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Grays Harbor Wind LLC (GHW) is proposing to develop a floating offshore wind farm offshore of west Grays Harbor County, Washington (Grays Harbor). The proposed GHW Offshore Wind Project (Project) would entail construction, installation and operation of a 1,000-megawatt (MW) offshore wind farm consisting of approximately 75 floating units, each containing a floating foundation and wind turbine generator (WTG). The Project location is approximately 16 miles offshore west of Grays Harbor. Floating offshore wind units installed in an ocean environment as part of the Project would interact with marine wildlife. This Study report provides an initial assessment, using publicly available data, of the Project effects, both negative and positive, on the marine environment. The scope of this assessment is limited by the fact that the Project development is presently at the conceptual level. Significant additional work is necessary to characterize ocean, seafloor, and environmental conditions; select appropriate floating offshore wind technologies; identify construction methods and locations; and assess facility locations, including electrical interconnection. Evaluation of the full range of potential environmental effects would be conducted following an award of a lease from the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) as part of the leasing, National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)/State Environmentalmore » Policy Act (SEPA) environmental review and permitting processes. While this initial assessment uses best available public scientific information and current assumptions about the Project configuration, the effects discussed herein are based on the status of review to-date and may change as Project-specific details are developed. Environmental Effects This initial assessment of the potential environmental effects on marine wildlife resulting from offshore wind development in the waters off the coast west of Grays Harbor looked at the effects that may occur in the offshore wind farm area, along the electrical cable route back to shore, and within the Grays Harbor Estuary. Species of particular interest, including those of commercial importance or special environmental status, were reviewed to provide an initial assessment of potential environmental effects of the offshore wind development. Species abundance and geographic distribution were determined using existing, publicly available data sources based on scientific research by academic groups and state or federal agencies. Potential environmental effects on the species of interest were evaluated using knowledge generated by robust scientific research and observations from interactions between marine wildlife and human-built ocean structures. Environmental effects research from other locations and comparable species were used in the analysis when primary research was unavailable for the exact species located in the Project areas. Environmental effects on different groups of marine life could include the following: • No long-term environmental effects on fish populations are expected from construction or operation. • The largest effect on fish would likely be in the Project areas during the wind farm operation and may affect some fishing activities. At the same time, these effects will almost certainly increase fish abundance within the wind farm area and may increase fish abundance immediately outside the wind farm area. • Gray whales and humpback whales may migrate near the Project area. Whales can be affected by temporary construction noise. Such effects could be mitigated by carefully considering noise mitigation (including construction timing) when it is applied to marine species as a whole. During operation of the wind farm, cable interactions (either mooring lines or other cables that are draped in the water column) with marine life have a very low probability of occurrence but could result in injury to a sensitive species. • During construction of the electrical cable that connects« less
Mark Severy; Dorian M. Overhus; Levy G. Tugade; Andrea Copping. Environmental Effects Assessment for Proposed Offshore Wind Farm off the Coast of Grays Harbor, Washington. Environmental Effects Assessment for Proposed Offshore Wind Farm off the Coast of Grays Harbor, Washington 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleMark Severy, Dorian M. Overhus, Levy G. Tugade, Andrea Copping. Environmental Effects Assessment for Proposed Offshore Wind Farm off the Coast of Grays Harbor, Washington. Environmental Effects Assessment for Proposed Offshore Wind Farm off the Coast of Grays Harbor, Washington. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMark Severy; Dorian M. Overhus; Levy G. Tugade; Andrea Copping. 2021. "Environmental Effects Assessment for Proposed Offshore Wind Farm off the Coast of Grays Harbor, Washington." Environmental Effects Assessment for Proposed Offshore Wind Farm off the Coast of Grays Harbor, Washington , no. : 1.
Acceptance of wind energy development is challenged by stakeholders’ concerns about potential effects on the environment, specifically on wildlife, such as birds, bats, and (for offshore wind) marine animals, and the habitats that support them. Communities near wind energy developments are also concerned with social and economic impacts, as well as impacts on aesthetics, historical sites, and recreation and tourism. Lack of a systematic, widely accepted, and balanced approach for measuring the potential damage to wildlife, habitats, and communities continues to leave wind developers, regulators, and other stakeholders in an uncertain position. This paper explores ecological risk-based management (RBM) in wind energy development for land-based and offshore wind installations. This paper provides a framework for the adaptation of ecosystem-based management to wind energy development and examines that framework through a series of case studies and best management practices for applying risk-based principles to wind energy. Ten case studies indicate that wind farm monitoring is often driven by regulatory requirements that may not be underpinned by scientific questions. While each case applies principles of adaptive management, there is room for improvement in applying scientific principles to the data collection and analysis. Challenges and constraints for wind farm development to meet RBM framework criteria include collecting sufficient baseline and monitoring data year-round, engaging stakeholder facilitators, and bringing together large and diverse scientific teams. The RBM framework approach may provide insights for improved siting and consenting/permitting processes for regulators and their advisors, particularly in those nations where wind energy is still in the early development stages on land or at sea.
Andrea Copping; Alicia Gorton; Roel May; Finlay Bennet; Elise DeGeorge; Miguel Repas Goncalves; Bob Rumes. Enabling Renewable Energy While Protecting Wildlife: An Ecological Risk-Based Approach to Wind Energy Development Using Ecosystem-Based Management Values. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9352 .
AMA StyleAndrea Copping, Alicia Gorton, Roel May, Finlay Bennet, Elise DeGeorge, Miguel Repas Goncalves, Bob Rumes. Enabling Renewable Energy While Protecting Wildlife: An Ecological Risk-Based Approach to Wind Energy Development Using Ecosystem-Based Management Values. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (22):9352.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrea Copping; Alicia Gorton; Roel May; Finlay Bennet; Elise DeGeorge; Miguel Repas Goncalves; Bob Rumes. 2020. "Enabling Renewable Energy While Protecting Wildlife: An Ecological Risk-Based Approach to Wind Energy Development Using Ecosystem-Based Management Values." Sustainability 12, no. 22: 9352.
Marine renewable energy (MRE) harnesses energy from the ocean and provides a low-carbon sustainable energy source for national grids and remote uses. The international MRE industry is in the early stages of development, focused largely on tidal and riverine turbines, and wave energy converters (WECs), to harness energy from tides, rivers, and waves, respectively. Although MRE supports climate change mitigation, there are concerns that MRE devices and systems could affect portions of the marine and river environments. The greatest concern for tidal and river turbines is the potential for animals to be injured or killed by collision with rotating blades. Other risks associated with MRE device operation include the potential for turbines and WECs to cause disruption from underwater noise emissions, generation of electromagnetic fields, changes in benthic and pelagic habitats, changes in oceanographic processes, and entanglement of large marine animals. The accumulated knowledge of interactions of MRE devices with animals and habitats to date is summarized here, along with a discussion of preferred management methods for encouraging MRE development in an environmentally responsible manner. As there are few devices in the water, understanding is gained largely from examining one to three MRE devices. This information indicates that there will be no significant effects on marine animals and habitats due to underwater noise from MRE devices or emissions of electromagnetic fields from cables, nor changes in benthic and pelagic habitats, or oceanographic systems. Ongoing research to understand potential collision risk of animals with turbine blades still shows significant uncertainty. There has been no significant field research undertaken on entanglement of large animals with mooring lines and cables associated with MRE devices.
Andrea Copping; Lenaïg Hemery; Dorian Overhus; Lysel Garavelli; Mikaela Freeman; Jonathan Whiting; Alicia Gorton; Hayley Farr; Deborah Rose; Levy Tugade. Potential Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy Development—The State of the Science. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2020, 8, 879 .
AMA StyleAndrea Copping, Lenaïg Hemery, Dorian Overhus, Lysel Garavelli, Mikaela Freeman, Jonathan Whiting, Alicia Gorton, Hayley Farr, Deborah Rose, Levy Tugade. Potential Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy Development—The State of the Science. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2020; 8 (11):879.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrea Copping; Lenaïg Hemery; Dorian Overhus; Lysel Garavelli; Mikaela Freeman; Jonathan Whiting; Alicia Gorton; Hayley Farr; Deborah Rose; Levy Tugade. 2020. "Potential Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy Development—The State of the Science." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 11: 879.
Marine renewable energy (MRE) is under development in many coastal nations, adding to the portfolio of low carbon energy sources that power national electricity grids as well as off-grid uses in isolated areas and at sea. Progress in establishing the MRE industry, largely wave and tidal energy, has been slowed in part due to uncertainty about environmental risks of these devices, including harm to marine animals and habitats, and the associated concerns of regulators and stakeholders. A process for risk retirement was developed to organize and apply knowledge in a strategic manner that considered whether specific environmental effects are likely to cause harm. The risk retirement process was tested against two key MRE stressors: effects of underwater noise from operational MRE devices on marine animals, and effects of electromagnetic fields from MRE electrical export cables on marine animals. The effects of installation of MRE devices were not accounted for in this analysis. Applying the risk retirement process could decrease the need for costly investigations of each potential effect at every new MRE project site and help move the industry beyond current barriers.
Andrea E. Copping; Mikaela C. Freeman; Alicia M. Gorton; Lenaïg G. Hemery. Risk Retirement—Decreasing Uncertainty and Informing Consenting Processes for Marine Renewable Energy Development. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2020, 8, 172 .
AMA StyleAndrea E. Copping, Mikaela C. Freeman, Alicia M. Gorton, Lenaïg G. Hemery. Risk Retirement—Decreasing Uncertainty and Informing Consenting Processes for Marine Renewable Energy Development. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2020; 8 (3):172.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrea E. Copping; Mikaela C. Freeman; Alicia M. Gorton; Lenaïg G. Hemery. 2020. "Risk Retirement—Decreasing Uncertainty and Informing Consenting Processes for Marine Renewable Energy Development." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 3: 172.
The ``Powering the Blue Economy" (PBE) Report identified ocean observing and autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) recharge as near-term markets with significant potential for marine energy integration when specified qualitative and quantitative assessment criteria were used. The ocean observing market (including AUVs) scored high relative to other markets analyzed in the PBE Report with respect to market size, marine renewable energy (MRE) compatibility with functional requirements, competitive positioning (i.e., MRE versus other power sources), path to market, and alignment to the Department of Energy Water Power Technologies Office (WPTO) and other agencies' objectives. Based on this scoring, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) pursued the development of five use cases that represent a spectrum of ocean observation platforms, fixed and mobile, to explore the present and future power needs that might be satisfied by marine energy. The use cases were described and analyzed for this potential by examining current missions and future needs, evaluating the mix of renewable energy sources that might satisfy those needs at sea, and understanding the overall cost drivers that might enable this application.
Andrea Copping; Rebecca Green; Robert Cavagnaro; Dale S. Jenne; David Greene; Jayson J. Martinez; Yang Yang. Powering the Blue Economy - Ocean Observing Use Cases Report. Powering the Blue Economy - Ocean Observing Use Cases Report 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleAndrea Copping, Rebecca Green, Robert Cavagnaro, Dale S. Jenne, David Greene, Jayson J. Martinez, Yang Yang. Powering the Blue Economy - Ocean Observing Use Cases Report. Powering the Blue Economy - Ocean Observing Use Cases Report. 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrea Copping; Rebecca Green; Robert Cavagnaro; Dale S. Jenne; David Greene; Jayson J. Martinez; Yang Yang. 2020. "Powering the Blue Economy - Ocean Observing Use Cases Report." Powering the Blue Economy - Ocean Observing Use Cases Report , no. : 1.
Following numerous global scientific studies and major international agreements, the decarbonization of energy systems is an apparent and pressing concern. The consequence of continued emission growth tied to rising global average temperatures is difficult to predict, but against a background of other natural and human-induced disasters, may create a situation, from a positive perspective, where each disaster event triggers “build back better” responses designed to speed the transition toward low carbon, resilience-oriented energy systems. This article examines the potential for disaster-triggered responses in communities, at various local and regional levels, in four industrial economies in the Asia Pacific region: Japan, China, Australia, and the USA. Seven case studies were evaluated against a set of criteria that exemplify the key aspects of resilient energy systems. The research results suggest that a new space of innovation does emerge in post-disaster situations at a range of local and regional scales. The greatest potential benefit and opportunity for significant gains, however, appears to manifest at the small community level, and the ultimate challenge relates to how to mainstream local innovations into state and national level transformation on energy systems so as to enhance resilience and promote rapid decarbonization.
Yekang Ko; Brendan F. D. Barrett; Andrea E. Copping; Ayyoob Sharifi; Masaru Yarime; Xin Wang. Energy Transitions Towards Low Carbon Resilience: Evaluation of Disaster-Triggered Local and Regional Cases. Sustainability 2019, 11, 6801 .
AMA StyleYekang Ko, Brendan F. D. Barrett, Andrea E. Copping, Ayyoob Sharifi, Masaru Yarime, Xin Wang. Energy Transitions Towards Low Carbon Resilience: Evaluation of Disaster-Triggered Local and Regional Cases. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (23):6801.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYekang Ko; Brendan F. D. Barrett; Andrea E. Copping; Ayyoob Sharifi; Masaru Yarime; Xin Wang. 2019. "Energy Transitions Towards Low Carbon Resilience: Evaluation of Disaster-Triggered Local and Regional Cases." Sustainability 11, no. 23: 6801.
Adaptive management (AM) is a systematic process intended to improve policies and practices and reduce scientific uncertainty by learning from the outcome of management decisions. Although many nations are considering the use of AM for wind energy, its application in practice and in policy has been limited. Recent applications of AM have revealed fundamental differences in the definition of AM, its applications, and the projects or planning processes to which it might be applied. This chapter suggests the need for a common understanding and definition of and framework for AM and its application to wind energy. We discuss a definition of AM and technical guidance created by the United States (US) Department of the Interior’s (DOI’s) Adaptive Management Working Group. The chapter also examines how AM has been applied to wind energy development in several European nations and in the USA. The challenges and opportunities associated with implementation of AM for wind development are addressed, management actions in nations that exhibit attributes of AM are compared, and pathways to appropriate application and potential broader use of AM are explored.
Andrea Copping; Victoria Gartman; Roel May; Finlay Bennet. The Role of Adaptive Management in the Wind Energy Industry. Wind Energy and Wildlife Impacts 2019, 1 -25.
AMA StyleAndrea Copping, Victoria Gartman, Roel May, Finlay Bennet. The Role of Adaptive Management in the Wind Energy Industry. Wind Energy and Wildlife Impacts. 2019; ():1-25.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrea Copping; Victoria Gartman; Roel May; Finlay Bennet. 2019. "The Role of Adaptive Management in the Wind Energy Industry." Wind Energy and Wildlife Impacts , no. : 1-25.
As tidal turbine deployments continue at test sites and in commercial areas, the potential risk for injury or death of marine mammals from colliding with rotating turbine blades continues to confound efficient consenting (permitting) of devices. Direct observation of collisions is technically very challenging and costly. Estimates of collision risk to date have been derived from complex collision risk models that depend on estimates of the number of marine mammals found in the area. Using a simple collision model, the risk of collision was examined at three real-world sites, each of which featured an indigenous marine mammal. Two different turbine designs were examined at each site to extend the range of the estimates. The results of the model runs allow for comparison of risk at a range of tidal sites for a variety of the marine mammals thought to be at potential risk.
A. E. Copping; M. E. Grear. Applying a simple model for estimating the likelihood of collision of marine mammals with tidal turbines. International Marine Energy Journal 2018, 1, 27 -33.
AMA StyleA. E. Copping, M. E. Grear. Applying a simple model for estimating the likelihood of collision of marine mammals with tidal turbines. International Marine Energy Journal. 2018; 1 (1 (Aug)):27-33.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. E. Copping; M. E. Grear. 2018. "Applying a simple model for estimating the likelihood of collision of marine mammals with tidal turbines." International Marine Energy Journal 1, no. 1 (Aug): 27-33.
As the need for clean low carbon renewable energy increases worldwide, wind energy is becoming established in many nations and is under consideration in many more. Technologies that make land-based and offshore wind feasible, and resource characterizations of available wind, have been developed to facilitate the advancement of the wind industry. However, there is a continuing need to also evaluate and better understand the legal and social acceptability associated with potential effects on the environment. Uncertainty about potential environmental effects continues to complicate and slow permitting (consenting) processes in many nations. Research and monitoring of wildlife interactions with wind turbines, towers, and transmission lines has been underway for decades. However, the results of those studies are not always readily available to all parties, complicating analyses of trends and inflection points in effects analyses. Sharing of available information on environmental effects of land-based and offshore wind energy development has the potential to inform siting and permitting/consenting processes. WREN Hub is an online knowledge management system that seeks to collect, curate, and disseminate scientific information on potential effects of wind energy development. WREN Hub acts as a platform to bring together the wind energy community, providing a collaborative space and an unbiased information source for researchers, regulators, developers, and key stakeholders to pursue accurate predictions of potential effects of wind energy on wildlife, habitats, and ecosystem processes. In doing so, WREN Hub ensures that key scientific uncertainties are identified, tagged for strategic research inquiry, and translated into effective collaborative projects.
Andrea Copping; Luke Hanna; Jonathan Whiting. Sharing Information on Environmental Effects of Wind Energy Development: WREN Hub. Wind Energy and Wildlife Interactions 2017, 277 -289.
AMA StyleAndrea Copping, Luke Hanna, Jonathan Whiting. Sharing Information on Environmental Effects of Wind Energy Development: WREN Hub. Wind Energy and Wildlife Interactions. 2017; ():277-289.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrea Copping; Luke Hanna; Jonathan Whiting. 2017. "Sharing Information on Environmental Effects of Wind Energy Development: WREN Hub." Wind Energy and Wildlife Interactions , no. : 277-289.
Renewable energy harvested from ocean waves, tides, and winds as part of a portfolio of reliable low-carbon energy sources to address climate change and energy security is under consideration by many nations. Engineering designs and characterization of the harvestable resource are moving forward, particularly in Europe, Asia, and North America. At the same time, stakeholders and regulators have expressed the need to understand potential effects on marine animals, habitats, and ecosystem processes. These potential effects are prompting researchers and resource managers to examine interactions of species and ocean areas with energy conversion devices. This volume demonstrates the breadth of disciplines engaged in the quest to understand potential effects and the proactive efforts to develop these new sources of energy to the world, in a responsible manner.
Gayle Barbin Zydlewski; Andrea E. Copping; Anna M. Redden. Special Issue: Renewable Ocean Energy Development and the Environment. Estuaries and Coasts 2014, 38, 156 -158.
AMA StyleGayle Barbin Zydlewski, Andrea E. Copping, Anna M. Redden. Special Issue: Renewable Ocean Energy Development and the Environment. Estuaries and Coasts. 2014; 38 (S1):156-158.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGayle Barbin Zydlewski; Andrea E. Copping; Anna M. Redden. 2014. "Special Issue: Renewable Ocean Energy Development and the Environment." Estuaries and Coasts 38, no. S1: 156-158.
Responsible deployment of marine and hydrokinetic (MHK) devices in estuaries, coastal areas, and major rivers requires that biological resources and ecosystems be protected through siting and permitting (consenting) processes. Scoping appropriate deployment locations, collecting pre-installation (baseline) and post-installation data all add to the cost of developing MHK projects, and hence to the cost of energy. Under the direction of the U.S. Department of Energy, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory scientists have developed logic models that describe studies and processes for environmental siting and permitting. Each study and environmental permitting process has been assigned a cost derived from existing and proposed tidal, wave, and riverine MHK projects. Costs have been developed at the pilot scale and for commercial arrays for a surge wave energy converter
Andrea E. Copping; Simon H. Geerlofs; Luke A. Hanna. The Contribution of Environmental Siting and Permitting Requirements to the Cost of Energy for Wave Energy Devices. The Contribution of Environmental Siting and Permitting Requirements to the Cost of Energy for Wave Energy Devices 2014, 1 .
AMA StyleAndrea E. Copping, Simon H. Geerlofs, Luke A. Hanna. The Contribution of Environmental Siting and Permitting Requirements to the Cost of Energy for Wave Energy Devices. The Contribution of Environmental Siting and Permitting Requirements to the Cost of Energy for Wave Energy Devices. 2014; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrea E. Copping; Simon H. Geerlofs; Luke A. Hanna. 2014. "The Contribution of Environmental Siting and Permitting Requirements to the Cost of Energy for Wave Energy Devices." The Contribution of Environmental Siting and Permitting Requirements to the Cost of Energy for Wave Energy Devices , no. : 1.
The pressure to develop new and renewable forms of energy to combat climate change, ocean acidification, and energy security has encouraged exploration of sources of power generation from the ocean. One of the major challenges to deploying these devices is discerning the likely effects those devices and associated systems will have on the marine environment. Determining the effects each device design and deployment system may have on specific marine animals and habitats, estimating the extent of those effects upon the resiliency of the ecosystem, and designing appropriate mitigation measures to protect against degradation all pose substantial challenges. With little direct observational or experimental data available on the effects of wave, tidal, and offshore wind devices on marine animals, habitats, and ecosystem processes, researchers have developed the Environmental Risk Evaluation System (ERES) to provide preliminary assessments of these risks and to act as a framework for integrating future data on direct interactions of ocean energy devices with the environment. Using biophysical risk factors, interactions of marine animals and seabirds, with ocean energy devices and systems, are examined; potential effects on habitats, and changes in processes such as sedimentation patterns and water quality, are also considered. The risks associated with specific interactions for which data are more readily available are explored including interactions between ocean energy devices and surface vessels, toxicity of anti-biofouling paints, and potential for harm to animals from turbine blade strike. ERES also examines the effect that environmental regulations have on the deployment and operation of ocean energy devices.
Andrea Copping; Luke Hanna; Brie Van Cleve; Kara Blake; Richard M. Anderson. Environmental Risk Evaluation System—an Approach to Ranking Risk of Ocean Energy Development on Coastal and Estuarine Environments. Estuaries and Coasts 2014, 38, 287 -302.
AMA StyleAndrea Copping, Luke Hanna, Brie Van Cleve, Kara Blake, Richard M. Anderson. Environmental Risk Evaluation System—an Approach to Ranking Risk of Ocean Energy Development on Coastal and Estuarine Environments. Estuaries and Coasts. 2014; 38 (S1):287-302.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrea Copping; Luke Hanna; Brie Van Cleve; Kara Blake; Richard M. Anderson. 2014. "Environmental Risk Evaluation System—an Approach to Ranking Risk of Ocean Energy Development on Coastal and Estuarine Environments." Estuaries and Coasts 38, no. S1: 287-302.
To assist the University of Maine in demonstrating a clear pathway to project completion, PNNL has developed visualization models of the Aqua Ventus I project that accurately depict the Aqua Ventus I turbines from various points on Monhegain Island, ME and the surrounding area. With a hub height of 100 meters, the Aqua Ventus I turbines are large and may be seen from many areas on Monhegan Island, potentially disrupting important viewsheds. By developing these visualization models, which consist of actual photographs taken from Monhegan Island and the surrounding area with the Aqua Ventus I turbines superimposed within each photograph, PNNL intends to support the project’s siting and permitting process by providing the Monhegan Island community and various other stakeholders with a probable glimpse of how the Aqua Ventus I project will appear.
Luke A. Hanna; Jonathan M. Whiting; Andrea E. Copping. Visual Modeling for Aqua Ventus I off Monhegan Island, ME. Visual Modeling for Aqua Ventus I off Monhegan Island, ME 2013, 1 .
AMA StyleLuke A. Hanna, Jonathan M. Whiting, Andrea E. Copping. Visual Modeling for Aqua Ventus I off Monhegan Island, ME. Visual Modeling for Aqua Ventus I off Monhegan Island, ME. 2013; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuke A. Hanna; Jonathan M. Whiting; Andrea E. Copping. 2013. "Visual Modeling for Aqua Ventus I off Monhegan Island, ME." Visual Modeling for Aqua Ventus I off Monhegan Island, ME , no. : 1.
The DeepCwind consortium, led by the University of Maine, was awarded funding under the US Department of Energy’s Offshore Wind Advanced Technology Demonstration Program to develop two floating offshore wind turbines in the Gulf of Maine equipped with Goldwind 6 MW direct drive turbines, as the Aqua Ventus I project. The Goldwind turbines have a hub height of 100 m. The turbines will be deployed in Maine State waters, approximately 2.9 miles off Monhegan Island; Monhegan Island is located roughly 10 miles off the coast of Maine. In order to site and permit the offshore turbines, the acoustic output must be evaluated to ensure that the sound will not disturb residents on Monhegan Island, nor input sufficient sound levels into the nearby ocean to disturb marine mammals. This initial assessment of the acoustic output focuses on the sound of the turbines in air by modeling the assumed sound source level, applying a sound propagation model, and taking into account the distance from shore.
Jonathan M. Whiting; Luke A. Hanna; Nicole L. DeChello; Andrea E. Copping. Acoustic Modeling for Aqua Ventus I off Monhegan Island, ME. Acoustic Modeling for Aqua Ventus I off Monhegan Island, ME 2013, 1 .
AMA StyleJonathan M. Whiting, Luke A. Hanna, Nicole L. DeChello, Andrea E. Copping. Acoustic Modeling for Aqua Ventus I off Monhegan Island, ME. Acoustic Modeling for Aqua Ventus I off Monhegan Island, ME. 2013; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJonathan M. Whiting; Luke A. Hanna; Nicole L. DeChello; Andrea E. Copping. 2013. "Acoustic Modeling for Aqua Ventus I off Monhegan Island, ME." Acoustic Modeling for Aqua Ventus I off Monhegan Island, ME , no. : 1.
Report on environmental aspects of reference model for ocean current, for internal DOE project.
Andrea E. Copping; Simon H. Geerlofs; Luke A. Hanna. The Contribution of Environmental Siting and Permitting Requirements to the Cost of Energy for Ocean Current Devices - Reference Model #4. The Contribution of Environmental Siting and Permitting Requirements to the Cost of Energy for Ocean Current Devices - Reference Model #4 2013, 1 .
AMA StyleAndrea E. Copping, Simon H. Geerlofs, Luke A. Hanna. The Contribution of Environmental Siting and Permitting Requirements to the Cost of Energy for Ocean Current Devices - Reference Model #4. The Contribution of Environmental Siting and Permitting Requirements to the Cost of Energy for Ocean Current Devices - Reference Model #4. 2013; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrea E. Copping; Simon H. Geerlofs; Luke A. Hanna. 2013. "The Contribution of Environmental Siting and Permitting Requirements to the Cost of Energy for Ocean Current Devices - Reference Model #4." The Contribution of Environmental Siting and Permitting Requirements to the Cost of Energy for Ocean Current Devices - Reference Model #4 , no. : 1.
Responsible deployment of marine and hydrokinetic (MHK) devices in estuaries, coastal areas, and major rivers requires that biological resources and ecosystems be protected through siting and permitting (consenting) processes. Scoping appropriate deployment locations, collecting pre-installation (baseline) and post-installation data all add to the cost of developing MHK projects, and hence to the cost of energy. Under the direction of the U.S. Department of Energy, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory scientists have developed logic models that describe studies and processes for environmental siting and permitting. Each study and environmental permitting process has been assigned a cost derived from existing and proposed tidal, wave, and riverine MHK projects, as well as expert opinion of marine environmental research professionals. Cost estimates have been developed at the pilot and commercial scale. The reference model described in this document is an oscillating water column device deployed in Northern California at approximately 50 meters water depth.
Andrea E. Copping; Simon H. Geerlofs; Luke A. Hanna. The Contribution of Environmental Siting and Permitting Requirements to the Cost of Energy for Oscillating Water Column Wave Energy Devices. The Contribution of Environmental Siting and Permitting Requirements to the Cost of Energy for Oscillating Water Column Wave Energy Devices 2013, 1 .
AMA StyleAndrea E. Copping, Simon H. Geerlofs, Luke A. Hanna. The Contribution of Environmental Siting and Permitting Requirements to the Cost of Energy for Oscillating Water Column Wave Energy Devices. The Contribution of Environmental Siting and Permitting Requirements to the Cost of Energy for Oscillating Water Column Wave Energy Devices. 2013; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrea E. Copping; Simon H. Geerlofs; Luke A. Hanna. 2013. "The Contribution of Environmental Siting and Permitting Requirements to the Cost of Energy for Oscillating Water Column Wave Energy Devices." The Contribution of Environmental Siting and Permitting Requirements to the Cost of Energy for Oscillating Water Column Wave Energy Devices , no. : 1.
The marine and hydrokinetic (MHK) environmental Impacts Knowledge Management System, dubbed “Tethys” after the mythical Greek titaness of the seas, is being developed by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) to support the U.S. Department of Energy’s Wind and Water Power Program (WWPP). Functioning as a smart database, Tethys enables its users to identify key words or terms to help gather, organize and make available information and data pertaining to the environmental effects of MHK and offshore wind (OSW) energy development. By providing and categorizing relevant publications within a simple and searchable database, Tethys acts as a dissemination channel for information and data which can be utilized by regulators, project developers and researchers to minimize the environmental risks associated with offshore renewable energy developments and attempt to streamline the permitting process. Tethys also houses a separate content-related Annex IV data base with identical functionality to the Tethys knowledge base. Annex IV is a collaborative project among member nations of the International Energy Agency (IEA) Ocean Energy Systems – Implementing Agreement (OES-IA) that examines the environmental effects of ocean energy devices and projects. The U.S. Department of Energy leads the Annex IV working with federal partners such as the Federal Energymore » Regulatory Commission (FERC), the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), and the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). While the Annex IV database contains technical reports and journal articles, it is primarily focused on the collection of project site and research study metadata forms (completed by MHK researchers and developers around the world, and collected by PNNL) which provide information on environmental studies and the current progress of the various international MHK developments in the Annex IV member nations. The purpose of this report is to provide a summary of the content, accessibility and functionality enhancements made to the Annex IV and Tethys knowledge bases in FY12.« less
Luke A. Hanna; R. Scott Butner; Jonathan M. Whiting; Andrea E. Copping. Tethys and Annex IV Progress Report for FY 2012. Tethys and Annex IV Progress Report for FY 2012 2013, 1 .
AMA StyleLuke A. Hanna, R. Scott Butner, Jonathan M. Whiting, Andrea E. Copping. Tethys and Annex IV Progress Report for FY 2012. Tethys and Annex IV Progress Report for FY 2012. 2013; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuke A. Hanna; R. Scott Butner; Jonathan M. Whiting; Andrea E. Copping. 2013. "Tethys and Annex IV Progress Report for FY 2012." Tethys and Annex IV Progress Report for FY 2012 , no. : 1.
Potential environmental effects of marine and hydrokinetic (MHK) energy development are not well understood, yet regulatory agencies are required to make decisions in spite of substantial uncertainty about environmental impacts and their long-term consequences. An understanding of risks associated with interactions between MHK installations and aquatic receptors, including animals, habitats, and ecosystems, can help define key uncertainties and focus regulatory actions and scientific studies on interactions of most concern. During FY 2012, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) continued to follow project developments on the two marine and hydrokinetic projects reviewed for Environmental Risk Evaluation System (ERES) screening analysis in FY 2011: a tidal project in the Gulf of Maine using Ocean Renewable Power Company TidGenTM turbines and a wave project planned for the coast of Oregon using Aquamarine Oyster surge devices. The ERES project in FY 2012 also examined two stressor–receptor interactions previously identified through the screening process as being of high importance: 1) the toxicity effects of antifouling coatings on MHK devices on aquatic resources and 2) the risk of a physical strike encounter between an adult killer whale and an OpenHydro turbine blade. The screening-level assessment of antifouling paints and coatings was conducted for two case studies: themore » Snohomish County Public Utility District No. 1 (SnoPUD) tidal turbine energy project in Admiralty Inlet, Puget Sound, Washington, and the Ocean Power Technologies (OPT) wave buoy project in Reedsport, Oregon. Results suggest minimal risk to aquatic biota from antifouling coatings used on MHK devices deployed in large estuaries or open ocean environments. For the strike assessment of a Southern Resident Killer Whale (SRKW) encountering an OpenHydro tidal turbine blade, PNNL teamed with colleagues from Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) to carry out an analysis of the mechanics and biological consequences of different blade strike scenarios. Results of these analyses found the following: 1) a SRKW is not likely to experience significant tissue injury from impact by an OpenHydro turbine blade; and 2) if whale skin behaves similarly to the materials considered as surrogates for the upper dermal layers of whale skin, it would not be torn by an OpenHydro blade strike. The PNNL/SNL analyses could not provide insight into the potential for more subtle changes to SRKWs from an encounter with a turbine, such as changes in behavior, or inform turbine interactions for other whales or other turbines. These analyses were limited by the available time frame in which results were needed and focused on the mechanical response of whale tissues and bone to blade strike. PNNL proposes that analyses of additional turbine designs and interactions with other marine mammals that differ in size, body conformation, and mass be performed.« less
Andrea E. Copping; Kara M. Blake; Luke A. Hanna; Charles A. Brandt; Jeffrey A. Ward; Jill M. Brandenberger; Gary A. Gill; Thomas J. Carlson; Jennifer L. Elster; Mark E. Jones; Bruce E. Watson; Richard A. Jepsen; Kurt Metzinger. Evaluating Effects of Stressors from Marine and Hydrokinetic Energy. Evaluating Effects of Stressors from Marine and Hydrokinetic Energy 2012, 1 .
AMA StyleAndrea E. Copping, Kara M. Blake, Luke A. Hanna, Charles A. Brandt, Jeffrey A. Ward, Jill M. Brandenberger, Gary A. Gill, Thomas J. Carlson, Jennifer L. Elster, Mark E. Jones, Bruce E. Watson, Richard A. Jepsen, Kurt Metzinger. Evaluating Effects of Stressors from Marine and Hydrokinetic Energy. Evaluating Effects of Stressors from Marine and Hydrokinetic Energy. 2012; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrea E. Copping; Kara M. Blake; Luke A. Hanna; Charles A. Brandt; Jeffrey A. Ward; Jill M. Brandenberger; Gary A. Gill; Thomas J. Carlson; Jennifer L. Elster; Mark E. Jones; Bruce E. Watson; Richard A. Jepsen; Kurt Metzinger. 2012. "Evaluating Effects of Stressors from Marine and Hydrokinetic Energy." Evaluating Effects of Stressors from Marine and Hydrokinetic Energy , no. : 1.
Potential environmental effects of offshore wind (OSW) energy projects are not well understood, and regulatory agencies are required to make decisions in spite of substantial uncertainty about environmental impacts and their long-term consequences. An understanding of risks associated with interactions between OSW installations and aquatic receptors, including animals, habitats, and ecosystems, can help define key uncertainties and focus regulatory actions and scientific studies on interactions of most concern. To examine the environmental risks associated with OSW developments in the U.S. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) focused on the following four priority research areas in FY 2012: • Environmental Risk Evaluation System (ERES) - Followed project developments on the two OSW projects that PNNL screened in FY 2011 for environmental consequence: Fishermen’s Energy off the coast of Atlantic City, NJ and LEEDCo. near Cleveland, OH in Lake Erie. • Tethys - Developed a smart knowledge base which houses environmental research, data and information pertaining to OSW energy: • Technical Assessment - Produced a new software to create an automated process of identifying and differentiating between flying organism such as birds and bats by using thermal imagery; and • North Atlantic Right Whales - Developed an environmental risk management system to mitigatemore » the impacts on North Atlantic Right Whales (NARW) during installation and piledriving stages of OSW developments. By identifying and addressing the highest priority environmental risks for OSW devices and associated installations the ERES process assists project proponents, regulators, and stakeholders to engage in the most efficient and effective siting and permitting pathways.« less
Andrea E. Copping; Luke A. Hanna; R. Scott Butner; Thomas J. Carlson; Michele B. Halvorsen; Corey A. Duberstein; Shari Matzner; Jonathan M. Whiting; Kara M. Blake; Jessica Stavole. Environmental Effects of Offshore Wind Development. Fiscal Year 2012 Progress Report. Environmental Effects of Offshore Wind Development. Fiscal Year 2012 Progress Report 2012, 1 .
AMA StyleAndrea E. Copping, Luke A. Hanna, R. Scott Butner, Thomas J. Carlson, Michele B. Halvorsen, Corey A. Duberstein, Shari Matzner, Jonathan M. Whiting, Kara M. Blake, Jessica Stavole. Environmental Effects of Offshore Wind Development. Fiscal Year 2012 Progress Report. Environmental Effects of Offshore Wind Development. Fiscal Year 2012 Progress Report. 2012; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrea E. Copping; Luke A. Hanna; R. Scott Butner; Thomas J. Carlson; Michele B. Halvorsen; Corey A. Duberstein; Shari Matzner; Jonathan M. Whiting; Kara M. Blake; Jessica Stavole. 2012. "Environmental Effects of Offshore Wind Development. Fiscal Year 2012 Progress Report." Environmental Effects of Offshore Wind Development. Fiscal Year 2012 Progress Report , no. : 1.
Potential environmental effects of offshore wind (OSW) energy development are not well understood, and yet regulatory agencies are required to make decisions in spite of substantial uncertainty about environmental impacts and their long-term consequences. An understanding of risks associated with interactions between OSW installations and avian and aquatic receptors, including animals, habitats, and ecosystems, can help define key uncertainties and focus regulatory actions and scientific studies on interactions of most concern. During FY 2011, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) scientists adapted and applied the Environmental Risk Evaluation System (ERES), first developed to examine the effects of marine and hydrokinetic energy devices on aquatic environments, to offshore wind development. PNNL scientists conducted a risk screening analysis on two initial OSW cases: a wind project in Lake Erie and a wind project off the Atlantic coast of the United States near Atlantic City, New Jersey. The screening analysis revealed that top-tier stressors in the two OSW cases were the dynamic effects of the device (e.g., strike), accidents/disasters, and effects of the static physical presence of the device, such as alterations in bottom habitats. Receptor interactions with these stressors at the highest tiers of risk were dominated by threatened and endangered animals. Riskmore » to the physical environment from changes in flow regime also ranked high. Peer review of this process and results will be conducted during FY 2012. The ERES screening analysis provides an assessment of the vulnerability of environmental receptors to stressors associated with OSW installations; a probability analysis is needed to determine specific risk levels to receptors. As more data become available that document effects of offshore wind farms on specific receptors in U.S. coastal and Great Lakes waters, probability analyses will be performed.« less
Andrea E. Copping; Luke A. Hanna. Screening Analysis for the Environmental Risk Evaluation System Fiscal Year 2011 Report Environmental Effects of Offshore Wind Energy. Screening Analysis for the Environmental Risk Evaluation System Fiscal Year 2011 Report Environmental Effects of Offshore Wind Energy 2011, 1 .
AMA StyleAndrea E. Copping, Luke A. Hanna. Screening Analysis for the Environmental Risk Evaluation System Fiscal Year 2011 Report Environmental Effects of Offshore Wind Energy. Screening Analysis for the Environmental Risk Evaluation System Fiscal Year 2011 Report Environmental Effects of Offshore Wind Energy. 2011; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrea E. Copping; Luke A. Hanna. 2011. "Screening Analysis for the Environmental Risk Evaluation System Fiscal Year 2011 Report Environmental Effects of Offshore Wind Energy." Screening Analysis for the Environmental Risk Evaluation System Fiscal Year 2011 Report Environmental Effects of Offshore Wind Energy , no. : 1.