevel Gear According to Major Agricultural Operations. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 8898 .

AMA Style

Wan-Soo Kim, Yong-Joo Kim, Seung-Min Baek, Seok-Pyo Moon, Nam-Gyu Lee, Yeon-Soo Kim, Seong-Un Park, Yong Choi, Young-Keun Kim, Il-Su Choi, Duck-Kyu Choi, Chang-Hyun Choi. Fatigue Life Simulation of Tractor Spiral Bevel Gear According to Major Agricultural Operations. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (24):8898.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wan-Soo Kim; Yong-Joo Kim; Seung-Min Baek; Seok-Pyo Moon; Nam-Gyu Lee; Yeon-Soo Kim; Seong-Un Park; Yong Choi; Young-Keun Kim; Il-Su Choi; Duck-Kyu Choi; Chang-Hyun Choi. 2020. "Fatigue Life Simulation of Tractor Spiral Bevel Gear According to Major Agricultural Operations." Applied Sciences 10, no. 24: 8898.

Journal article
Published: 23 November 2020 in Soil and Tillage Research
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The aim of this study was to analyze the traction performance of an agricultural tractor according to soil moisture content (SMC). A load measurement system was assembled using a wheel torquemeter, a proximity sensor, a six-component load cell, and a data acquisition system. The field experiments for plowing were conducted at two test sites (Fields A and B) that were divided into 9-m2 (3 m × 3 m) grids in which SMC was measured. The overall SMC was in the range of 20.0–50.0 % vol. To analyze tractor traction performance based on SMC, the data measured at Fields A and B were integrated. The SMC was divided into ranges of 20.0–25.0 % vol, 25.0–30.0 % vol, 30.0–35.0 % vol, 35.0–40.0 % vol, 40.0–45.0 % vol, and 45.0–50.0 % vol. Overall tractor traction performance parameters such as axle torque, slip, and traction increased with SMC. The traction coefficient gradually rose from 0.484 to 0.539 (a 111.4 % gain) as the SMC increased from 20.0 to 25.0% vol to 45.0–50.0 % vol. Additionally, the tractive efficiency was 0.748 at the SMC range of 20.0–25.0 % vol and 0.713 at the SMC range of 45.0–50.0 % vol. The tractive efficiency at the highest SMC level was 95.3 % based on lowest SMC level. The SMC influences various tractor traction performance factors such as traction coefficient and tractive efficiency. Therefore, it is necessary to consider SMC in the design of experiments intended to explore traction performance improvement.

ACS Style

Wan-Soo Kim; Yong-Joo Kim; Seong-Un Park; Yeon-Soo Kim. Influence of soil moisture content on the traction performance of a 78-kW agricultural tractor during plow tillage. Soil and Tillage Research 2020, 207, 104851 .

AMA Style

Wan-Soo Kim, Yong-Joo Kim, Seong-Un Park, Yeon-Soo Kim. Influence of soil moisture content on the traction performance of a 78-kW agricultural tractor during plow tillage. Soil and Tillage Research. 2020; 207 ():104851.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wan-Soo Kim; Yong-Joo Kim; Seong-Un Park; Yeon-Soo Kim. 2020. "Influence of soil moisture content on the traction performance of a 78-kW agricultural tractor during plow tillage." Soil and Tillage Research 207, no. : 104851.

Journal article
Published: 29 October 2020 in Agronomy
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Machine-vision-based crop detection is a central issue for digital farming, and crop height is an important factor that should be automatically measured in robot-based cultivations. Three-dimensional (3D) imaging cameras make it possible to measure actual crop height; however, camera tilt due to irregular ground conditions in farmland prevents accurate height measurements. In this study, stereo-vision-based crop height was measured with compensation for the camera tilt effect. For implementing the tilt of the camera installed on farm machines (e.g., tractors), we developed a posture tilt simulator for indoor testing that could implement the camera tilt by pitch and roll rotations. Stereo images were captured under various simulator tilt conditions, and crop height was measured by detecting the crop region in a disparity map, which was generated by matching stereo images. The measured height was compensated for by correcting the position of the region of interest (RoI) in the 3D image through coordinate transformation between camera coordinates and simulator coordinates. The tests were conducted by roll and pitch rotation around the simulator coordinates. The results showed that crop height could be measured using stereo vision, and that tilt compensation reduced the average error from 15.6 to 3.9 cm. Thus, the crop height measurement system proposed in this study, based on 3D imaging and a tilt sensor, can contribute to the automatic perception of agricultural robots.

ACS Style

Wan-Soo Kim; Dae-Hyun Lee; Yong-Joo Kim; Yeon-Soo Kim; Taehyeong Kim; Seong-Un Park; Sung-Soo Kim; Dong-Hyuck Hong. Crop Height Measurement System Based on 3D Image and Tilt Sensor Fusion. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1670 .

AMA Style

Wan-Soo Kim, Dae-Hyun Lee, Yong-Joo Kim, Yeon-Soo Kim, Taehyeong Kim, Seong-Un Park, Sung-Soo Kim, Dong-Hyuck Hong. Crop Height Measurement System Based on 3D Image and Tilt Sensor Fusion. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (11):1670.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wan-Soo Kim; Dae-Hyun Lee; Yong-Joo Kim; Yeon-Soo Kim; Taehyeong Kim; Seong-Un Park; Sung-Soo Kim; Dong-Hyuck Hong. 2020. "Crop Height Measurement System Based on 3D Image and Tilt Sensor Fusion." Agronomy 10, no. 11: 1670.

Journal article
Published: 26 August 2020 in Agronomy
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In order to optimize tractor design and optimize efficiency during tillage operation, it is essential to verify the impact through field tests on factors affecting the tractor load. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of tillage depth on power transmission efficiency of 42 kW power agricultural tractor during moldboard plowing. A load measurement system and a tillage depth measurement system were configured for field tests. To analyze the effect of tillage depth on power transmission efficiency and fuel consumption, the data measured in the three-repeated field test were classified according to tillage depth. As the tillage depth increased from 11 cm at the top of the hardpan to 23 cm at the deepest, the required power of the engine increased by approximately 13% from 35.48 kW to 40.11 kW, and the power transmission efficiency also increased significantly from 66% to 95%. Among them, the power transmission efficiency of the rear axle was significantly increased from 38% to 59%, which was the most affected. As the tillage depth increased, the overall power requirement is greatly increased due to the resulting workload, but the fuel consumption and the specific fuel consumption are reduced because the engine speed of the tractor is reduced. As the tillage depth increased from 11 cm to 23 cm, the fuel consumption rate was rather reduced by 13.5% as the engine rotational speed decreased 11.3% due to the increase work load of tractor. In addition, the specific fuel consumption decreased from 302.44 g/kWh to 236.93 g/kWh, showing a fuel consumption saving of up to 21.7% during moldboard plow. In addition, as the tillage depth increased, the ratio of the value excluding the mechanical and hydraulic power requirements has significantly decreased from 34% to 5% as the power transmission efficiency increases. This study considers the soil properties according to the soil depth, as well as the power transmission efficiency and fuel consumption rate. The research results can provide useful information for research on power transmission efficiency and selection of an appropriate power source of agricultural tractor according to tillage depth during moldboard plowing and are expected to be used in various ways as basic studies of digital farming research in agricultural machinery.

ACS Style

Yeon-Soo Kim; Wan-Soo Kim; Abu Ayub Siddique; Seung-Yun Baek; Seung-Min Baek; Su-Hwan Cheon; Sang-Dae Lee; Kyeong-Hwan Lee; Dong-Hyuck Hong; Seong-Un Park; Yong-Joo Kim. Power Transmission Efficiency Analysis of 42 kW Power Agricultural Tractor According to Tillage Depth During Moldboard Plowing. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1263 .

AMA Style

Yeon-Soo Kim, Wan-Soo Kim, Abu Ayub Siddique, Seung-Yun Baek, Seung-Min Baek, Su-Hwan Cheon, Sang-Dae Lee, Kyeong-Hwan Lee, Dong-Hyuck Hong, Seong-Un Park, Yong-Joo Kim. Power Transmission Efficiency Analysis of 42 kW Power Agricultural Tractor According to Tillage Depth During Moldboard Plowing. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (9):1263.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yeon-Soo Kim; Wan-Soo Kim; Abu Ayub Siddique; Seung-Yun Baek; Seung-Min Baek; Su-Hwan Cheon; Sang-Dae Lee; Kyeong-Hwan Lee; Dong-Hyuck Hong; Seong-Un Park; Yong-Joo Kim. 2020. "Power Transmission Efficiency Analysis of 42 kW Power Agricultural Tractor According to Tillage Depth During Moldboard Plowing." Agronomy 10, no. 9: 1263.

Journal article
Published: 18 June 2020 in Applied Sciences
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In general, the tractor axle torque is used as an indicator for making various decisions when engineers perform transmission fatigue life analysis, optimal design, and accelerated life testing. Since the existing axle torque measurement method requires an expensive torque sensor, an alternative method is required. Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop a prediction model for the tractor axle torque during tillage operation that can replace expensive axle torque sensors. A prediction model was proposed through regression analysis using key variables affecting the tractor axle torque. The engine torque, engine speed, tillage depth, slip ratio, and travel speed were selected as explanatory variables. In order to collect explanatory and dependent variable data, a load measurement system was developed, and a field experiment was performed on moldboard plow tillage using a tractor with a load measurement system. A total of eight axle torque prediction regression models were proposed using the measured calibration dataset. The adjusted coefficient of determination (R2) of the proposed regression model showed a range of 0.271 to 0.925. Among them, the prediction model E showed an adjusted R2 of 0.925. All of the prediction models were verified using a validation set. All of the axle torque prediction models showed an mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of less than 2.8%. In particular, Model E, adopting engine torque, engine speed, and travel speed as variables, and Model H, adopting engine torque, tillage depth and travel speed as variables, showed MAPEs of 1.19 and 1.30%, respectively. Therefore, it was found that the proposed prediction models are applicable to actual axle torque prediction.

ACS Style

Wan-Soo Kim; Yong-Joo Kim; Seung-Yun Baek; Yeon-Soo Kim; Seong-Un Park. Development of a Prediction Model for Tractor Axle Torque during Tillage Operation. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 4195 .

AMA Style

Wan-Soo Kim, Yong-Joo Kim, Seung-Yun Baek, Yeon-Soo Kim, Seong-Un Park. Development of a Prediction Model for Tractor Axle Torque during Tillage Operation. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (12):4195.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wan-Soo Kim; Yong-Joo Kim; Seung-Yun Baek; Yeon-Soo Kim; Seong-Un Park. 2020. "Development of a Prediction Model for Tractor Axle Torque during Tillage Operation." Applied Sciences 10, no. 12: 4195.

Journal article
Published: 12 June 2020 in Applied Sciences
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This study was conducted to develop a simulation model of a 50 kW class hydro mechanical transmission (HMT) tractor and to verify the model by comparing the measured and simulated data, including the axle torque, rotational speed, and power transmission efficiency. The platform of the HMT was composed of the engine, hydrostatic unit (HSU), compound planetary gear, range shift, spiral bevel gear, and final reduction gear. The HMT had three gear stages and a maximum forward speed of 40 km/h. To evaluate the performance of the HTM, a test bench was installed based on the engine of the HMT platform, and a simulation model was developed using 3D simulation software. To compare the results of the simulation, a bench test using the platform was performed according to the gear stages. The similarities between the measured and simulated data were analyzed using the t-test. As a result, there were no significant differences for the axle torque, rotational speed, and power transmission efficiency. Finally, the power transmission efficiency between the measured and simulated results was compared and analyzed using linear regression analysis to validate the accuracy of the simulation model. The trend of the power transmission efficiency between the measured and simulated results appeared to be similar in all sections, and we obtained a simulation model with the accuracy of an R-squared value of more than 0.97. In conclusion, the measured and simulated results were similar to each other. Considering the results of this study, it will be useful to develop the HMT tractor and to improve the power transmission efficiency for the optimal design.

ACS Style

Seung-Min Baek; Wan-Soo Kim; Yeon-Soo Kim; Yong-Joo Kim. Development of a Simulation Model for HMT of a 50 kW Class Agricultural Tractor. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 1 .

AMA Style

Seung-Min Baek, Wan-Soo Kim, Yeon-Soo Kim, Yong-Joo Kim. Development of a Simulation Model for HMT of a 50 kW Class Agricultural Tractor. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (12):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Seung-Min Baek; Wan-Soo Kim; Yeon-Soo Kim; Yong-Joo Kim. 2020. "Development of a Simulation Model for HMT of a 50 kW Class Agricultural Tractor." Applied Sciences 10, no. 12: 1.

Creative
Published: 12 May 2020 in Energies
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This study was conducted to develop a simulation model of a 120 kW class electric all-wheel-drive (AWD) tractor and verify the model by comparing the measurement and simulation results. The platform was developed based on the power transmission system, including batteries, electric motors, reducers, wheels, and a charging system composed of a generator, an AC/DC converter, and chargers on each axle. The data measurement system was installed on the platform, consisting of an analog (current) and a digital part (rotational speed of electric motors and voltage and SOC (state of charge) level of batteries) by a CAN (controller area network) bus. The axle torque was calculated using the current and torque curves of the electric motor. The simulation model was developed by 1D simulation software and used axle torque and vehicle velocity data to create the simulation conditions. To compare the results of the simulation, a driving test using the platform was performed at a ground speed of 10 km/h in off- and on-road conditions. The similarities between the results were analyzed using statistical software and we found no significant difference in axle torque data. The simulation model was considered to be highly reliable given the change rate and average value of the SOC level. Using the simulation model, the workable time of driving operation was estimated to be about six hours and the workable time of plow tillage was estimated to be about 2.4 h. The results showed that the capacity of the battery is slightly low for plow tillage. However, in future studies, the electric AWD tractor performance could be improved through battery optimization through simulation under various conditions.

ACS Style

Seung-Yun Baek; Yeon-Soo Kim; Wan-Soo Kim; Yong-Joo Kim. Development and Verification of a Simulation Model for 120 kW Class Electric AWD (All-Wheel-Drive) Tractor during Driving Operation. Energies 2020, 13, 2422 .

AMA Style

Seung-Yun Baek, Yeon-Soo Kim, Wan-Soo Kim, Yong-Joo Kim. Development and Verification of a Simulation Model for 120 kW Class Electric AWD (All-Wheel-Drive) Tractor during Driving Operation. Energies. 2020; 13 (10):2422.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Seung-Yun Baek; Yeon-Soo Kim; Wan-Soo Kim; Yong-Joo Kim. 2020. "Development and Verification of a Simulation Model for 120 kW Class Electric AWD (All-Wheel-Drive) Tractor during Driving Operation." Energies 13, no. 10: 2422.

Journal article
Published: 26 April 2020 in Sensors
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This study was conducted to analyze the effects of tillage depth and gear selection on the mechanical load and fuel efficiency of an agricultural tractor during plow tillage. In order to analyze these effects, we developed an agricultural field measuring system consisting of a load measurement part (wheel torque meter, proximity sensor, and real-time kinematic (RTK) global positioning system (GPS)) and a tillage depth measurement part (linear potentiometer and inclinometer). Field tests were carried out using moldboard plows with a maximum tillage depth of 20 cm and three gear selections (M2H, M3L, and M3H) in a rice stubble paddy field for plow tillage. The average travel speed and slip ratio had the lowest M2H and the highest M3L. M3H had the highest theoretical speed, but the travel speed was 0.13 km/h lower than M3L due to the reduction in the axle rotational speed at deep tillage depth. Regarding engine load, the higher the gear, the greater the torque and the lower the axle rotation speed. The front axle load was not significantly affected by the tillage depth as compared to other mechanical parts, except for the M3H gear. The rear axle load generated about twice the torque of the front wheel and overall, it tended to show a higher average rear axle torque at higher gear selection. The rear axle load and fuel rate were found to be most affected by the combination of the tillage depth and gear selection combination. Overall, field test results show that the M3H had the highest fuel efficiency and a high working speed while overcoming high loads at the same tillage depth. In conclusion, M3H is the most suitable gear stage for plow cultivation, and the higher the gear stage and the deeper the tillage depth during plowing, the higher the fuel efficiency. The results of this study will be useful for analyzing mechanical load and fuel efficiency during farm operations. In a future study, we will conduct load analysis studies in other farming operations that consider various soil mechanics factors as well as tillage depths and gear selections.

ACS Style

Yeon-Soo Kim; Wan-Soo Kim; Seung-Yun Baek; Young-Joo Kim; Sang-Dae Lee. Analysis of Tillage Depth and Gear Selection for Mechanical Load and Fuel Efficiency of an Agricultural Tractor Using an Agricultural Field Measuring System. Sensors 2020, 20, 2450 .

AMA Style

Yeon-Soo Kim, Wan-Soo Kim, Seung-Yun Baek, Young-Joo Kim, Sang-Dae Lee. Analysis of Tillage Depth and Gear Selection for Mechanical Load and Fuel Efficiency of an Agricultural Tractor Using an Agricultural Field Measuring System. Sensors. 2020; 20 (9):2450.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yeon-Soo Kim; Wan-Soo Kim; Seung-Yun Baek; Young-Joo Kim; Sang-Dae Lee. 2020. "Analysis of Tillage Depth and Gear Selection for Mechanical Load and Fuel Efficiency of an Agricultural Tractor Using an Agricultural Field Measuring System." Sensors 20, no. 9: 2450.

Journal article
Published: 23 April 2020 in Applied Sciences
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This study aims to develop and evaluate an automated manual transmission (AMT) for agricultural tractors with high efficiency and high convenience by using electric actuators. An AMT system to control manual-type shuttle gearboxes and transmissions for tractors is developed by adding a shuttle shifting actuator, a clutch actuator, and a control system to a conventional manual transmission (MT). The clutch actuator is designed using an electric motor and a reduction gear. The AMT control system is developed and experimental tests are conducted to evaluate the performance of the AMT. The results of the performance of the actuator position control demonstrate that the shuttle shifting actuator and clutch actuator are controlled appropriately, achieving a maximum overshoot of less than 5% and 0%, a settling time of less than 0.500 s and 1.50 s, and a steady-state error of less than 1% and 1%, respectively. The performance of the automatic forward and reverse control demonstrates a shift control time of less than 2.50 s and target revolutions per minute (RPM) reaching time of less than 3.00 s. Thus, AMT systems for tractors can be easily developed by applying shuttle shifting actuators, clutch actuators, and a control system to conventional manual transmissions.

ACS Style

Wan-Soo Kim; Yong-Joo Kim; Yeon-Soo Kim; Seung-Yun Baek; Dae-Hyun Lee; Kyu-Chul Nam; Tae-Bum Kim; Hyo-Jai Lee. Development of Control System for Automated Manual Transmission of 45-kW Agricultural Tractor. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 2930 .

AMA Style

Wan-Soo Kim, Yong-Joo Kim, Yeon-Soo Kim, Seung-Yun Baek, Dae-Hyun Lee, Kyu-Chul Nam, Tae-Bum Kim, Hyo-Jai Lee. Development of Control System for Automated Manual Transmission of 45-kW Agricultural Tractor. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (8):2930.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wan-Soo Kim; Yong-Joo Kim; Yeon-Soo Kim; Seung-Yun Baek; Dae-Hyun Lee; Kyu-Chul Nam; Tae-Bum Kim; Hyo-Jai Lee. 2020. "Development of Control System for Automated Manual Transmission of 45-kW Agricultural Tractor." Applied Sciences 10, no. 8: 2930.

Journal article
Published: 12 March 2020 in Agriculture
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This study was conducted to develop a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control algorithm considering viscosity for the planting depth control system of a rice transplanter using various hydraulic oils at different temperatures and to evaluate the performance of the control algorithm, and compare the performance of the PID control algorithm without considering viscosity and considering viscosity. In this study, the simulation model of the planting depth control system and a PID control algorithm were developed based on the power flow of the rice transplanter (ERP60DS). The primary PID coefficients were determined using the Ziegler-Nichols (Z-N) second method. Routh’s stability criteria were applied to optimize the coefficients. The pole and double zero points of the PID controller were also applied to minimize the sustained oscillations of the responses. The performance of the PID control algorithm was evaluated for three ISO (The International Organization for Standardization) standard viscosity grade (VG) hydraulic oils (VG 32, 46, and 68). The response characteristics were analyzed using statistical method (ANOVA) and Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) at a significant level of 0.05 were performed through the statistical software SPSS. The results show that the control algorithm considering viscosity is able to control the pressure of the proportional valve, which is associated with the actuator displacement for various types of hydraulic oils. It was noticed that the maximum pressure was 15.405 bars at 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 °C for all of the hydraulic oils. The settling time and steady-state errors were 0.45 s at 100 °C for VG 32 and 0% for all of the conditions. The maximum overshoots were found to be 17.50% at 100 °C for VG 32. On the other hand, the PID control algorithm without considering viscosity could not control the planting depth, because the response was slow and did not satisfy the boundary conditions. The PID control algorithm considering viscosity could sufficiently compensate for the nonlinearity of the hydraulic system and was able to perform for any of temperature-dependent viscosity of the hydraulic oils. In addition, the rice transplanter requires a faster response for accurately controlling and maintaining the planting depth. Planting depth is highly associated with actuator displacement. Finally, this control algorithm considering viscosity could be helpful in minimizing the tilting of the seedlings planted using the rice transplanter. Ultimately, it would improve the transplanter performance.

ACS Style

Abu Ayub Siddique; Wan-Soo Kim; Yeon-Soo Kim; Taek-Jin Kim; Chang-Hyun Choi; Hyo-Jai Lee; Sun-Ok Chung; Yong-Joo Kim. Effects of Temperatures and Viscosity of the Hydraulic Oils on the Proportional Valve for a Rice Transplanter Based on PID Control Algorithm. Agriculture 2020, 10, 73 .

AMA Style

Abu Ayub Siddique, Wan-Soo Kim, Yeon-Soo Kim, Taek-Jin Kim, Chang-Hyun Choi, Hyo-Jai Lee, Sun-Ok Chung, Yong-Joo Kim. Effects of Temperatures and Viscosity of the Hydraulic Oils on the Proportional Valve for a Rice Transplanter Based on PID Control Algorithm. Agriculture. 2020; 10 (3):73.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abu Ayub Siddique; Wan-Soo Kim; Yeon-Soo Kim; Taek-Jin Kim; Chang-Hyun Choi; Hyo-Jai Lee; Sun-Ok Chung; Yong-Joo Kim. 2020. "Effects of Temperatures and Viscosity of the Hydraulic Oils on the Proportional Valve for a Rice Transplanter Based on PID Control Algorithm." Agriculture 10, no. 3: 73.

Journal article
Published: 08 February 2020 in Sensors
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The objectives of this study were to develop a real-time tillage depth measurement system for agricultural tractor performance analysis and then to validate these configured systems through soil non-penetration tests and field experiment during plow tillage. The real-time tillage depth measurement system was developed by using a sensor fusion method, consisting of a linear potentiometer, inclinometer, and optical distance sensor to measure the vertical penetration depth of the attached implement. In addition, a draft force measurement system was developed using six-component load cells, and an accuracy of 98.9% was verified through a static load test. As a result of the soil non-penetration tests, it was confirmed that sensor fusion type A, consisting of a linear potentiometer and inclinometer, was 6.34–11.76% more accurate than sensor fusion type B, consisting of an optical distance sensor and inclinometer. Therefore, sensor fusion type A was used during field testing as it was found to be more suitable for use in severe working environments. To verify the accuracy of the real-time tillage depth measurement system, a linear regression analysis was performed between the measured draft and the predicted values calculated using the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE) standards-based equation. Experimental data such as traveling speed and draft force showed that it was significantly affected by tillage depth, and the coefficient of determination value at M3–Low was 0.847, which is relatively higher than M3–High. In addition, the regression analysis of the integrated data showed an R-square value of 0.715, which is an improvement compared to the accuracy of the ASABE standard prediction formula. In conclusion, the effect of tillage depth on draft force of agricultural tractors during plow tillage was analyzed by the simultaneous operation of the proposed real-time tillage depth measurement system and draft force measurement system. In addition, system accuracy is higher than the predicted accuracy of ± 40% based on the ASABE standard equation, which is considered to be useful for various agricultural machinery research fields. In future studies, real-time tillage depth measurement systems can be used in tractor power train design and to ensure component reliability, in accordance with agricultural working conditions, by predicting draft force and axle loads depending on the tillage depth during tillage operations.

ACS Style

Yeon-Soo Kim; Taek-Jin Kim; Yong-Joo Kim; Sang-Dae Lee; Seong-Un Park; Wan-Soo Kim. Development of a Real-Time Tillage Depth Measurement System for Agricultural Tractors: Application to the Effect Analysis of Tillage Depth on Draft Force during Plow Tillage. Sensors 2020, 20, 912 .

AMA Style

Yeon-Soo Kim, Taek-Jin Kim, Yong-Joo Kim, Sang-Dae Lee, Seong-Un Park, Wan-Soo Kim. Development of a Real-Time Tillage Depth Measurement System for Agricultural Tractors: Application to the Effect Analysis of Tillage Depth on Draft Force during Plow Tillage. Sensors. 2020; 20 (3):912.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yeon-Soo Kim; Taek-Jin Kim; Yong-Joo Kim; Sang-Dae Lee; Seong-Un Park; Wan-Soo Kim. 2020. "Development of a Real-Time Tillage Depth Measurement System for Agricultural Tractors: Application to the Effect Analysis of Tillage Depth on Draft Force during Plow Tillage." Sensors 20, no. 3: 912.

Preprint
Published: 18 January 2020
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This study was conducted to develop a PID control algorithm considering viscosity for the planting depth control system of a rice transplanter using various hydraulic oils at different temperatures and to evaluate the performance of the control algorithm, and compare the performance of the PID control algorithm without considering viscosity and considering viscosity. In this study, the simulation model of the planting depth control system and a PID control algorithm were developed based on the power flow of the rice transplanter (ERP60DS). The primary PID coefficients were determined using the Ziegler–Nichols (Z–N) second method. Routh’s stability criteria were applied to optimize the coefficients. The pole and double zero points of the PID controller were also applied to minimize the sustained oscillations of the responses. The performance of the PID control algorithm was evaluated for three ISO (The International Organization for Standardization) standard viscosity grade (VG) hydraulic oils (VG 32, 46, and 68). The results show that the control algorithm considering viscosity is able to control the pressure of the proportional valve, which is associated with the actuator displacement for various types of hydraulic oils. It was noticed that the maximum pressure was 15.405 bars at 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 ℃ for all of the hydraulic oils. The settling time and steady-state errors were 0.45 s at 100 ℃ for VG 32, and 0% for all of the conditions. The maximum overshoots were found to be 17.50% at 100 ℃ for VG 32. On the other hand, the PID control algorithm without considering viscosity could not control the planting depth, because the response was slow and did not satisfy the boundary conditions. The PID control algorithm considering viscosity could sufficiently compensate for the nonlinearity of the hydraulic system and was able to perform for any of temperature-dependent viscosity of the hydraulic oils. In addition, the rice transplanter requires a faster response for accurately controlling and maintaining the planting depth. Planting depth is highly associated with actuator displacement. Finally, this control algorithm considering viscosity could be helpful in minimizing the tilting of the seedlings planted using the rice transplanter. Ultimately, it would improve the transplanter performance.

ACS Style

Abu Ayub Siddique; Wan-Soo Kim; Yeon-Soo Kim; Taek-Jin Kim; Chang-Hyun Choi; Hyo-Jai Lee; Sun-Ok Chung; Yong-Joo Kim. PID Control Algorithm Based on Hydraulic Oil Viscosity for the Proportional Valve of the Planting Depth Control System. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Abu Ayub Siddique, Wan-Soo Kim, Yeon-Soo Kim, Taek-Jin Kim, Chang-Hyun Choi, Hyo-Jai Lee, Sun-Ok Chung, Yong-Joo Kim. PID Control Algorithm Based on Hydraulic Oil Viscosity for the Proportional Valve of the Planting Depth Control System. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abu Ayub Siddique; Wan-Soo Kim; Yeon-Soo Kim; Taek-Jin Kim; Chang-Hyun Choi; Hyo-Jai Lee; Sun-Ok Chung; Yong-Joo Kim. 2020. "PID Control Algorithm Based on Hydraulic Oil Viscosity for the Proportional Valve of the Planting Depth Control System." , no. : 1.

Original article
Published: 06 August 2019 in Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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The purpose of this study is to measure and analyze the power of the motor-driven transplanter to provide useful information for the optimal design of an electric drive system. An electric transplanter was developed by replacing its engine-driven system with an electric motor-driven system. The data acquisition system was constructed to measure torque and rotational speed data during field operations. The field experiment was performed under three operational conditions at planting distance levels (26, 42, and 63 cm) as follows: (1) driving without transplanting operation, (2) transplanting operation without driving, and (3) transplanting operation with driving. In the case of the driving without transplanting operation, the average power requirement of the driving part increased from 0.14 to 0.124 kW. In the case of the transplanting operation without driving, the maximum power requirement of the transplanting part dramatically decreased from 1.084 to 0.346 kW. As the planting distance increased, the average power requirement decreased by 45.7-53.2%. In the case of the transplanting operation with driving and compared to the rated power (3 kW) according to the planting distance, the average total power requirement of the electric transplanter is 1.345 kW at 26 cm (44.8% to rated power), which was approximately 1.57-2.2 times larger than the power requirement at 42 and 63 cm. It can be seen that the continuous operation time is 8.9, 12.8, and 14.3 h at each planting distance. The results of this study can provide useful information for designing an optimal electric drive system of a motor-driven transplanter considering the load characteristic according to planting distance.

ACS Style

Seung-Jin Lim; Haeng-Joo Kwon; Young-Sun Kang; Pa-Ul Lee; Teak-Jin Kim; Yong-Joo Kim; Yeon-Soo Kim. Power Analysis of a 3-kW Class Motor-Driven Multipurpose Walking-Type Transplanter. Journal of Biosystems Engineering 2019, 44, 135 -145.

AMA Style

Seung-Jin Lim, Haeng-Joo Kwon, Young-Sun Kang, Pa-Ul Lee, Teak-Jin Kim, Yong-Joo Kim, Yeon-Soo Kim. Power Analysis of a 3-kW Class Motor-Driven Multipurpose Walking-Type Transplanter. Journal of Biosystems Engineering. 2019; 44 (3):135-145.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Seung-Jin Lim; Haeng-Joo Kwon; Young-Sun Kang; Pa-Ul Lee; Teak-Jin Kim; Yong-Joo Kim; Yeon-Soo Kim. 2019. "Power Analysis of a 3-kW Class Motor-Driven Multipurpose Walking-Type Transplanter." Journal of Biosystems Engineering 44, no. 3: 135-145.

Journal article
Published: 21 March 2019 in Energies
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Optimal design of transmission gears is important to ensure product durability and reliability. This study measured a multi-purpose cultivator during a rotary ditching operation and analyzed the strength of the power take off (PTO) gear-train for the cultivator using analysis software (KISSsoft, KISSsoft AG—A Gleason Company, Bubikon, Switzerland) based on ISO 6336 standards and a modified Miner’s rule. A load measurement system was installed on the cultivator to measure the load on the PTO shaft. To measure the load on the PTO shaft, the load measuring system consisting of a data acquisition board (NI USB-6212, National Instruments, Austin, TX, USA) and a torque sensor was installed on the cultivator. Rotary ditching operations were conducted at two ground speeds and two PTO rotational speeds on a field with the same soil conditions. The measured load data were constructed using the rainflow-counting algorithm and the Smith-Watson-Topper equation. When the ground speed or PTO rotational speed increased, the average and maximum PTO torque increased significantly. The average measured torque ratio to rated torque of the PTO input shaft (19.6 Nm) was in the range of 50.1–105.9%. The simulation results using the actual measurement load indicated that the strength of the PTO gear-train tended to decrease with higher transmission gear stage and lower PTO gear stage except for the G2 and G3 gears. The simulation results of the safety factor for contact stress were lower than the minimum safety factor of ‘1.0’ at the T2P1 gear stage (G4 and G2). The simulation results of the fatigue life analysis showed fatigue life of less than service life (1000 h) at T2P2 (G2) and T2P1 (G2, G3, and G4). The simulation results indicate that there is a possibility of gear failure before service life at the T2P1 (G2, G3, and G4) and T2P2 (G2). It is known that the weak parts (G2, G3, and G4) should be the focus of design optimization through gear strength simulation to meet upward of a 1.0 safety factor and service life.

ACS Style

Yeon-Soo Kim; Pa-Ul Lee; Wan-Soo Kim; Oh-Won Kwon; Chang-Won Kim; Kyeong-Hwan Lee; Yong-Joo Kim. Strength Analysis of a PTO (Power Take-Off) Gear-Train of a Multi-Purpose Cultivator during a Rotary Ditching Operation. Energies 2019, 12, 1100 .

AMA Style

Yeon-Soo Kim, Pa-Ul Lee, Wan-Soo Kim, Oh-Won Kwon, Chang-Won Kim, Kyeong-Hwan Lee, Yong-Joo Kim. Strength Analysis of a PTO (Power Take-Off) Gear-Train of a Multi-Purpose Cultivator during a Rotary Ditching Operation. Energies. 2019; 12 (6):1100.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yeon-Soo Kim; Pa-Ul Lee; Wan-Soo Kim; Oh-Won Kwon; Chang-Won Kim; Kyeong-Hwan Lee; Yong-Joo Kim. 2019. "Strength Analysis of a PTO (Power Take-Off) Gear-Train of a Multi-Purpose Cultivator during a Rotary Ditching Operation." Energies 12, no. 6: 1100.