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Inés Rodríguez
Laboratorio CIFGA S.A., Avda. Benigno Rivera no. 56, 27003 Lugo, Spain

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Journal article
Published: 17 October 2020 in Marine Pollution Bulletin
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In the last decades, due to monitoring programs and strict legislation poisoning incidents occurrence provoked by ingestion of naturally contaminated marine organisms has decreased. However, climate change and anthropogenic interference contributed to the expansion and establishment of toxic alien species to more temperate ecosystems. In this work, the coasts of Madeira, São Miguel islands and the northwestern Moroccan coast were surveyed for four groups of lipophilic toxins (yessotoxins, azaspiracids, pectenotoxins, and spirolides), searching for new vectors and geographical tendencies. Twenty-four species benthic organisms were screened using UHPLC-MS/MS technique. We report 19 new vectors for these toxins, six of them with commercial interest (P. aspera, P. ordinaria, C. lampas, P. pollicipes, H. tuberculata and P. lividus). Regarding toxin uptake a south-north gradient was detected. This study contributes to the update of monitoring routines and legislation policies, comprising a wider range of vectors, to better serve consumers and ecosystems preservation.

ACS Style

Marisa Silva; Inés Rodríguez; Aldo Barreiro; Manfred Kaufmann; Ana Isabel Neto; Meryem Hassouani; Brahim Sabour; Amparo Alfonso; Luis M. Botana; Vitor Vasconcelos. Lipophilic toxins occurrence in non-traditional invertebrate vectors from North Atlantic Waters (Azores, Madeira, and Morocco): Update on geographical tendencies and new challenges for monitoring routines. Marine Pollution Bulletin 2020, 161, 111725 .

AMA Style

Marisa Silva, Inés Rodríguez, Aldo Barreiro, Manfred Kaufmann, Ana Isabel Neto, Meryem Hassouani, Brahim Sabour, Amparo Alfonso, Luis M. Botana, Vitor Vasconcelos. Lipophilic toxins occurrence in non-traditional invertebrate vectors from North Atlantic Waters (Azores, Madeira, and Morocco): Update on geographical tendencies and new challenges for monitoring routines. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2020; 161 ():111725.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marisa Silva; Inés Rodríguez; Aldo Barreiro; Manfred Kaufmann; Ana Isabel Neto; Meryem Hassouani; Brahim Sabour; Amparo Alfonso; Luis M. Botana; Vitor Vasconcelos. 2020. "Lipophilic toxins occurrence in non-traditional invertebrate vectors from North Atlantic Waters (Azores, Madeira, and Morocco): Update on geographical tendencies and new challenges for monitoring routines." Marine Pollution Bulletin 161, no. : 111725.

Journal article
Published: 10 May 2020 in Chemosphere
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Marine and freshwater toxins contaminate water resources, shellfish and aquaculture products, causing a broad range of toxic effects in humans and animals. Different core-shell nanoparticles were tested as a new sorbent for removing marine and freshwater toxins from liquid media. Water solutions were contaminated with 20 μg/L of marine toxins and up to 50 μg/L of freshwater toxins and subsequently treated with 250 or 125 mg/L of nanoparticles. Under these conditions, carbon nanoparticles removed around 70% of saxitoxins, spirolides, and azaspiracids, and up to 38% of diarrheic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the case of freshwater toxins, the 85% of microcystin LR was eliminated; other cyclic peptide toxins were also removed in a high percentage. Marine toxins were adsorbed in the first 5 min of contact, while for freshwater toxins it was necessary 60 min to reach the maximum adsorption. Toxins were recovered by extraction from nanoparticles with different solvents. Gymnodinium catenatum, Prorocentrum lima, and Microcystis aeruginosa cultures were employed to test the ability of nanoparticles to adsorb toxins in a real environment, and the same efficacy to remove toxins was observed in these conditions. These results suggest the possibility of using the nanotechnology in the treatment of contaminated water or in chemical analysis applications.

ACS Style

Jesús M. González-Jartín; Lisandra De Castro Alves; Amparo Alfonso; Y. Piñeiro; Susana Yáñez Vilar; Inés Rodríguez; Manuel González Gomez; Zulema Vargas Osorio; María J. Sainz; Mercedes R. Vieytes; J. Rivas; Luis M. Botana. Magnetic nanostructures for marine and freshwater toxins removal. Chemosphere 2020, 256, 127019 .

AMA Style

Jesús M. González-Jartín, Lisandra De Castro Alves, Amparo Alfonso, Y. Piñeiro, Susana Yáñez Vilar, Inés Rodríguez, Manuel González Gomez, Zulema Vargas Osorio, María J. Sainz, Mercedes R. Vieytes, J. Rivas, Luis M. Botana. Magnetic nanostructures for marine and freshwater toxins removal. Chemosphere. 2020; 256 ():127019.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jesús M. González-Jartín; Lisandra De Castro Alves; Amparo Alfonso; Y. Piñeiro; Susana Yáñez Vilar; Inés Rodríguez; Manuel González Gomez; Zulema Vargas Osorio; María J. Sainz; Mercedes R. Vieytes; J. Rivas; Luis M. Botana. 2020. "Magnetic nanostructures for marine and freshwater toxins removal." Chemosphere 256, no. : 127019.

Journal article
Published: 09 May 2020 in Toxins
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Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent natural toxin causative of human food intoxications that shares its mechanism of action with the paralytic shellfish toxin saxitoxin (STX). Both toxins act as potent blockers of voltage-gated sodium channels. Although human intoxications by TTX were initially described in Japan, nowadays increasing concern about the regulation of this toxin in Europe has emerged due to its detection in fish and mollusks captured in European waters. Currently, TTX is only regularly monitored in Dutch fishery products. However, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has established a safety level of 44 µg/kg TTX as the amount of toxin that did not cause adverse effects in humans. This level was extrapolated considering initial data on its acute oral toxicity and EFSA remarked the need for chronic toxicity studies to further reduce the uncertainty of future toxin regulations. Thus, in this work, we evaluated the oral chronic toxicity of TTX using the safety levels initially recommended by EFSA in order to exclude potential human health risks associated with the worldwide expanding presence of TTX. Using internationally recommended guidelines for the assessment of oral chronic toxicity, the data provided here support the proposed safety level for TTX as low enough to prevent human adverse effects of TTX even after chronic daily exposure to the toxin. However, the combination of TTX with STX at doses above the maximal exposure level of 5.3 µg/kg body weight derived by EFSA increased the lethality of TTX, thus confirming that both TTX and paralytic shellfish toxins should be taken into account to assess human health risks.

ACS Style

Andrea Boente-Juncal; Paz Otero; Inés Rodríguez; Mercedes Camiña; Mercedes Rodriguez-Vieytes; Carmen Vale; Luis M. Botana. Oral Chronic Toxicity of the Safe Tetrodotoxin Dose Proposed by the European Food Safety Authority and Its Additive Effect with Saxitoxin. Toxins 2020, 12, 312 .

AMA Style

Andrea Boente-Juncal, Paz Otero, Inés Rodríguez, Mercedes Camiña, Mercedes Rodriguez-Vieytes, Carmen Vale, Luis M. Botana. Oral Chronic Toxicity of the Safe Tetrodotoxin Dose Proposed by the European Food Safety Authority and Its Additive Effect with Saxitoxin. Toxins. 2020; 12 (5):312.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrea Boente-Juncal; Paz Otero; Inés Rodríguez; Mercedes Camiña; Mercedes Rodriguez-Vieytes; Carmen Vale; Luis M. Botana. 2020. "Oral Chronic Toxicity of the Safe Tetrodotoxin Dose Proposed by the European Food Safety Authority and Its Additive Effect with Saxitoxin." Toxins 12, no. 5: 312.

Journal article
Published: 05 July 2019 in Toxins
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The occurrence of marine harmful algae is increasing worldwide and, therefore, the accumulation of lipophilic marine toxins from harmful phytoplankton represents a food safety threat in the shellfish industry. Galicia, which is a commercially important EU producer of edible bivalve mollusk have been subjected to recurring cases of mussel farm closures, in the last decades. This work aimed to study the toxic profile of commercial mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) in order to establish a potential risk when ingested. For this, a total of 41 samples of mussels farmed in 3 Rías (Ares-Sada, Arousa, and Pontevedra) and purchased in 5 local markets were analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Chromatograms showed the presence of okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX-2), pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2), azaspiracid-2 (AZA-2), and the emerging toxins 13-desmethyl spirolide C (SPX-13), and pinnatoxin-G (PnTX-G). Quantification of each toxin was determined using their own standard calibration in the range 0.1%–50 ng/mL (R2 > 0.99) and by considering the toxin recovery (62–110%) and the matrix correction (33–211%). Data showed that OA and DTX-2 (especially in the form of esters) are the main risk in Galician mollusks, which was detected in 38 samples (93%) and 3 of them exceeded the legal limit (160 µg/kg), followed by SPX-13 that was detected in 19 samples (46%) in quantities of up to 28.9 µg/kg. Analysis from PTX-2, AZA-2, and PnTX-G showed smaller amounts. Fifteen samples (37%) were positive for PTX-2 (0.7–2.9 µg/kg), 12 samples (29%) for AZA-2 (0.1–1.8 µg/kg), and PnTX-G was detected in 5 mussel samples (12%) (0.4 µg/kg–0.9 µg/kg). This is the first time Galician mollusk was contaminated with PnTX-G. Despite results indicating that this toxin was not a potential risk through the mussel ingestion, it should be considered in the shellfish safety monitoring programs through the LC–MS/MS methods.

ACS Style

Paz Otero; Natalia Miguéns; Inés Rodríguez; Luis M. Botana. LC–MS/MS Analysis of the Emerging Toxin Pinnatoxin-G and High Levels of Esterified OA Group Toxins in Galician Commercial Mussels. Toxins 2019, 11, 394 .

AMA Style

Paz Otero, Natalia Miguéns, Inés Rodríguez, Luis M. Botana. LC–MS/MS Analysis of the Emerging Toxin Pinnatoxin-G and High Levels of Esterified OA Group Toxins in Galician Commercial Mussels. Toxins. 2019; 11 (7):394.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paz Otero; Natalia Miguéns; Inés Rodríguez; Luis M. Botana. 2019. "LC–MS/MS Analysis of the Emerging Toxin Pinnatoxin-G and High Levels of Esterified OA Group Toxins in Galician Commercial Mussels." Toxins 11, no. 7: 394.

Journal article
Published: 29 May 2019 in Toxins
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Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent alkaloid typically from tropical ecosystems, but in the last decade its presence has been more pronounced in the temperate waters of the Atlantic. In its last scientific opinion, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) stressed the need for data regarding TTX prevalence in European waters. To address EFSA’s concerns, benthic organisms such as mollusks, crustaceans, echinoderms and fish with different feeding habits were collected along the Portuguese continental coast, islands (São Miguel, Azores, and Madeira) and the northwestern Moroccan coast. A total of 165 samples were analyzed by ultra high performance liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) and ultra high performance chromatography mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Geographical tendencies were detected as follows, by descending order: S. Miguel Island (Azores), Moroccan coast, Madeira Island and Portuguese continental coast. The toxin amounts detected were significant, above the Dutch limit value established in 2017, showing the importance and the need for continuity of these studies to gain more knowledge about the prevalence of these toxins, unraveling new vectors, in order to better assess human health risk. This work represents a general overview of new TTX bearers (7) most of them in gastropods (Patella depressa, Nucella lapillus, Onchidella celtica and Aplysia depilans), followed by echinoderms (Echinus esculentus and Ophidiaster ophidianus) and puffer fish Sphoeroides marmoratus.

ACS Style

Marisa Silva; Inés Rodríguez; Aldo Barreiro; Manfred Kaufmann; Ana Isabel Neto; Meryem Hassouani; Brahim Sabour; Amparo Alfonso; Luis M. Botana; Vitor Vasconcelos. Tetrodotoxins Occurrence in Non-Traditional Vectors of the North Atlantic Waters (Portuguese Maritime Territory, and Morocco Coast). Toxins 2019, 11, 306 .

AMA Style

Marisa Silva, Inés Rodríguez, Aldo Barreiro, Manfred Kaufmann, Ana Isabel Neto, Meryem Hassouani, Brahim Sabour, Amparo Alfonso, Luis M. Botana, Vitor Vasconcelos. Tetrodotoxins Occurrence in Non-Traditional Vectors of the North Atlantic Waters (Portuguese Maritime Territory, and Morocco Coast). Toxins. 2019; 11 (6):306.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marisa Silva; Inés Rodríguez; Aldo Barreiro; Manfred Kaufmann; Ana Isabel Neto; Meryem Hassouani; Brahim Sabour; Amparo Alfonso; Luis M. Botana; Vitor Vasconcelos. 2019. "Tetrodotoxins Occurrence in Non-Traditional Vectors of the North Atlantic Waters (Portuguese Maritime Territory, and Morocco Coast)." Toxins 11, no. 6: 306.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2019 in Toxins
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Gambierdiscus species are the producers of the marine toxins ciguatoxins and maitotoxins which cause worldwide human intoxications recognized as Ciguatera Fish Poisoning. A deep chemical investigation of a cultured strain of G. belizeanus, collected in the Caribbean Sea, led to the identification of a structural homologue of the recently described gambierone isolated from the same strain. The structure was elucidated mainly by comparison of NMR and MS data with those of gambierone and ascertained by 2D NMR data analyses. Gratifyingly, a close inspection of the MS data of the new 44-methylgambierone suggests that this toxin would actually correspond to the structure of maitotoxin-3 (MTX3, m/z 1039.4957 for the protonated adduct) detected in 1994 in a Pacific strain of Gambierdiscus and recently shown in routine monitoring programs. Therefore, this work provides for the first time the chemical identification of the MTX3 molecule by NMR. Furthermore, biological data confirmed the similar activities of both gambierone and 44-methylgambierone. Both gambierone and MTX3 induced a small increase in the cytosolic calcium concentration but only MTX3 caused cell cytotoxicity at micromolar concentrations. Moreover, chronic exposure of human cortical neurons to either gambierone or MTX3 altered the expression of ionotropic glutamate receptors, an effect already described before for the synthetic ciguatoxin CTX3C. However, even when gambierone and MTX3 affected glutamate receptor expression in a similar manner their effect on receptor expression differed from that of CTX3C, since both toxins decreased AMPA receptor levels while increasing N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor protein. Thus, further studies should be pursued to clarify the similarities and differences in the biological activity between the known ciguatoxins and the new identified molecule as well as its contribution to the neurological symptoms of ciguatera.

ACS Style

Andrea Boente-Juncal; Mercedes Álvarez; Álvaro Antelo; Inés Rodríguez; Kevin Calabro; Carmen Vale; Olivier P. Thomas; Luis M. Botana. Structure Elucidation and Biological Evaluation of Maitotoxin-3, a Homologue of Gambierone, from Gambierdiscus belizeanus. Toxins 2019, 11, 79 .

AMA Style

Andrea Boente-Juncal, Mercedes Álvarez, Álvaro Antelo, Inés Rodríguez, Kevin Calabro, Carmen Vale, Olivier P. Thomas, Luis M. Botana. Structure Elucidation and Biological Evaluation of Maitotoxin-3, a Homologue of Gambierone, from Gambierdiscus belizeanus. Toxins. 2019; 11 (2):79.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrea Boente-Juncal; Mercedes Álvarez; Álvaro Antelo; Inés Rodríguez; Kevin Calabro; Carmen Vale; Olivier P. Thomas; Luis M. Botana. 2019. "Structure Elucidation and Biological Evaluation of Maitotoxin-3, a Homologue of Gambierone, from Gambierdiscus belizeanus." Toxins 11, no. 2: 79.

Journal article
Published: 27 September 2018 in Food Chemistry
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A new method based on a QuEChERS extraction followed by the ultra-high liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) detection has been developed for the analysis of mycotoxin in beer. The method allows the identification and quantification of 23 mycotoxins with different chemical characteristic including regulated, emerging and masked compounds. A sample treatment procedure involving a QuEChERS extraction and dispersive solid-phase clean-up steps was applied. This protocol involves a new approach based on a sample concentration before the extraction. The method was in-house validated in terms of limits of detection (LODs), limits of quantification (LOQs), linearity, repeatability and recoveries. For most compounds, recoveries ranged from 70% to 110% with LOQs (from 0.038 to 30.43 µg/L) lower than the maximum residue levels established in European regulations. In general, acceptable performance characteristics were obtained fulfilling the current legislation. Therefore, the proposed method is appropriate for routine analysis of beer.

ACS Style

Jesus Maria Gonzalez Jartin; Amparo Alfonso; Inés Rodríguez; María J. Sainz; Mercedes R. Vieytes; Luis M. Botana. A QuEChERS based extraction procedure coupled to UPLC-MS/MS detection for mycotoxins analysis in beer. Food Chemistry 2018, 275, 703 -710.

AMA Style

Jesus Maria Gonzalez Jartin, Amparo Alfonso, Inés Rodríguez, María J. Sainz, Mercedes R. Vieytes, Luis M. Botana. A QuEChERS based extraction procedure coupled to UPLC-MS/MS detection for mycotoxins analysis in beer. Food Chemistry. 2018; 275 ():703-710.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jesus Maria Gonzalez Jartin; Amparo Alfonso; Inés Rodríguez; María J. Sainz; Mercedes R. Vieytes; Luis M. Botana. 2018. "A QuEChERS based extraction procedure coupled to UPLC-MS/MS detection for mycotoxins analysis in beer." Food Chemistry 275, no. : 703-710.

Journal article
Published: 18 July 2018 in Talanta
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A UPLC-MS/MS method has been developed for identification and quantification of hydrophilic and lipophilic marine toxins. The method included the determination of 14 toxins of STX group, 15 lipophilic toxins, 15 toxins of the TTX group and DA. LODs and LOQs for STX group were significantly improved in comparison to the official validated methods and at the same level than other UPLC-MS/MS published methods. The same for lipophilic toxins, with better LODs and LOQs than the EU official method. LOD and LOQ for DA were higher than those obtained with the EU official method. While for TTXs LOD and LOQ were comparable to other validated methods. Validation studies demonstrated acceptable method performance characteristics for linearity, and repeatability between-batch and within-batch. The study demonstrated that the UPLC-MS/MS method provides an excellent tool to determinate hydrophilic and lipophilic toxins and therefore it could be appropriate for routine testing and interlaboratory validation.

ACS Style

Inés Rodríguez; Amparo Alfonso; Jesus Maria Gonzalez Jartin; Mercedes Rodriguez Vieytes; Luis M Botana. A single run UPLC-MS/MS method for detection of all EU-regulated marine toxins. Talanta 2018, 189, 622 -628.

AMA Style

Inés Rodríguez, Amparo Alfonso, Jesus Maria Gonzalez Jartin, Mercedes Rodriguez Vieytes, Luis M Botana. A single run UPLC-MS/MS method for detection of all EU-regulated marine toxins. Talanta. 2018; 189 ():622-628.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Inés Rodríguez; Amparo Alfonso; Jesus Maria Gonzalez Jartin; Mercedes Rodriguez Vieytes; Luis M Botana. 2018. "A single run UPLC-MS/MS method for detection of all EU-regulated marine toxins." Talanta 189, no. : 622-628.

Validation study
Published: 01 February 2018 in Harmful Algae
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Harmful cyanobacterial blooms are a major threat to water quality and human health. Adequate risk assessment is thus required, which relies strongly on comprehensive monitoring. Here, we tested novel multi-probe RNA chips developed in the European project, μAqua, to determine the abundance of harmful cyanobacterial species and expression of selected toxin genes in six Dutch lakes. All of the targeted cyanobacterial genera, except for Planktothrix, were detected using the microarray, with predominance of Dolichospermum and Microcystis signals, of which the former was found across all sites and detected by the probes for Anabaena where it was formerly placed. These were confirmed by microscopic cell counts at three sites, whereas at the other sites, microscopic cell counts were lower. Probe signals of Microcystis showed larger variation across sites but also matched microscopic counts for three sites. At the other sites, microscopic counts were distinctly higher. We detected anatoxin-a in the water at all sites, but unfortunately no genes for this toxin were on this generation of the toxin array. For microcystins, we found none or low concentrations in the water, despite high population densities of putative microcystin producers (i.e. Microcystis, Dolichospermum). The described method requires further testing with a wider range of cyanobacterial communities and toxin concentrations before implementation into routine cyanobacterial risk assessment. Yet, our results demonstrate a great potential for applying multi-probe RNA chips for species as well as toxins to eutrophic waters with high cyanobacterial densities as a routine monitoring tool and as a predictive tool for toxin potential.

ACS Style

Dedmer B. Van de Waal; Delphine Guillebault; Amparo Alfonso; Inés Rodríguez; Luis M. Botana; Ronald Bijkerk; Linda K. Medlin. Molecular detection of harmful cyanobacteria and expression of their toxin genes in Dutch lakes using multi-probe RNA chips. Harmful Algae 2018, 72, 25 -35.

AMA Style

Dedmer B. Van de Waal, Delphine Guillebault, Amparo Alfonso, Inés Rodríguez, Luis M. Botana, Ronald Bijkerk, Linda K. Medlin. Molecular detection of harmful cyanobacteria and expression of their toxin genes in Dutch lakes using multi-probe RNA chips. Harmful Algae. 2018; 72 ():25-35.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dedmer B. Van de Waal; Delphine Guillebault; Amparo Alfonso; Inés Rodríguez; Luis M. Botana; Ronald Bijkerk; Linda K. Medlin. 2018. "Molecular detection of harmful cyanobacteria and expression of their toxin genes in Dutch lakes using multi-probe RNA chips." Harmful Algae 72, no. : 25-35.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2018 in Frontiers in Marine Science
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ACS Style

Jesús González-Jartín; Inés Rodríguez; Amparo Alfonso; María Sainz; M. Vieytes; Z. Vargas Osorio; L. De Castro Alves; Y. Y. Piñeiro-Redondo; J. Rivas; Luis Botana. Magnetic nanoparticles as a novel strategy for marine toxins mitigation. Frontiers in Marine Science 2018, 5, 1 .

AMA Style

Jesús González-Jartín, Inés Rodríguez, Amparo Alfonso, María Sainz, M. Vieytes, Z. Vargas Osorio, L. De Castro Alves, Y. Y. Piñeiro-Redondo, J. Rivas, Luis Botana. Magnetic nanoparticles as a novel strategy for marine toxins mitigation. Frontiers in Marine Science. 2018; 5 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jesús González-Jartín; Inés Rodríguez; Amparo Alfonso; María Sainz; M. Vieytes; Z. Vargas Osorio; L. De Castro Alves; Y. Y. Piñeiro-Redondo; J. Rivas; Luis Botana. 2018. "Magnetic nanoparticles as a novel strategy for marine toxins mitigation." Frontiers in Marine Science 5, no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2017 in Current Opinion in Food Science
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ACS Style

Inés Rodríguez; Mercedes R Vieytes; Amparo Alfonso. Analytical challenges for regulated marine toxins. Detection methods. Current Opinion in Food Science 2017, 18, 29 -36.

AMA Style

Inés Rodríguez, Mercedes R Vieytes, Amparo Alfonso. Analytical challenges for regulated marine toxins. Detection methods. Current Opinion in Food Science. 2017; 18 ():29-36.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Inés Rodríguez; Mercedes R Vieytes; Amparo Alfonso. 2017. "Analytical challenges for regulated marine toxins. Detection methods." Current Opinion in Food Science 18, no. : 29-36.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2017 in Food and Chemical Toxicology
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Ingestion of shellfish with dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX2) can lead to diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP). The official control method of DSP toxins in seafood is the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis (LC-MS). However in order to calculate the total toxicity of shellfish, the concentration of each compound must be multiplied by individual Toxicity Equivalency Factor (TEF). Considering that TEFs caused some controversy and the scarce information about DTX2 toxicity, the aim of this study was to characterize the oral toxicity of DTX2 in mice. A 4-Level Up and Down Procedure allowed the characterization of DTX2 effects and the estimation of DTX2 oral TEF based on determination of the lethal dose 50 (LD50). DTX2 passed the gastrointestinal barrier and was detected in urine and feces. Acute toxicity symptoms include diarrhea and motionless, however anatomopathology study and ultrastructural images restricted the toxin effects to the gastrointestinal tract. Nevertheless enterocytes microvilli and tight junctions were not altered, disconnecting DTX2 diarrheic effects from paracellular epithelial permeability. This is the first report of DTX2 oral LD (2262 μg/kg BW) indicating that its TEF is about 0.4. This result suggests reevaluation of the present TEFs for the DSP toxins to better determine the actual risk to seafood consumers.

ACS Style

Paula Abal; M. Carmen Louzao; José Manuel Cifuentes; Natalia Vilariño; Ines Rodriguez; Amparo Alfonso; Mercedes R. Vieytes; Luis M. Botana. Characterization of the dinophysistoxin-2 acute oral toxicity in mice to define the Toxicity Equivalency Factor. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2017, 102, 166 -175.

AMA Style

Paula Abal, M. Carmen Louzao, José Manuel Cifuentes, Natalia Vilariño, Ines Rodriguez, Amparo Alfonso, Mercedes R. Vieytes, Luis M. Botana. Characterization of the dinophysistoxin-2 acute oral toxicity in mice to define the Toxicity Equivalency Factor. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2017; 102 ():166-175.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paula Abal; M. Carmen Louzao; José Manuel Cifuentes; Natalia Vilariño; Ines Rodriguez; Amparo Alfonso; Mercedes R. Vieytes; Luis M. Botana. 2017. "Characterization of the dinophysistoxin-2 acute oral toxicity in mice to define the Toxicity Equivalency Factor." Food and Chemical Toxicology 102, no. : 166-175.

Research article
Published: 13 February 2017 in ACS Chemical Neuroscience
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Gambierol and its two, tetra and heptacyclic, analogs have been previously proved as promising molecules for the modulation of Alzheimer´s disease hallmarks in primary cortical neurons of 3xTg-AD fetuses. In this work, the effect of the tetracyclic analog of gambierol was tested in vivo in 3xTg-AD mice (10 months old) after 1 month of weekly treatment with 50 µg. Adverse effects were not reported throughout the whole treatment period and no pathological signs were observed for the analyzed organs. The compound was found in brain samples after intraperitoneal injection. The tetracyclic analog of gambierol elicited a decrease of amyloid β1-42 levels and a dose-dependent inhibition of β-secretaseenzyme-1 activity. Moreover, this compound also reduced the phosphorylation of tau at the 181 and 159/163 residues with an increase of the inactive isoform of the glycogen synthase kinase-3β. In accordance with our in vitro neuronal model, this compound produced a reduction in the N2A subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor. The combined effect of this compound on Amyloid β1-42 and tau phosphorylation represents a multitarget therapeutic approach for Alzheimer´s disease, which might be more effective for this multifactorial and complex neurodegenerative disease than the current treatments.

ACS Style

Eva Alonso; Andrés C. Vieira; Inés Rodríguez; Rebeca Alvariño; Sandra Gegunde; Haruhiko Fuwa; Yuto Suga; Makoto Sasaki; Amparo Alfonso; J. Manuel Cifuentes; Luis M. Botana. Tetracyclic Truncated Analogue of the Marine Toxin Gambierol Modifies NMDA, Tau, and Amyloid β Expression in Mice Brains: Implications in AD Pathology. ACS Chemical Neuroscience 2017, 8, 1358 -1367.

AMA Style

Eva Alonso, Andrés C. Vieira, Inés Rodríguez, Rebeca Alvariño, Sandra Gegunde, Haruhiko Fuwa, Yuto Suga, Makoto Sasaki, Amparo Alfonso, J. Manuel Cifuentes, Luis M. Botana. Tetracyclic Truncated Analogue of the Marine Toxin Gambierol Modifies NMDA, Tau, and Amyloid β Expression in Mice Brains: Implications in AD Pathology. ACS Chemical Neuroscience. 2017; 8 (6):1358-1367.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eva Alonso; Andrés C. Vieira; Inés Rodríguez; Rebeca Alvariño; Sandra Gegunde; Haruhiko Fuwa; Yuto Suga; Makoto Sasaki; Amparo Alfonso; J. Manuel Cifuentes; Luis M. Botana. 2017. "Tetracyclic Truncated Analogue of the Marine Toxin Gambierol Modifies NMDA, Tau, and Amyloid β Expression in Mice Brains: Implications in AD Pathology." ACS Chemical Neuroscience 8, no. 6: 1358-1367.

Journal article
Published: 20 January 2017 in Scientific Reports
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In 2012, Tetrodotoxin (TTX) was identified in mussels and linked to the presence of Prorocentrum minimum (P. minimum) in Greece. The connexion between TTX and P. minimum was further studied in this paper. First, the presence of TTX-producer bacteria, Vibrio and Pseudomonas spp, was confirmed in Greek mussels. In addition these samples showed high activity as inhibitors of sodium currents (INa). P. minimum was before associated with neurotoxic symptoms, however, the nature and structure of toxins produced by this dinoflagellate remains unknown. Three P. minimum strains, ccmp1529, ccmp2811 and ccmp2956, growing in different conditions of temperature, salinity and light were used to study the production of toxic compounds. Electrophysiological assays showed no effect of ccmp2811 strain on INa, while ccmp1529 and ccmp2956 strains were able to significantly reduce INa in the same way as TTX. In these samples two new compounds, m/z 265 and m/z 308, were identified and characterized by liquid chromatography tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry. Besides, two TTX-related bacteria, Roseobacter and Vibrio sp, were observed. These results show for the first time that P. minimum produce TTX-like compounds with a similar ion pattern and C9-base to TTX analogues and with the same effect on INa.

ACS Style

Inés Rodríguez; Amparo Alfonso; Eva Alonso; Juan A. Rubiolo; María Roel; Aristidis Vlamis; Panagiota Katikou; Stephen A. Jackson; Margassery Lekha Menon; Alan Dobson; Luis M. Botana. The association of bacterial C9-based TTX-like compounds with Prorocentrum minimum opens new uncertainties about shellfish seafood safety. Scientific Reports 2017, 7, srep40880 .

AMA Style

Inés Rodríguez, Amparo Alfonso, Eva Alonso, Juan A. Rubiolo, María Roel, Aristidis Vlamis, Panagiota Katikou, Stephen A. Jackson, Margassery Lekha Menon, Alan Dobson, Luis M. Botana. The association of bacterial C9-based TTX-like compounds with Prorocentrum minimum opens new uncertainties about shellfish seafood safety. Scientific Reports. 2017; 7 (1):srep40880.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Inés Rodríguez; Amparo Alfonso; Eva Alonso; Juan A. Rubiolo; María Roel; Aristidis Vlamis; Panagiota Katikou; Stephen A. Jackson; Margassery Lekha Menon; Alan Dobson; Luis M. Botana. 2017. "The association of bacterial C9-based TTX-like compounds with Prorocentrum minimum opens new uncertainties about shellfish seafood safety." Scientific Reports 7, no. 1: srep40880.

Book chapter
Published: 01 January 2017 in Liquid Chromatography
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Inés Rodríguez; Jesús M. González; Ana M. Botana; María J. Sainz; Mercedes Rodriguez Vieytes; Amparo Alfonso; Luis M. Botana. Analysis of natural toxins by liquid chromatography. Liquid Chromatography 2017, 479 -514.

AMA Style

Inés Rodríguez, Jesús M. González, Ana M. Botana, María J. Sainz, Mercedes Rodriguez Vieytes, Amparo Alfonso, Luis M. Botana. Analysis of natural toxins by liquid chromatography. Liquid Chromatography. 2017; ():479-514.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Inés Rodríguez; Jesús M. González; Ana M. Botana; María J. Sainz; Mercedes Rodriguez Vieytes; Amparo Alfonso; Luis M. Botana. 2017. "Analysis of natural toxins by liquid chromatography." Liquid Chromatography , no. : 479-514.

Book chapter
Published: 01 January 2017 in Liquid Chromatography
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Tanize Acunha; Amparo Alfonso; Uroš Andjelković; Damia Barceló; Mirlinda Biba; Johnna A. Birbeck; Kelly E. Bosse; Ana M. Botana; Luis M. Botana; Claudio Brunelli; Emanuela Camera; Fulvia Caretti; María Castro-Puyana; Mira Čelić; Bezhan Chankvetadze; Alejandro Cifuentes; Paola Donato; Paola Dugo; Marinella Farré; Joe P. Foley; Virginia García-Cañas; Alessandra Gentili; Jasminka Giacometti; Helen Gika; Bienvenida Gilbert-López; Jesús M. González; Kenji Hamase; Melissa Hanna-Brown; Peter Harpas; Kari Hartonen; Miguel Herrero; Cristiano Ialongo; Elena Ibáñez; María Ibáñez; Djuro Josić; Hiroyuki Kataoka; Reiko Koga; Chris Kostakis; Shing-Chung Lam; Francois Lestremau; Shao-Ping Li; Miren Lopez De Alda; Matteo Ludovici; María Dolores Marazuela; Tiffany A. Mathews; Bernhard Michalke; Yurika Miyoshi; Luigi Mondello; Brooke D. Newman; Volker Nischwitz; Jevgeni Parshintsev; Sandra Perez; Mira Petrović; Robert S. Plumb; Colin F. Poole; Paul Rainville; Marja-Liisa Riekkola; Inés Rodríguez; Louise Royle; María J. Sainz; Lane C. Sander; Michele M. Schantz; Carolina Simó; Peter C. Stockham; Roman Szucs; Georgios Theodoridis; Kenichiro Todoroki; Alberto Valdés; Mercedes R. Vieytes; Christopher J. Welch; Ian D. Wilson; Stephen A. Wise; Zong-Lin Yang; Jing Zhao; Jevgeny Parshintsev. Contributors. Liquid Chromatography 2017, 1 .

AMA Style

Tanize Acunha, Amparo Alfonso, Uroš Andjelković, Damia Barceló, Mirlinda Biba, Johnna A. Birbeck, Kelly E. Bosse, Ana M. Botana, Luis M. Botana, Claudio Brunelli, Emanuela Camera, Fulvia Caretti, María Castro-Puyana, Mira Čelić, Bezhan Chankvetadze, Alejandro Cifuentes, Paola Donato, Paola Dugo, Marinella Farré, Joe P. Foley, Virginia García-Cañas, Alessandra Gentili, Jasminka Giacometti, Helen Gika, Bienvenida Gilbert-López, Jesús M. González, Kenji Hamase, Melissa Hanna-Brown, Peter Harpas, Kari Hartonen, Miguel Herrero, Cristiano Ialongo, Elena Ibáñez, María Ibáñez, Djuro Josić, Hiroyuki Kataoka, Reiko Koga, Chris Kostakis, Shing-Chung Lam, Francois Lestremau, Shao-Ping Li, Miren Lopez De Alda, Matteo Ludovici, María Dolores Marazuela, Tiffany A. Mathews, Bernhard Michalke, Yurika Miyoshi, Luigi Mondello, Brooke D. Newman, Volker Nischwitz, Jevgeni Parshintsev, Sandra Perez, Mira Petrović, Robert S. Plumb, Colin F. Poole, Paul Rainville, Marja-Liisa Riekkola, Inés Rodríguez, Louise Royle, María J. Sainz, Lane C. Sander, Michele M. Schantz, Carolina Simó, Peter C. Stockham, Roman Szucs, Georgios Theodoridis, Kenichiro Todoroki, Alberto Valdés, Mercedes R. Vieytes, Christopher J. Welch, Ian D. Wilson, Stephen A. Wise, Zong-Lin Yang, Jing Zhao, Jevgeny Parshintsev. Contributors. Liquid Chromatography. 2017; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tanize Acunha; Amparo Alfonso; Uroš Andjelković; Damia Barceló; Mirlinda Biba; Johnna A. Birbeck; Kelly E. Bosse; Ana M. Botana; Luis M. Botana; Claudio Brunelli; Emanuela Camera; Fulvia Caretti; María Castro-Puyana; Mira Čelić; Bezhan Chankvetadze; Alejandro Cifuentes; Paola Donato; Paola Dugo; Marinella Farré; Joe P. Foley; Virginia García-Cañas; Alessandra Gentili; Jasminka Giacometti; Helen Gika; Bienvenida Gilbert-López; Jesús M. González; Kenji Hamase; Melissa Hanna-Brown; Peter Harpas; Kari Hartonen; Miguel Herrero; Cristiano Ialongo; Elena Ibáñez; María Ibáñez; Djuro Josić; Hiroyuki Kataoka; Reiko Koga; Chris Kostakis; Shing-Chung Lam; Francois Lestremau; Shao-Ping Li; Miren Lopez De Alda; Matteo Ludovici; María Dolores Marazuela; Tiffany A. Mathews; Bernhard Michalke; Yurika Miyoshi; Luigi Mondello; Brooke D. Newman; Volker Nischwitz; Jevgeni Parshintsev; Sandra Perez; Mira Petrović; Robert S. Plumb; Colin F. Poole; Paul Rainville; Marja-Liisa Riekkola; Inés Rodríguez; Louise Royle; María J. Sainz; Lane C. Sander; Michele M. Schantz; Carolina Simó; Peter C. Stockham; Roman Szucs; Georgios Theodoridis; Kenichiro Todoroki; Alberto Valdés; Mercedes R. Vieytes; Christopher J. Welch; Ian D. Wilson; Stephen A. Wise; Zong-Lin Yang; Jing Zhao; Jevgeny Parshintsev. 2017. "Contributors." Liquid Chromatography , no. : 1.

Original research article
Published: 24 October 2016 in Frontiers in Immunology
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The modulation of the immune system can have multiple applications such as cancer treatment, and a wide type of processes involving inflammation where the potent chemotactic agent cyclophilin A (Cyp A) is implicated. The Porifera phylum, in which Spongionella is encompassed, is the main producer of marine bioactive compounds. Four secondary metabolites obtained from Spongionella (Gracilin H, A, L, and Tetrahydroaplysulphurin-1) were described to hit Cyp A and to block the release of inflammation mediators. Based on these results, some role of Spongionella compounds on other steps of the signaling pathway mediated by this chemotactic agent can be hypothesized. In the present paper, we studied the effect of these four compounds on the surface membrane CD147 receptor expression, on the extracellular levels of Cyp A and on the ability to migrate of concanavalin (Con A)-activated T lymphocytes. Similar to a well-known immunosuppressive agent cyclosporine A (CsA), Gracilin H, A, L, and tetrahydroaplysulphurin-1 were able to reduce the CD147 membrane expression and to block the release of Cyp A to the medium. Besides, by using Cyp A as chemotactic agent, T cell migration was inhibited when cells were previously incubated with Gracilin A and Gracilin L. These positive results lead us to test the in vivo effect of Gracilin H and L in a mouse ear delayed hypersensitive reaction. Thus, both compounds efficiently reduce the ear swelling as well as the inflammatory cell infiltration. These results provide more evidences for their potential therapeutic application in immune-related diseases of Spongionella compounds.

ACS Style

Jon Andoni Sánchez; Amparo Alfonso; Inés Rodríguez; Eva Alonso; J. Manuel Cifuentes; Roberto Bermudez; Mostafa E. Rateb; Marcel Jaspars; Wael Houssen; Rainer Ebel; Jioji Tabudravu; Luís M. Botana. Spongionella Secondary Metabolites, Promising Modulators of Immune Response through CD147 Receptor Modulation. Frontiers in Immunology 2016, 7, 1 .

AMA Style

Jon Andoni Sánchez, Amparo Alfonso, Inés Rodríguez, Eva Alonso, J. Manuel Cifuentes, Roberto Bermudez, Mostafa E. Rateb, Marcel Jaspars, Wael Houssen, Rainer Ebel, Jioji Tabudravu, Luís M. Botana. Spongionella Secondary Metabolites, Promising Modulators of Immune Response through CD147 Receptor Modulation. Frontiers in Immunology. 2016; 7 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jon Andoni Sánchez; Amparo Alfonso; Inés Rodríguez; Eva Alonso; J. Manuel Cifuentes; Roberto Bermudez; Mostafa E. Rateb; Marcel Jaspars; Wael Houssen; Rainer Ebel; Jioji Tabudravu; Luís M. Botana. 2016. "Spongionella Secondary Metabolites, Promising Modulators of Immune Response through CD147 Receptor Modulation." Frontiers in Immunology 7, no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 02 September 2016 in Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
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Monitoring the quality of freshwater is an important issue for public health. In the context of the European Project µAqua (FP7-KBBE-2010-4, 265409) a total of 150 samples were collected from several waters in France, Germany, Ireland, Italy and Turkey over two years. These samples were analyzed using two multi-toxin detection methods previously developed: (i) a microsphere-based method coupled to flow-cytometry and (ii) an Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method. The presence of microcystins (MCs), nodularin (NOD), domoic acid (DA), cylindrospermopsin (CYN) and several analogues of anatoxin-a (ATX-a) was monitored. No traces of CYN or DA were found in any of the environmental samples. MC-LR and MC-RR were detected in two samples from Turkey and Germany. In the case of ATX-a derivatives, 75% of samples contained mainly H2-ATX-a and small amounts of H2-homo-ATX-a, whereas ATX-a and homo-ATX-a were found only in one sample. From these results the presence and wide distribution of dihydro derivatives of ATX-a toxins in European freshwaters is confirmed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

ACS Style

Inés Rodríguez; Maria Fraga-Corral; Amparo Alfonso; Delphine Guillebault; Linda Medlin; Julia Baudart; Pauline Jacob; Karim Helmi; Thomas Meyer; Ulrich Breitenbach; Nicholas M. Holden; Bas Boots; Roberto Spurio; Lucia Cimarelli; Laura Mancini; Stefania Marcheggiani; Meric Albay; Reyhan Akcaalan; Latife Köker; Luis M. Botana. Monitoring of freshwater toxins in European environmental waters by using novel multi-detection methods. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 2016, 36, 645 -654.

AMA Style

Inés Rodríguez, Maria Fraga-Corral, Amparo Alfonso, Delphine Guillebault, Linda Medlin, Julia Baudart, Pauline Jacob, Karim Helmi, Thomas Meyer, Ulrich Breitenbach, Nicholas M. Holden, Bas Boots, Roberto Spurio, Lucia Cimarelli, Laura Mancini, Stefania Marcheggiani, Meric Albay, Reyhan Akcaalan, Latife Köker, Luis M. Botana. Monitoring of freshwater toxins in European environmental waters by using novel multi-detection methods. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 2016; 36 (3):645-654.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Inés Rodríguez; Maria Fraga-Corral; Amparo Alfonso; Delphine Guillebault; Linda Medlin; Julia Baudart; Pauline Jacob; Karim Helmi; Thomas Meyer; Ulrich Breitenbach; Nicholas M. Holden; Bas Boots; Roberto Spurio; Lucia Cimarelli; Laura Mancini; Stefania Marcheggiani; Meric Albay; Reyhan Akcaalan; Latife Köker; Luis M. Botana. 2016. "Monitoring of freshwater toxins in European environmental waters by using novel multi-detection methods." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 36, no. 3: 645-654.

Opinion
Published: 06 July 2016 in Toxins
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Current regulation for marine toxins requires a monitoring method based on mass spectrometric analysis. This method is pre-targeted, hence after searching for pre-assigned masses, it identifies those compounds that were pre-defined with available calibrants. Therefore, the scope for detecting novel toxins which are not included in the monitoring protocol are very limited. In addition to this, there is a poor comprehension of the toxicity of some marine toxin groups. Also, the validity of the current approach is questioned by the lack of sufficient calibrants, and by the insufficient coverage by current legislation of the toxins reported to be present in shellfish. As an example, tetrodotoxin, palytoxin analogs, or cyclic imines are mentioned as indicators of gaps in the system that require a solid comprehension to assure consumers are protected.

ACS Style

Luis M. Botana; Amparo Alfonso; Ines Rodríguez; Ana M. Botana; Maria Del Carmen Louzao; Mercedes R. Vieytes. How Safe Is Safe for Marine Toxins Monitoring? Toxins 2016, 8, 208 .

AMA Style

Luis M. Botana, Amparo Alfonso, Ines Rodríguez, Ana M. Botana, Maria Del Carmen Louzao, Mercedes R. Vieytes. How Safe Is Safe for Marine Toxins Monitoring? Toxins. 2016; 8 (7):208.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luis M. Botana; Amparo Alfonso; Ines Rodríguez; Ana M. Botana; Maria Del Carmen Louzao; Mercedes R. Vieytes. 2016. "How Safe Is Safe for Marine Toxins Monitoring?" Toxins 8, no. 7: 208.

Journal article
Published: 06 June 2016 in Toxins
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This study explores the effect of laboratory and industrial steaming on mussels with toxin concentrations above and below the legal limit. We used mild conditions for steaming, 100 °C for 5 min in industrial processing, and up to 20 min in small-scale laboratory steaming. Also, we studied the effect of heat on the toxin concentration of mussels obtained from two different locations and the effect of heat on the levels of dinophysistoxins 3 (DTX3) in both the mussel matrix and in pure form (7-O-palmitoyl okadaic ester and 7-O-palmytoleyl okadaic ester). The results show that the loss of water due to steaming was very small with a maximum of 9.5%, that the toxin content remained unchanged with no concentration effect or increase in toxicity, and that dinophysistoxins 3 was hydrolyzed or degraded to a certain extent under heat treatment. The use of liquid-certified matrix showed a 55% decrease of dinophysistoxins 3 after 10 min steaming, and a 50% reduction in total toxicity after treatment with an autoclave (121 °C for 20 min).

ACS Style

Inés Rodríguez; Amparo Alfonso; Alvaro Antelo; Mercedes Alvarez; Luis M. Botana. Evaluation of the Impact of Mild Steaming and Heat Treatment on the Concentration of Okadaic Acid, Dinophysistoxin-2 and Dinophysistoxin-3 in Mussels. Toxins 2016, 8, 175 .

AMA Style

Inés Rodríguez, Amparo Alfonso, Alvaro Antelo, Mercedes Alvarez, Luis M. Botana. Evaluation of the Impact of Mild Steaming and Heat Treatment on the Concentration of Okadaic Acid, Dinophysistoxin-2 and Dinophysistoxin-3 in Mussels. Toxins. 2016; 8 (6):175.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Inés Rodríguez; Amparo Alfonso; Alvaro Antelo; Mercedes Alvarez; Luis M. Botana. 2016. "Evaluation of the Impact of Mild Steaming and Heat Treatment on the Concentration of Okadaic Acid, Dinophysistoxin-2 and Dinophysistoxin-3 in Mussels." Toxins 8, no. 6: 175.