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Ossi Heino
Research, Development and Innovation, Police University College, P.O. Box 123, FI-33721 Tampere, Finland

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Journal article
Published: 14 July 2021 in International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction
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The increasing complexity of critical infrastructure subjects it to problems that are even more wicked, unexpected, and unthinkable than the ones faced before. Hence, the lessons that are drawn from the previous experiences and absorbed into preparedness schemes and planning may well become part of the problem rather than core elements in their effective resolution. This article scrutinizes the potential for the emergence of such a mismatch in the case of a severe disruption to critical infrastructure. As a remedy, we suggest a more encompassing approach to learning, and essentially, a new mindset for training preparedness that would better equip emergency response actors when they come face-to-face with the unthinkable. Based on research, it is advisable to be cautious of relying too much on what is known with certainty. In addition, this study raises doubts as to whether training inevitably improves the ability to act in exceptional situations.

ACS Style

Ossi Heino; Annina Takala; Vesa Huotari. Unthinkable is not un-educable: New mindset for training preparedness. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 2021, 63, 102470 .

AMA Style

Ossi Heino, Annina Takala, Vesa Huotari. Unthinkable is not un-educable: New mindset for training preparedness. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. 2021; 63 ():102470.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ossi Heino; Annina Takala; Vesa Huotari. 2021. "Unthinkable is not un-educable: New mindset for training preparedness." International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 63, no. : 102470.

Journal article
Published: 04 June 2021 in Sustainability
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Complexity and uncertainty are framing the modern world, whilst also affecting issues on security and sustainability. There is a need to prepare for known threats and identified risks, but also to improve the ability to cope in situations that are difficult to recognize or describe beforehand. What is at stake—both at the organizational and individual level—is the ability to make sense of uncertain and ambiguous situations. Analyzing two empirical cases, this study aims to shed light on the abilities of experts, who have acted in very challenging situations, in which deviating from established procedures and abandoning politeness have been necessary to respond effectively. The first case deals with a threat of serious violence faced by a police officer. The second case focuses on the actions of an executive fire officer during a rescue operation after an explosion at a shopping mall. This paper concludes by arguing that pre-established procedures require experts to reflect on their usability in exceptional situations as relying on them could also have detrimental effects.

ACS Style

Ossi Heino; Joanna Kalalahti. Securing Operational Capability for Exceptional Circumstances: How Do Professional First Responders Respond to the Unexpected? Sustainability 2021, 13, 6418 .

AMA Style

Ossi Heino, Joanna Kalalahti. Securing Operational Capability for Exceptional Circumstances: How Do Professional First Responders Respond to the Unexpected? Sustainability. 2021; 13 (11):6418.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ossi Heino; Joanna Kalalahti. 2021. "Securing Operational Capability for Exceptional Circumstances: How Do Professional First Responders Respond to the Unexpected?" Sustainability 13, no. 11: 6418.

Research article
Published: 25 June 2019 in Public Works Management & Policy
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Rapid urbanization poses severe challenges to the water management of growing cities. Conventionally, the suitable way to solve problems has been to expand the capacity of existing centralized infrastructures. It is important to consider how resources of a city’s inner water cycle could be utilized more efficiently, and how the system of provision shapes the functional roles of the service, the ways of using it, and ultimately the consumption itself. This consideration is the reference point of this paper in which we will explore hybrid systems of water management as a promising way to address these problems. We focus particularly on the relationship between water users and the water supply system. The study is based on interviews with water users and literature on the hybridization of water services. We reflect on these issues in relation to the context of transformation of infrastructure services. The results of this study indicate that the successful adaptation of hybrid systems has the potential to facilitate urban transformation. However, certain barriers deeply rooted in water management hinder it from reaching this potential.

ACS Style

Ossi Heino; Annina Takala. Transformation of Urban Water Service Provision: Potential of Hybrid Systems. Public Works Management & Policy 2019, 25, 151 -166.

AMA Style

Ossi Heino, Annina Takala. Transformation of Urban Water Service Provision: Potential of Hybrid Systems. Public Works Management & Policy. 2019; 25 (2):151-166.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ossi Heino; Annina Takala. 2019. "Transformation of Urban Water Service Provision: Potential of Hybrid Systems." Public Works Management & Policy 25, no. 2: 151-166.

Journal article
Published: 06 February 2019 in Sustainability
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The functioning and resilience of modern societies have become more and more dependent on critical infrastructures. Severe disturbance to critical infrastructure is likely to reveal chaotic operational conditions, in which infrastructure service providers, emergency services, police, municipalities, and other key stakeholders must act effectively to minimize damages and restore normal operations. This paper aims to better understand this kind of operational environment resulting from, for example, a terrorist attack. It emphasizes mutual interdependencies among key stakeholders in such situations. The empirical contribution is based on observations from a workshop, in which participants representing the critical services and infrastructures in Finland discussed in thematic groups. Two scenarios guided the workshop discussions; nationwide electricity grid disruption and presumably intentionally contaminated water supply in a city. The results indicate that more attention should be paid to the interdependencies between critical infrastructures, as well as to the latent vulnerabilities hidden inside the systems. Furthermore, producing security seems to require continuous interaction and creation of meanings between extremely different actors and logics. This implies a need for changes in thinking, particularly concerning the ability to define problems across conventional administrative structures, geographical boundaries and conferred powers.

ACS Style

Ossi Heino; Annina Takala; Pirjo Jukarainen; Joanna Kalalahti; Tuula Kekki; Pekka Verho. Critical Infrastructures: The Operational Environment in Cases of Severe Disruption. Sustainability 2019, 11, 838 .

AMA Style

Ossi Heino, Annina Takala, Pirjo Jukarainen, Joanna Kalalahti, Tuula Kekki, Pekka Verho. Critical Infrastructures: The Operational Environment in Cases of Severe Disruption. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (3):838.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ossi Heino; Annina Takala; Pirjo Jukarainen; Joanna Kalalahti; Tuula Kekki; Pekka Verho. 2019. "Critical Infrastructures: The Operational Environment in Cases of Severe Disruption." Sustainability 11, no. 3: 838.

Original article
Published: 04 June 2017 in European Journal of Futures Research
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Weak signals and wild cards are used to scan the environment and make systems more sensitive to emerging changes. In this paper, the applicability of weak signals and wild cards is experimented in a case of a highly reliable and conservative sector, water and sanitation services. The aim is to explore an approach suitable for water utilities. The paper discusses different theoretical and methodological approaches to weak signals and wild cards, and reflects these in relation to the chosen approach. It is argued that the process of weak signals and wild cards can serve as a communication and reflection exercise for an organisation like a water utility. Furthermore, incorporating weak signals and wild cards can be an essential part in futures thinking, challenge prevailing mental models, and make systems more open to sense and learn from their environment. It is recommended for water utilities to apply a loose approach on weak signals and wild cards and embed it as a part of their organisational culture. However, it should be remembered that the approach should always be chosen to match the overall objectives and context.

ACS Style

Annina Takala; Ossi Heino. Weak signals and wild cards in water and sanitation services – exploring an approach for water utilities. European Journal of Futures Research 2017, 5, 4 .

AMA Style

Annina Takala, Ossi Heino. Weak signals and wild cards in water and sanitation services – exploring an approach for water utilities. European Journal of Futures Research. 2017; 5 (1):4.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Annina Takala; Ossi Heino. 2017. "Weak signals and wild cards in water and sanitation services – exploring an approach for water utilities." European Journal of Futures Research 5, no. 1: 4.

Research article
Published: 21 September 2016 in Public Works Management & Policy
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ACS Style

Ossi Heino. Taking Water Services to the Next Level. Public Works Management & Policy 2016, 22, 12 -17.

AMA Style

Ossi Heino. Taking Water Services to the Next Level. Public Works Management & Policy. 2016; 22 (1):12-17.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ossi Heino. 2016. "Taking Water Services to the Next Level." Public Works Management & Policy 22, no. 1: 12-17.

Research article
Published: 22 September 2015 in Public Works Management & Policy
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The aim of this article is to shed light on the theory and praxis of utility stakeholder communication. Our general research objective is to contrast citizens’ experiences of utility-specific information needs with the views of communication managers of municipal water utilities. Empirical data for the study were gathered using two methods. Citizens’ views were gathered from street interviews in several Finnish middle-sized cities, whereas the views of communication professionals of municipal water utilities were collected via email-based survey. Empirical analysis shows that one-way communication has its relevance, and it should actually be improved most notably in exceptional situations, such as water supply disruptions. More profound changes in customer communication require, however, that utilities support customers’ strive for sustainable and economical water consumption. The overall challenge to utilities is to get closer to the everyday needs of their customers and to develop new communication culture to support such an endeavor.

ACS Style

Ossi Heino; Ari-Veikko Anttiroiko. Utility–Customer Communication. Public Works Management & Policy 2015, 21, 220 -230.

AMA Style

Ossi Heino, Ari-Veikko Anttiroiko. Utility–Customer Communication. Public Works Management & Policy. 2015; 21 (3):220-230.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ossi Heino; Ari-Veikko Anttiroiko. 2015. "Utility–Customer Communication." Public Works Management & Policy 21, no. 3: 220-230.

Journal article
Published: 30 September 2014 in Water Policy
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In urban communities, infrastructures that support living are indispensable. There is increased interest in alternative ways of providing such support systems, including semi-autonomous infrastructures resulting from the self-organization of local actors. In this study, we analyze the emergence and management of such infrastructures in light of the theory of complex adaptive systems, within which they are called ‘inverse infrastructures’. Empirical evidence is drawn from the case of water cooperatives in the town of Ikaalinen, Finland. Our analysis shows that, with favorable preconditions in place, inverse infrastructures may contribute significantly to local infrastructure services and so also to the functioning of society.

ACS Style

Ossi Heino; Ari-Veikko Anttiroiko. Inverse infrastructures: self-organization in the water services. Water Policy 2014, 17, 299 -315.

AMA Style

Ossi Heino, Ari-Veikko Anttiroiko. Inverse infrastructures: self-organization in the water services. Water Policy. 2014; 17 (2):299-315.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ossi Heino; Ari-Veikko Anttiroiko. 2014. "Inverse infrastructures: self-organization in the water services." Water Policy 17, no. 2: 299-315.

Research article
Published: 02 July 2014 in Public Works Management & Policy
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This article discusses the outsourcing of water utility operations and the prerequisites for successful partnerships between water utilities and external service providers. A questionnaire survey in Finland indicated that the outsourcing of various water utility operations will increase in the future. This trend includes great opportunities to utilize the best features of external service providers and efficiently develop the water services sector. However, the outsourcing also includes risks because there is a lack of trust between water utilities and private companies. Therefore, “hard,” rigid contracts are preferred to reduce the uncertainty in outsourcing such undertakings. In uncertain conditions, this approach may not be an effective and fruitful development path in the long term. If relationships are more trust based, uncertainty can actually strengthen these relationships. Thus, more attention should be paid to building trust instead of intensively attempting to reduce uncertainty.

ACS Style

Ossi Heino; Tapio Katko; Pekka E. Pietilä. Tighter Contracts or More Trust? Outsourcing in Finnish Water Utilities. Public Works Management & Policy 2014, 20, 360 -378.

AMA Style

Ossi Heino, Tapio Katko, Pekka E. Pietilä. Tighter Contracts or More Trust? Outsourcing in Finnish Water Utilities. Public Works Management & Policy. 2014; 20 (4):360-378.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ossi Heino; Tapio Katko; Pekka E. Pietilä. 2014. "Tighter Contracts or More Trust? Outsourcing in Finnish Water Utilities." Public Works Management & Policy 20, no. 4: 360-378.