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Prof. Armando Zarrelli
Department of Chemical Sciences, University Federico II, Naples , Italy

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Journal article
Published: 13 August 2021 in Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry
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: To date, just over a hundred phenanthrenoid dimers have been isolated. Of these, forty-two are completely phenanthrenic in nature. They are isolated from fourteen genera of different plants belonging to only five families, of which Orchidaceae is the most abundant source. Other nine completely acetylated and five methylated dimers were also defined, which were effective in establishing the position of the free hydroxyls of the corresponding natural products, from which they were obtained by semi-synthesis. Structurally, they could be useful chemotaxonomic markers considering that some substituents are typical of a single-family, such as the vinyl group for Juncaceae. From a biogenetic point of view, it is thought that these compounds derive from the radical coupling of the corresponding phenanthrenes or by dehydrogenation of the dihydrophenanthrenoid analogs. Phenanthrenes or dihydroderivatives possess different biological activities, e.g., antiproliferative, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, spasmolytic, anxiolytic, and antialgal effects. The aim of this review is to summarize the occurrence of phenanthrene dimers in the different natural sources and give a comprehensive overview their structural characteristics and biological activities.

ACS Style

Antonino De Natale; Antonino Pollio; Anna De Marco; Giovanni Luongo; Giovanni Di Fabio; Armando Zarrelli. Phenanthrene Dimers: Promising Source of Biologically Active Molecules. Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 2021, 21, 1 -1.

AMA Style

Antonino De Natale, Antonino Pollio, Anna De Marco, Giovanni Luongo, Giovanni Di Fabio, Armando Zarrelli. Phenanthrene Dimers: Promising Source of Biologically Active Molecules. Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry. 2021; 21 ():1-1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Antonino De Natale; Antonino Pollio; Anna De Marco; Giovanni Luongo; Giovanni Di Fabio; Armando Zarrelli. 2021. "Phenanthrene Dimers: Promising Source of Biologically Active Molecules." Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 21, no. : 1-1.

Journal article
Published: 23 July 2021 in Horticulturae
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Neglected and underutilized species (NUS) offer largely unexplored opportunities for providing nutritious plant food, while making agro-ecosystems more diverse and resilient to climate change. The aim of this work was to explore the potential of two typical Mediterranean underutilized species, purslane and borage, as novel vegetable product (microgreens). Micro-scale production of edible plants is spreading due to the simplicity of their management, rapid cycle, harvest index, and phytochemical value of the edible product. Microgreens, therefore, represent an opportunity to link NUS, nutrition, and agricultural and dietary diversification. By analyzing yield, antioxidants activities, mineral composition, and main phenolic acids and flavonoids, our work indicated that the two species provide interesting results when compared with those reported for crops and horticultural species. Specifically, purslane should be considered highly nutritional due to the amount of phenolic compounds and ascorbic acid, and to potential good β-carotene bioavailability. Borage microgreens have a very high fresh yield and a more composite and balanced phenolic profile. In conclusion, our work provided evidence for implementing new ways to expand the NUS market-chains and for developing added-value food products.

ACS Style

Giandomenico Corrado; Christophe El-Nakhel; Giulia Graziani; Antonio Pannico; Armando Zarrelli; Paola Giannini; Alberto Ritieni; Stefania De Pascale; Marios Kyriacou; Youssef Rouphael. Productive and Morphometric Traits, Mineral Composition and Secondary Metabolome Components of Borage and Purslane as Underutilized Species for Microgreens Production. Horticulturae 2021, 7, 211 .

AMA Style

Giandomenico Corrado, Christophe El-Nakhel, Giulia Graziani, Antonio Pannico, Armando Zarrelli, Paola Giannini, Alberto Ritieni, Stefania De Pascale, Marios Kyriacou, Youssef Rouphael. Productive and Morphometric Traits, Mineral Composition and Secondary Metabolome Components of Borage and Purslane as Underutilized Species for Microgreens Production. Horticulturae. 2021; 7 (8):211.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Giandomenico Corrado; Christophe El-Nakhel; Giulia Graziani; Antonio Pannico; Armando Zarrelli; Paola Giannini; Alberto Ritieni; Stefania De Pascale; Marios Kyriacou; Youssef Rouphael. 2021. "Productive and Morphometric Traits, Mineral Composition and Secondary Metabolome Components of Borage and Purslane as Underutilized Species for Microgreens Production." Horticulturae 7, no. 8: 211.

Journal article
Published: 10 June 2021 in Applied Sciences
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Antihypertensive drugs are among the most prescribed drugs. Olmesartan acid, of the sartan class, belongs to a relatively new generation of antihypertensive drugs called angiotensin II receptor blockers. There are very few studies on the presence and fate of sartans in the environment, despite them being marketed in huge quantities, metabolized in low percentages, and detected in wastewater and water bodies. This paper presents a study on the less abundant and more polar fractions that have been neglected in previous studies, which led to the isolation by chromatographic methods of thirteen degradation byproducts (DPs), six of which are new, identified by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. A mechanism of degradation from the parent drug was proposed. The ecotoxicity of olmesartan acid and identified compounds was evaluated in Aliivibrio fischeri bacteria and Raphidocelis subcapitata algae to assess acute and chronic toxicity. For 75% of the DPs, acute and chronic exposure to the compounds, at concentrations of 5 mg/L, inhibited population growth in the algae and decreased bioluminescence in the bacteria.

ACS Style

Giovanni Luongo; Antonietta Siciliano; Giovanni Libralato; Marco Guida; Lorenzo Saviano; Lucio Previtera; Giovanni Di Fabio; Armando Zarrelli. Complete Characterization of Degradation Byproducts of Olmesartan Acid, Degradation Pathway, and Ecotoxicity Assessment. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 5393 .

AMA Style

Giovanni Luongo, Antonietta Siciliano, Giovanni Libralato, Marco Guida, Lorenzo Saviano, Lucio Previtera, Giovanni Di Fabio, Armando Zarrelli. Complete Characterization of Degradation Byproducts of Olmesartan Acid, Degradation Pathway, and Ecotoxicity Assessment. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (12):5393.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Giovanni Luongo; Antonietta Siciliano; Giovanni Libralato; Marco Guida; Lorenzo Saviano; Lucio Previtera; Giovanni Di Fabio; Armando Zarrelli. 2021. "Complete Characterization of Degradation Byproducts of Olmesartan Acid, Degradation Pathway, and Ecotoxicity Assessment." Applied Sciences 11, no. 12: 5393.

Journal article
Published: 05 June 2021 in Molecules
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In recent years, many studies have reported the frequent detection of antihypertensive agents such as sartans (olmesartan, valsartan, irbesartan and candesartan) in the influents and effluents of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and in the superficial waters of rivers and lakes in both Europe and North America. In this paper, the degradation pathway for candesartan (CAN) was investigated by simulating the chlorination process that is normally used to reduce microbial contamination in a WWTP. Twelve isolated degradation byproducts (DPs), four of which were isolated for the first time, were separated on a C-18 column by employing a gradient HPLC method, and their structures were identified by combining nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry and comparing the results with commercial standards. On the basis of these results, a mechanism of formation starting from the parent drug is proposed. The ecotoxicity of CAN and its DPs was studied by conducting a battery of ecotoxicity tests; bioassays were performed using Aliivibrio fischeri (bacterium), Daphnia magna (planktonic crustacean) and Raphidocelis subcapitata (alga). The ecotoxicity results shed new light on the increased toxicity of DPs compared with the parent compound.

ACS Style

Giovanni Luongo; Lorenzo Saviano; Giovanni Libralato; Marco Guida; Antonietta Siciliano; Lucio Previtera; Giovanni Di Fabio; Armando Zarrelli. Secondary Effects of Hypochlorite Treatment on the Emerging Pollutant Candesartan: The Formation of Degradation Byproducts and Their Toxicological Profiles. Molecules 2021, 26, 3422 .

AMA Style

Giovanni Luongo, Lorenzo Saviano, Giovanni Libralato, Marco Guida, Antonietta Siciliano, Lucio Previtera, Giovanni Di Fabio, Armando Zarrelli. Secondary Effects of Hypochlorite Treatment on the Emerging Pollutant Candesartan: The Formation of Degradation Byproducts and Their Toxicological Profiles. Molecules. 2021; 26 (11):3422.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Giovanni Luongo; Lorenzo Saviano; Giovanni Libralato; Marco Guida; Antonietta Siciliano; Lucio Previtera; Giovanni Di Fabio; Armando Zarrelli. 2021. "Secondary Effects of Hypochlorite Treatment on the Emerging Pollutant Candesartan: The Formation of Degradation Byproducts and Their Toxicological Profiles." Molecules 26, no. 11: 3422.

Journal article
Published: 10 May 2021 in Foods
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Microgreens constitute novel gastronomic ingredients that combine visual, kinesthetic and bioactive qualities. The definition of the optimal developmental stage for harvesting microgreens remains fluid. Their superior phytochemical content against mature leaves underpins the current hypothesis of significant changes in compositional profile during the brief interval of ontogeny from the appearance of the first (S1) to the second true leaf (S2). Microgreens of four brassicaceous genotypes (Komatsuna, Mibuna, Mizuna and Pak Choi) grown under controlled conditions and harvested at S1 and S2 were appraised for fresh and dry yield traits. They were further analyzed for macro- and micromineral content using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), carotenoid content using high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode-array detector (HPLC-DAD), volatile organic compounds using solid-phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS), anthocyanins and polyphenols using liquid chromatography-high resolution-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with Orbitrap technology and for chlorophyll and ascorbate concentrations, well as antioxidant capacity by spectrophotometry. Analysis of compositional profiles revealed genotype as the principal source of variation for all constituents. The response of mineral and phytochemical composition and of antioxidant capacity to the growth stage was limited and largely genotype-dependent. It is, therefore, questionable whether delaying harvest from S1 to S2 would significantly improve the bioactive value of microgreens while the cost-benefit analysis for this decision must be genotype-specific. Finally, the lower-yielding genotypes (Mizuna and Pak Choi) registered higher relative increase in fresh yield between S1 and S2, compared to the faster-growing and higher-yielding genotypes. Although the optimal harvest stage for specific genotypes must be determined considering the increase in yield against reduction in crop turnover, harvesting at S2 seems advisable for the lower-yielding genotypes.

ACS Style

Marios Kyriacou; Christophe El-Nakhel; Antonio Pannico; Giulia Graziani; Armando Zarrelli; Georgios Soteriou; Angelos Kyratzis; Chrystalla Antoniou; Fabiana Pizzolongo; Raffaele Romano; Alberto Ritieni; Stefania De Pascale; Youssef Rouphael. Ontogenetic Variation in the Mineral, Phytochemical and Yield Attributes of Brassicaceous Microgreens. Foods 2021, 10, 1032 .

AMA Style

Marios Kyriacou, Christophe El-Nakhel, Antonio Pannico, Giulia Graziani, Armando Zarrelli, Georgios Soteriou, Angelos Kyratzis, Chrystalla Antoniou, Fabiana Pizzolongo, Raffaele Romano, Alberto Ritieni, Stefania De Pascale, Youssef Rouphael. Ontogenetic Variation in the Mineral, Phytochemical and Yield Attributes of Brassicaceous Microgreens. Foods. 2021; 10 (5):1032.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marios Kyriacou; Christophe El-Nakhel; Antonio Pannico; Giulia Graziani; Armando Zarrelli; Georgios Soteriou; Angelos Kyratzis; Chrystalla Antoniou; Fabiana Pizzolongo; Raffaele Romano; Alberto Ritieni; Stefania De Pascale; Youssef Rouphael. 2021. "Ontogenetic Variation in the Mineral, Phytochemical and Yield Attributes of Brassicaceous Microgreens." Foods 10, no. 5: 1032.

Journal article
Published: 22 March 2021 in Molecules
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The discovery of various sartans, which are among the most used antihypertensive drugs in the world, is increasingly frequent not only in wastewater but also in surface water and, in some cases, even in drinking or groundwater. In this paper, the degradation pathway of olmesartan acid, one of the most used sartans, was investigated by simulating the chlorination process normally used in a wastewater treatment plant to reduce similar emerging pollutants. The structures of nine isolated degradation byproducts (DPs), eight of which were isolated for the first time, were separated via chromatography column and HPLC methods, identified by combining nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry, and justified by a proposed mechanism of formation beginning from the parent drug. Ecotoxicity tests on olmesartan acid and its nine DPs showed that 50% of the investigated byproducts inhibited the target species Aliivibrio fischeri and Raphidocelis subcapitata, causing functional decreases of 18% and 53%, respectively.

ACS Style

Giovanni Luongo; Antonietta Siciliano; Giovanni Libralato; Sara Serafini; Lorenzo Saviano; Lucio Previtera; Giovanni Di Fabio; Armando Zarrelli. LC and NMR Studies for Identification and Characterization of Degradation Byproducts of Olmesartan Acid, Elucidation of Their Degradation Pathway and Ecotoxicity Assessment. Molecules 2021, 26, 1769 .

AMA Style

Giovanni Luongo, Antonietta Siciliano, Giovanni Libralato, Sara Serafini, Lorenzo Saviano, Lucio Previtera, Giovanni Di Fabio, Armando Zarrelli. LC and NMR Studies for Identification and Characterization of Degradation Byproducts of Olmesartan Acid, Elucidation of Their Degradation Pathway and Ecotoxicity Assessment. Molecules. 2021; 26 (6):1769.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Giovanni Luongo; Antonietta Siciliano; Giovanni Libralato; Sara Serafini; Lorenzo Saviano; Lucio Previtera; Giovanni Di Fabio; Armando Zarrelli. 2021. "LC and NMR Studies for Identification and Characterization of Degradation Byproducts of Olmesartan Acid, Elucidation of Their Degradation Pathway and Ecotoxicity Assessment." Molecules 26, no. 6: 1769.

Review article
Published: 20 February 2021 in Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy
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Sartans are chemical compounds with antagonistic action towards the AT1 receptors of angiotensin II, a multifunctional peptide with vasoconstrictor action and one of the main peptides responsible for regulating blood pressure. Losartan (progenitor of the group), valsartan, irbesartan, candesartan, eprosartan, telmisartan and a few other compounds belong to this class. The use of sartans, introduced in the mid-90s of the last century, has quickly spread mainly due to the alleged reduction in the incidence of certain adverse effects of varying severity (cough, angioedema) associated with the intake of ACE inhibitors. Their very strong commercial success together with their low metabolic degradation and high environmental persistence has consecrated them as emerging pollutants in just 20 years. This review presents a complete picture of sartans in relation to their chemical structure, chemical-physical properties and by-products in aqueous solutions as well as under oxidative and photodegradative conditions, their environmental presence and knowledge known to date and their fate in wastewater treatment plants.

ACS Style

Afef Ladhari; Giorgia La Mura; Cinzia Di Marino; Giovanni Di Fabio; Armando Zarrelli. Sartans: What they are for, how they degrade, where they are found and how they transform. Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy 2021, 20, 100409 .

AMA Style

Afef Ladhari, Giorgia La Mura, Cinzia Di Marino, Giovanni Di Fabio, Armando Zarrelli. Sartans: What they are for, how they degrade, where they are found and how they transform. Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy. 2021; 20 ():100409.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Afef Ladhari; Giorgia La Mura; Cinzia Di Marino; Giovanni Di Fabio; Armando Zarrelli. 2021. "Sartans: What they are for, how they degrade, where they are found and how they transform." Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy 20, no. : 100409.

Journal article
Published: 25 January 2021 in Applied Sciences
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In recent years, many studies have highlighted the consistent finding of amoxicillin in waters destined for wastewater treatment plants, in addition to superficial waters of rivers and lakes in both Europe and North America. In this paper, the amoxicillin degradation pathway was investigated by simulating the chlorination process normally used in a wastewater treatment plant to reduce similar emerging pollutants at three different pH values. The structures of 16 isolated degradation byproducts (DPs), one of which was isolated for the first time, were separated on a C-18 column via a gradient HPLC method. Combining mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance, we then compared commercial standards and justified a proposed formation mechanism beginning from the parent drug. Microbial growth inhibition bioassays with Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus were performed to determine the potential loss of antibacterial activity in isolated degradation byproducts. An increase of antibacterial activity in the DPs was observed compared to the parent compound.

ACS Style

Antonietta Siciliano; Marco Guida; Giovanni Libralato; Lorenzo Saviano; Giovanni Luongo; Lucio Previtera; Giovanni Di Fabio; Armando Zarrelli. Amoxicillin in Water: Insights into Relative Reactivity, Byproduct Formation, and Toxicological Interactions during Chlorination. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 1076 .

AMA Style

Antonietta Siciliano, Marco Guida, Giovanni Libralato, Lorenzo Saviano, Giovanni Luongo, Lucio Previtera, Giovanni Di Fabio, Armando Zarrelli. Amoxicillin in Water: Insights into Relative Reactivity, Byproduct Formation, and Toxicological Interactions during Chlorination. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (3):1076.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Antonietta Siciliano; Marco Guida; Giovanni Libralato; Lorenzo Saviano; Giovanni Luongo; Lucio Previtera; Giovanni Di Fabio; Armando Zarrelli. 2021. "Amoxicillin in Water: Insights into Relative Reactivity, Byproduct Formation, and Toxicological Interactions during Chlorination." Applied Sciences 11, no. 3: 1076.

Preprint
Published: 24 December 2020
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In recent years, many studies have highlighted the consistent finding of amoxicillin in waters destined for wastewater treatment plants, in addition to superficial waters of rivers and lakes in both Europe and North America. In this paper, the amoxicillin degradation pathway was investigated by simulating the chlorination process normally used in a wastewater treatment plant to reduce similar emerging pollutants at three different pH values. The structures of 16 isolated degradation byproducts (DPs), one of which was isolated for the first time, were separated on a C-18 column via a gradient HPLC method. Then, combining mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS/TOF) and nuclear magnetic resonance, we compared commercial standards and justified a proposed formation mechanism beginning from the parent drug. Microbial growth inhibition bioassays with Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus were performed to determine the potential loss of antibacterial activity in isolated degradation byproducts. An increase of antibacterial activity in the DPs was observed compared to the parent compound.

ACS Style

Antonietta Siciliano; Marco Guida; Giovanni Libralato; Lorenzo Saviano; Giovanni Luongo; Lucio Previtera; Giovanni Di Fabio; Armando Zarrelli. Amoxicillin in Water: Insights Into Relative Reactivity, Byproduct Formation, and Toxicological Interactions During Chlorination. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Antonietta Siciliano, Marco Guida, Giovanni Libralato, Lorenzo Saviano, Giovanni Luongo, Lucio Previtera, Giovanni Di Fabio, Armando Zarrelli. Amoxicillin in Water: Insights Into Relative Reactivity, Byproduct Formation, and Toxicological Interactions During Chlorination. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Antonietta Siciliano; Marco Guida; Giovanni Libralato; Lorenzo Saviano; Giovanni Luongo; Lucio Previtera; Giovanni Di Fabio; Armando Zarrelli. 2020. "Amoxicillin in Water: Insights Into Relative Reactivity, Byproduct Formation, and Toxicological Interactions During Chlorination." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 12 November 2020 in Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis
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Diclofenac (DCF) is the most widely prescribed non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug in the world and it has been detected in drinking and surface waters. In this paper, the effect of chlorination process on DCF in aqueous solutions was investigated and the structures of 14 isolated degradation by-products (DPs), of which nine are new, have been determined from combining mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance data and justified by a proposed mechanism of formation beginning from the parent drug. Some degradation by-products show only one phenyl, others are dimers or trimers of the parental compound, which has undergone oxidative decarboxylation of the side chain and/or chlorination of this or one or both aromatic rings. Ecotoxicological bioassays evidenced the following sensitivities D. magna < R. subcapitata < A. fischeri. The isolated DPs (DP1−8, except for DP9) exhibited effects ≥ 50 % in the exposed microalgae and crustaceans showing toxicities mainly ranked from slight to acute.

ACS Style

Giovanni Luongo; Marco Guida; Antonietta Siciliano; Giovanni Libralato; Lorenzo Saviano; Angela Amoresano; Lucio Previtera; Giovanni Di Fabio; Armando Zarrelli. Oxidation of diclofenac in water by sodium hypochlorite: Identification of new degradation by-products and their ecotoxicological evaluation. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 2020, 194, 113762 .

AMA Style

Giovanni Luongo, Marco Guida, Antonietta Siciliano, Giovanni Libralato, Lorenzo Saviano, Angela Amoresano, Lucio Previtera, Giovanni Di Fabio, Armando Zarrelli. Oxidation of diclofenac in water by sodium hypochlorite: Identification of new degradation by-products and their ecotoxicological evaluation. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2020; 194 ():113762.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Giovanni Luongo; Marco Guida; Antonietta Siciliano; Giovanni Libralato; Lorenzo Saviano; Angela Amoresano; Lucio Previtera; Giovanni Di Fabio; Armando Zarrelli. 2020. "Oxidation of diclofenac in water by sodium hypochlorite: Identification of new degradation by-products and their ecotoxicological evaluation." Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 194, no. : 113762.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2020 in Journal of Dairy Science
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Nowadays, there is an increasing concern regarding the shelf life of food products, leading producers to research natural antimicrobial agents to use in food preparation. In this study, we evaluated the antifungal activity of Lactobacillus plantarum fermented whey and then added the whey during preparation of pita bread to study shelf-life improvement. The fermented whey showed a satisfactory inhibitory (antifungal) effect against Penicillium expansum and Penicillium brevicompactum strains: the minimum inhibitory and minimum fungicidal concentrations ranged from 3.9 to 39.0 g/L and from 62.5 to 250 g/L, respectively. Addition of fermented whey increased the shelf life of the pita bread. After inoculation of the bread surface with Penicillium, an increase in shelf life until d 8 was achieved compared with the positive control, whereas under natural contamination conditions, an extension of shelf life until d 19 was observed. In terms of antimicrobial activity, the greatest reduction (100%) in fungal growth was achieved when all of the water in the dough was replaced with fermented whey. An untrained sensory panel could not identify differences between bread produced with fermented whey and control pita breads. These results suggest the possibility of using fermented whey in food preservation.

ACS Style

L. Izzo; C. Luz; A. Ritieni; J. Mañes; G. Meca. Whey fermented by using Lactobacillus plantarum strains: A promising approach to increase the shelf life of pita bread. Journal of Dairy Science 2020, 103, 5906 -5915.

AMA Style

L. Izzo, C. Luz, A. Ritieni, J. Mañes, G. Meca. Whey fermented by using Lactobacillus plantarum strains: A promising approach to increase the shelf life of pita bread. Journal of Dairy Science. 2020; 103 (7):5906-5915.

Chicago/Turabian Style

L. Izzo; C. Luz; A. Ritieni; J. Mañes; G. Meca. 2020. "Whey fermented by using Lactobacillus plantarum strains: A promising approach to increase the shelf life of pita bread." Journal of Dairy Science 103, no. 7: 5906-5915.

Journal article
Published: 13 May 2020 in Molecules
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Numerous substances from different chemical sectors, from the pharmaceutical industry to the many consumer products available for everyday usage, can find their way into water intended for human consumption and wastewater, and can have adverse effects on the environment and human health. Thus, the disinfection process is an essential stage in water and wastewater treatment plants to destroy pathogenic microorganisms but it can form degradation byproducts. Sodium hypochlorite is the most common disinfectant, but the most important drawback associated with this kind of compound is the generation of toxic disinfection byproducts. Many studies have been carried out to identify alternative disinfectants, and in the last few years, peracetic acid has been highlighted as a feasible solution, particularly in wastewater treatment. This study compares the transformations of five emerging pollutants (caffeine, tramadol, irbesartan, diclofenac, trazodone) treated with peracetic acid, to evaluate their degradation and the possible formation of byproducts with those obtained with sodium hypochlorite. Although peracetic acid has many advantages, including a wide field of use against microorganisms and a low toxicity towards animal and plant organisms, it is not as effective in the degradation of the considered pollutants. These ones are recovered substantially and are unchanged quantitatively, producing a very low number of byproducts.

ACS Style

Giovanni Luongo; Lucio Previtera; Afef Ladhari; Giovanni Di Fabio; Armando Zarrelli. Peracetic Acid vs. Sodium Hypochlorite: Degradation and Transformation of Drugs in Wastewater. Molecules 2020, 25, 2294 .

AMA Style

Giovanni Luongo, Lucio Previtera, Afef Ladhari, Giovanni Di Fabio, Armando Zarrelli. Peracetic Acid vs. Sodium Hypochlorite: Degradation and Transformation of Drugs in Wastewater. Molecules. 2020; 25 (10):2294.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Giovanni Luongo; Lucio Previtera; Afef Ladhari; Giovanni Di Fabio; Armando Zarrelli. 2020. "Peracetic Acid vs. Sodium Hypochlorite: Degradation and Transformation of Drugs in Wastewater." Molecules 25, no. 10: 2294.

Journal article
Published: 25 March 2020 in Antioxidants
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Selenium (Se) is considered essential for human nutrition as it is involved in the metabolic pathway of selenoproteins and relevant biological functions. Microgreens, defined as tender immature greens, constitute an emerging functional food characterized by overall higher levels of phytonutrients than their mature counterparts. The nutraceutical value of microgreens can be further improved through Se biofortification, delivering Se-enriched foods and potentially an enhanced content of bioactive compounds. The current study defined the effect of sodium selenate applications at three concentrations (0, 8, and 16 μM Se) on the bioactive compounds and mineral content of coriander, green basil, purple basil, and tatsoi microgreens grown in soilless cultivation. Analytical emphasis was dedicated to the identification and quantification of polyphenols by UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS, major carotenoids by HPLC-DAD, and macro micro-minerals by ICP-OES. Twenty-seven phenolic compounds were quantified, of which the most abundant were: Chlorogenic acid and rutin in coriander, caffeic acid hexoside and kaempferol-3-O(caffeoyl) sophoroside-7-O-glucoside in tatsoi, and cichoric acid and rosmarinic acid in both green and purple basil. In coriander and tatsoi microgreens, the application of 16 μM Se increased the total phenols content by 21% and 95%, respectively; moreover, it improved the yield by 44% and 18%, respectively. At the same Se dose, the bioactive value of coriander and tatsoi was enhanced by a significant increase in rutin (33%) and kaempferol-3-O(feruloyl)sophoroside-7-O-glucoside (157%), respectively, compared to the control. In green and purple basil microgreens, the 8 μM Se application enhanced the lutein concentration by 7% and 19%, respectively. The same application rate also increased the overall macroelements content by 35% and total polyphenols concentration by 32% but only in the green cultivar. The latter actually had a tripled chicoric acid content compared to the untreated control. All microgreen genotypes exhibited an increase in the Se content in response to the biofortification treatments, thereby satisfying the recommended daily allowance for Se (RDA-Se) from 20% to 133%. The optimal Se dose that guarantees the effectiveness of Se biofortification and improves the content of bioactive compounds was 16 μM in coriander and tatsoi, and 8 μM in green and purple basil.

ACS Style

Antonio Pannico; Christophe El-Nakhel; Giulia Graziani; Marios C. Kyriacou; Maria Giordano; Georgios A. Soteriou; Armando Zarrelli; Alberto Ritieni; Stefania De Pascale; Youssef Rouphael; Georgios Soteriou. Selenium Biofortification Impacts the Nutritive Value, Polyphenolic Content, and Bioactive Constitution of Variable Microgreens Genotypes. Antioxidants 2020, 9, 272 .

AMA Style

Antonio Pannico, Christophe El-Nakhel, Giulia Graziani, Marios C. Kyriacou, Maria Giordano, Georgios A. Soteriou, Armando Zarrelli, Alberto Ritieni, Stefania De Pascale, Youssef Rouphael, Georgios Soteriou. Selenium Biofortification Impacts the Nutritive Value, Polyphenolic Content, and Bioactive Constitution of Variable Microgreens Genotypes. Antioxidants. 2020; 9 (4):272.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Antonio Pannico; Christophe El-Nakhel; Giulia Graziani; Marios C. Kyriacou; Maria Giordano; Georgios A. Soteriou; Armando Zarrelli; Alberto Ritieni; Stefania De Pascale; Youssef Rouphael; Georgios Soteriou. 2020. "Selenium Biofortification Impacts the Nutritive Value, Polyphenolic Content, and Bioactive Constitution of Variable Microgreens Genotypes." Antioxidants 9, no. 4: 272.

Journal article
Published: 20 November 2019 in Science of The Total Environment
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Recently, many studies highlighted the consistent finding of irbesartan in effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and in some rivers and lakes in both Europe and North America, suggesting that no >80% can be removed by specific treatments. The present investigation attempts to study the chemical fate of irbesartan in a simulated chlorination step, mimicking the conditions of a WWTP. A total of six disinfection by-products were identified, five were completely new, and separated on a C-18 column by employing a gradient HPLC method. Initially, a complete mass fragmentation pathway of the drug was established with the help of MS/TOF, and subsequently, the disinfection by-products were subjected to MS/TOF mass studies to obtain their mass and fragment pattern. The MS results helped to assign tentative structures to the disinfection products, which were verified through 1D and 2D NMR experiments. The chemical structures of the new compounds have been justified by a proposed mechanism of formation. A preliminary ecotoxicity assessment with the crustacean Daphnia magna showed that some of the identified by-products were up to 12-times more toxic than irbesartan.

ACS Style

Valeria Romanucci; Antonietta Siciliano; Marco Guida; Giovanni Libralato; Lorenzo Saviano; Giovanni Luongo; Lucio Previtera; Giovanni Di Fabio; Armando Zarrelli. Disinfection by-products and ecotoxic risk associated with hypochlorite treatment of irbesartan. Science of The Total Environment 2019, 712, 135625 .

AMA Style

Valeria Romanucci, Antonietta Siciliano, Marco Guida, Giovanni Libralato, Lorenzo Saviano, Giovanni Luongo, Lucio Previtera, Giovanni Di Fabio, Armando Zarrelli. Disinfection by-products and ecotoxic risk associated with hypochlorite treatment of irbesartan. Science of The Total Environment. 2019; 712 ():135625.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Valeria Romanucci; Antonietta Siciliano; Marco Guida; Giovanni Libralato; Lorenzo Saviano; Giovanni Luongo; Lucio Previtera; Giovanni Di Fabio; Armando Zarrelli. 2019. "Disinfection by-products and ecotoxic risk associated with hypochlorite treatment of irbesartan." Science of The Total Environment 712, no. : 135625.

Short communication
Published: 06 November 2019 in Natural Product Research
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The aim of this work is to compare new and traditional extraction methods to obtain silymarin from Silybum marianum, a biennial herbaceous plant of the Asteraceae family, present throughout the Mediterranean basin and used to treat several diseases. Silymarin primarily contains flavonolignans and flavonoids and is used in some pharmaceutical preparations to improve of liver function and as a protective against some hepatotoxins. In six extracts obtained by new and traditional extraction methods, the total contents of silymarin and its main flavonolignans, total phenols and condensed tannins were evaluated in addition to their respective antioxidant capacities. By the Naviglio extractor, that is a rapid solid-liquid dynamic extraction method, it is possible to obtain a fraction quantitatively more abundant than other methods, and with a lower content of tannins and phenolic compounds but with a higher content of flavonolignans, rare and expensive, and therefore easier to separate and purify.

ACS Style

Anna De Marco; Giovanni Luongo; Cinzia Di Marino; Gaetano De Tommaso; Giovanni Di Fabio; Armando Zarrelli. Silymarin from Silybum marianum by Naviglio's extractor: a new and very efficient approach. Natural Product Research 2019, 35, 2621 -2627.

AMA Style

Anna De Marco, Giovanni Luongo, Cinzia Di Marino, Gaetano De Tommaso, Giovanni Di Fabio, Armando Zarrelli. Silymarin from Silybum marianum by Naviglio's extractor: a new and very efficient approach. Natural Product Research. 2019; 35 (15):2621-2627.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anna De Marco; Giovanni Luongo; Cinzia Di Marino; Gaetano De Tommaso; Giovanni Di Fabio; Armando Zarrelli. 2019. "Silymarin from Silybum marianum by Naviglio's extractor: a new and very efficient approach." Natural Product Research 35, no. 15: 2621-2627.

Special issue article
Published: 30 May 2019 in Phytochemical Analysis
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Introduction Artemisia annua is a small herbaceous plant belonging to the Asteraceae family declared therapeutic by the World Health Organisation, in particular for its artemisinin content, an active ingredient at the base of most antimalarial treatments, used every year by over 300 million people. In the last years, owing to low artemisinin content, research of new ways to increase the yield of the plant matrix has led to the use of the total extract taking advantage from the synergic and stabilising effects of the other components. Objective In this work we evaluated and compared the content of artemisinin and scopoletin in extracts of A. annua collected in the Campania Region (southern Italy), by two different extraction processes. Methodology Artemisia annua plants were extracted by traditional maceration (TM) in hydroalcoholic solution as a mother tincture prepared according to the European Pharmacopeia and by pressurised cyclic solid–liquid (PCSL) extraction, a new generation method using the Naviglio extractor. Results The results showed that the PCSL extraction technique is more effective than traditional methods in extracting both phytochemicals, up to 15 times more, reducing the extraction times, without using solvents or having risks for the operators, the environment and the users of the extracts. Conclusion The Naviglio extractor provides extracts with an artemisinin and scopoletin content eight times higher than the daily therapeutic dose, which should be evaluated for its stability over time and biological properties for possible direct use for therapeutic purposes.

ACS Style

Armando Zarrelli; Antonino Pollio; Serena Aceto; Valeria Romanucci; Francesca Carella; Paolo Stefani; Antonino De Natale; Gionata De Vico. Optimisation of artemisinin and scopoletin extraction from Artemisia annua with a new modern pressurised cyclic solid–liquid (PCSL) extraction technique. Phytochemical Analysis 2019, 30, 564 -571.

AMA Style

Armando Zarrelli, Antonino Pollio, Serena Aceto, Valeria Romanucci, Francesca Carella, Paolo Stefani, Antonino De Natale, Gionata De Vico. Optimisation of artemisinin and scopoletin extraction from Artemisia annua with a new modern pressurised cyclic solid–liquid (PCSL) extraction technique. Phytochemical Analysis. 2019; 30 (5):564-571.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Armando Zarrelli; Antonino Pollio; Serena Aceto; Valeria Romanucci; Francesca Carella; Paolo Stefani; Antonino De Natale; Gionata De Vico. 2019. "Optimisation of artemisinin and scopoletin extraction from Artemisia annua with a new modern pressurised cyclic solid–liquid (PCSL) extraction technique." Phytochemical Analysis 30, no. 5: 564-571.

Review
Published: 10 April 2019 in Molecules
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The pharmacological relevance of ODNs forming G-quadruplexes as anti-HIV agents has been extensively reported in the literature over the last few years. Recent detailed studies have elucidated the peculiar arrangement adopted by many G-quadruplex-based aptamers and provided insight into their mechanism of action. In this review, we have reported the history of a strong anti-HIV agent: the 6-mer d(TGGGAG) sequence, commonly called "Hotoda's sequence". In particular, all findings reported on this sequence and its modified sequences have been discussed considering the following research phases: (i) discovery of the first 5'-modified active d(TGGGAG) sequences; (ii) synthesis of a variety of end-modified d(TGGGAG) sequences; (iii) biophysical and NMR investigations of natural and modified Hotoda's sequences; (iv); kinetic studies on the most active 5'-modified d(TGGGAG) sequences; and (v) extensive anti-HIV screening of G-quadruplexes formed by d(TGGGAG) sequences. This review aims to clarify all results obtained over the years on Hotoda's sequence, revealing its potentiality as a strong anti-HIV agent (EC50 = 14 nM).

ACS Style

Valeria Romanucci; Armando Zarrelli; Giovanni Di Fabio. Hotoda's Sequence and Anti-HIV Activity: Where Are We Now? Molecules 2019, 24, 1417 .

AMA Style

Valeria Romanucci, Armando Zarrelli, Giovanni Di Fabio. Hotoda's Sequence and Anti-HIV Activity: Where Are We Now? Molecules. 2019; 24 (7):1417.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Valeria Romanucci; Armando Zarrelli; Giovanni Di Fabio. 2019. "Hotoda's Sequence and Anti-HIV Activity: Where Are We Now?" Molecules 24, no. 7: 1417.

Journal article
Published: 15 February 2019 in Molecules
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In recent years, many studies have highlighted the consistent finding of tramadol (TRA) in the effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WTPs) and also in some rivers and lakes in both Europe and North America, suggesting that TRA is removed by no more than 36% by specific disinfection treatments. The extensive use of this drug has led to environmental pollution of both water and soil, up to its detection in growing plants. In order to expand the knowledge about TRA toxicity as well as the nature of its disinfection by-products (DBPs), a simulation of the waste treatment chlorination step has been reported herein. In particular, we found seven new by-products, that together with TRA, have been assayed on different living organisms (Aliivibrio fischeri, Raphidocelis subcapitata and Daphnia magna), to test their acute and chronic toxicity. The results reported that TRA may be classified as a harmful compound to some aquatic organisms whereas its chlorinated product mixture showed no effects on any of the organisms tested. All data suggest however that TRA chlorination treatment produces a variety of DBPs which can be more harmful than TRA and a risk for the aquatic environment and human health.

ACS Style

Valeria Romanucci; Antonietta Siciliano; Emilia Galdiero; Marco Guida; Giovanni Luongo; Renato Liguori; Giovanni Di Fabio; Lucio Previtera; Armando Zarrelli. Disinfection by-Products and Ecotoxic Risk Associated with Hypochlorite Treatment of Tramadol. Molecules 2019, 24, 693 .

AMA Style

Valeria Romanucci, Antonietta Siciliano, Emilia Galdiero, Marco Guida, Giovanni Luongo, Renato Liguori, Giovanni Di Fabio, Lucio Previtera, Armando Zarrelli. Disinfection by-Products and Ecotoxic Risk Associated with Hypochlorite Treatment of Tramadol. Molecules. 2019; 24 (4):693.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Valeria Romanucci; Antonietta Siciliano; Emilia Galdiero; Marco Guida; Giovanni Luongo; Renato Liguori; Giovanni Di Fabio; Lucio Previtera; Armando Zarrelli. 2019. "Disinfection by-Products and Ecotoxic Risk Associated with Hypochlorite Treatment of Tramadol." Molecules 24, no. 4: 693.

Review
Published: 29 December 2018 in Molecules
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In recent years, there has been increasing interest in dimeric molecules due to reports of their promising therapeutic value in the treatment of numerous diseases (such as cancer, HIV, Alzheimer’s and, malaria). Many reports in the literature have highlighted the ability of these molecules to interact not only with specific biologic receptors but also to induce a biological response that more than doubles the results of the corresponding monomeric counterpart. In this regard, flavonolignan dimers or simply bi-flavonolignans are an emerging class of dimeric compounds that unlike bi-flavonoids, which are very widespread in nature, consist of synthetic dimers of some flavonolignans isolated from the milk thistle Silybum marianum [L. Gaertn. (Asteraceae)]. This mini-review will discuss recent developments in the synthesis, characterization and antioxidant activity of new families of flavonolignan dimers, in light of emerging medicinal chemistry strategies.

ACS Style

Valeria Romanucci; Giovanni Di Fabio; Armando Zarrelli. A New Class of Synthetic Flavonolignan-Like Dimers: Still Few Molecules, but with Attractive Properties. Molecules 2018, 24, 108 .

AMA Style

Valeria Romanucci, Giovanni Di Fabio, Armando Zarrelli. A New Class of Synthetic Flavonolignan-Like Dimers: Still Few Molecules, but with Attractive Properties. Molecules. 2018; 24 (1):108.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Valeria Romanucci; Giovanni Di Fabio; Armando Zarrelli. 2018. "A New Class of Synthetic Flavonolignan-Like Dimers: Still Few Molecules, but with Attractive Properties." Molecules 24, no. 1: 108.

Journal article
Published: 12 December 2018 in Forests
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Research Highlights: Plant cover drives the activity of the microbial decomposer community and affects carbon (C) sequestration in the soil. Despite the relationship between microbial activity and C sequestration in the soil, potential inhibition of soil microbial activity by plant cover has received little attention to date. Background and Objectives: Differences in soil microbial activity between two paired stands on soil at a very early stage of formation and a common story until afforestation, can be traced back to the plant cover. We hypothesized that in a black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) stand the high-quality leaf litter of the tree, and that of the blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L.) understory had an inhibitory effect on soil microbial community resulting in lower mineralization of soil organic matter compared to the paired black pine (Pinus nigra Arn.) stand. Materials and Methods: We estimated potential mineralization rates (MR), microbial (MB), and active fungal biomass (AFB) of newly-shed litter, forest floor, and mineral soil. We tested the effects of litters’ water extracts on soil MR, MB, AFB and its catabolic response profile (CRP). Results: Newly-shed litter of black locust had higher MR than that of blackberry and black pine; MR, MB, and AFB were higher in forest floor and in mineral soil under black pine than under black locust. Water extracts of black locust and blackberry litter had a negative effect on the amount, activity of microorganisms, and CRP. Conclusions: The results demonstrate the potential for black locust and blackberry litter to have a marked inhibitory effect on decomposer microorganisms that, in turn, reduce organic matter mineralization with possible consequences at the ecosystem level, by increasing C sequestration in mineral soil.

ACS Style

Anna De Marco; Fabrizio Esposito; Björn Berg; Armando Zarrelli; Amalia Virzo De Santo. Litter Inhibitory Effects on Soil Microbial Biomass, Activity, and Catabolic Diversity in Two Paired Stands of Robinia pseudoacacia L. and Pinus nigra Arn. Forests 2018, 9, 766 .

AMA Style

Anna De Marco, Fabrizio Esposito, Björn Berg, Armando Zarrelli, Amalia Virzo De Santo. Litter Inhibitory Effects on Soil Microbial Biomass, Activity, and Catabolic Diversity in Two Paired Stands of Robinia pseudoacacia L. and Pinus nigra Arn. Forests. 2018; 9 (12):766.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anna De Marco; Fabrizio Esposito; Björn Berg; Armando Zarrelli; Amalia Virzo De Santo. 2018. "Litter Inhibitory Effects on Soil Microbial Biomass, Activity, and Catabolic Diversity in Two Paired Stands of Robinia pseudoacacia L. and Pinus nigra Arn." Forests 9, no. 12: 766.