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M. Ruiz-Villarreal
Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de A Coruña, 15001 A Coruña, Spain

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Journal article
Published: 25 September 2020 in Oceans
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A 29-year-long time series (1990–2018) of phyto- and zooplankton abundance and composition is analyzed to uncover regime shifts related to climate and local oceanography variability. At least two major shifts were identified: one between 1997 and 1998, affecting zooplankton group abundance, phytoplankton species assemblages and climatic series, and a second one between 2001 and 2002, affecting microzooplankton group abundance, mesozooplankton species assemblages and local hydrographic series. Upwelling variability was relatively less important than other climatic or local oceanographic variables for the definition of the regimes. Climate-related regimes were influenced by the dominance of cold and dry (1990–1997) vs. warm and wet (1998–2018) periods, and characterized by shifts from low to high life trait diversity in phytoplankton assemblages, and from low to high meroplankton dominance for mesozooplankton. Regimes related to local oceanography were defined by the shift from relatively low (1990–2001) to high (2002–2018) concentrations of nutrients provided by remineralization (or continental inputs) and biological production, and shifts from a low to high abundance of microzooplankton, and from a low to high trait diversity of mesozooplankton species assemblages. These results align with similar shifts described around the same time for most regions of the NE Atlantic. This study points out the different effects of large-scale vs. local environmental variations in shaping plankton assemblages at multiannual time scales.

ACS Style

Antonio Bode; Marta Álvarez; Luz María García García; Maria Ángeles Louro; Mar Nieto-Cid; Manuel Ruíz-Villarreal; Marta M. Varela. Climate and Local Hydrography Underlie Recent Regime Shifts in Plankton Communities off Galicia (NW Spain). Oceans 2020, 1, 181 -197.

AMA Style

Antonio Bode, Marta Álvarez, Luz María García García, Maria Ángeles Louro, Mar Nieto-Cid, Manuel Ruíz-Villarreal, Marta M. Varela. Climate and Local Hydrography Underlie Recent Regime Shifts in Plankton Communities off Galicia (NW Spain). Oceans. 2020; 1 (4):181-197.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Antonio Bode; Marta Álvarez; Luz María García García; Maria Ángeles Louro; Mar Nieto-Cid; Manuel Ruíz-Villarreal; Marta M. Varela. 2020. "Climate and Local Hydrography Underlie Recent Regime Shifts in Plankton Communities off Galicia (NW Spain)." Oceans 1, no. 4: 181-197.

Journal article
Published: 25 June 2020 in Remote Sensing
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This work evaluates the sensitivity of CO 2 air–sea gas exchange in a coastal site to four different model system configurations of the 1D coupled hydrodynamic–ecosystem model GOTM–ERSEM, towards identifying critical dynamics of relevance when specifically addressing quantification of air–sea CO 2 exchange. The European Sea Regional Ecosystem Model (ERSEM) is a biomass and functional group-based biogeochemical model that includes a comprehensive carbonate system and explicitly simulates the production of dissolved organic carbon, dissolved inorganic carbon and organic matter. The model was implemented at the coastal station L4 (4 nm south of Plymouth, 50°15.00’N, 4°13.02’W, depth of 51 m). The model performance was evaluated using more than 1500 hydrological and biochemical observations routinely collected at L4 through the Western Coastal Observatory activities of 2008—-2009. In addition to a reference simulation (A), we ran three distinct experiments to investigate the sensitivity of the carbonate system and modeled air–sea fluxes to (B) the sea-surface temperature (SST) diurnal cycle and thus also the near-surface vertical gradients, (C) biological suppression of gas exchange and (D) data assimilation using satellite Earth observation data. The reference simulation captures well the physical environment (simulated SST has a correlation with observations equal to 0.94 with a p> 0.95). Overall, the model captures the seasonal signal in most biogeochemical variables including the air–sea flux of CO 2 and primary production and can capture some of the intra-seasonal variability and short-lived blooms. The model correctly reproduces the seasonality of nutrients (correlation > 0.80 for silicate, nitrate and phosphate), surface chlorophyll-a (correlation > 0.43) and total biomass (correlation > 0.7) in a two year run for 2008–2009. The model simulates well the concentration of DIC, pH and in-water partial pressure of CO 2 (pCO 2 ) with correlations between 0.4–0.5. The model result suggest that L4 is a weak net source of CO 2 (0.3–1.8 molCm − 2 year − 1 ). The results of the three sensitivity experiments indicate that both resolving the temperature profile near the surface and assimilation of surface chlorophyll-a significantly impact the skill of simulating the biogeochemistry at L4 and all of the carbonate chemistry related variables. These results indicate that our forecasting ability of CO 2 air–sea flux in shelf seas environments and their impact in climate modeling should consider both model refinements as means of reducing uncertainties and errors in any future climate projections.

ACS Style

Ricardo Torres; Jamie Shutler; Yuri Artioli; Vassilis Kitidis; Stefano Ciavatta; Manuel Ruiz-Villarreal; Luca Polimene; Victor Martinez; Claire Widdicombe; E. Woodward; Timothy Smyth; James Fishwick; Gavin Tilstone. Sensitivity of Modeled CO2 Air–Sea Flux in a Coastal Environment to Surface Temperature Gradients, Surfactants, and Satellite Data Assimilation. Remote Sensing 2020, 12, 2038 .

AMA Style

Ricardo Torres, Jamie Shutler, Yuri Artioli, Vassilis Kitidis, Stefano Ciavatta, Manuel Ruiz-Villarreal, Luca Polimene, Victor Martinez, Claire Widdicombe, E. Woodward, Timothy Smyth, James Fishwick, Gavin Tilstone. Sensitivity of Modeled CO2 Air–Sea Flux in a Coastal Environment to Surface Temperature Gradients, Surfactants, and Satellite Data Assimilation. Remote Sensing. 2020; 12 (12):2038.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ricardo Torres; Jamie Shutler; Yuri Artioli; Vassilis Kitidis; Stefano Ciavatta; Manuel Ruiz-Villarreal; Luca Polimene; Victor Martinez; Claire Widdicombe; E. Woodward; Timothy Smyth; James Fishwick; Gavin Tilstone. 2020. "Sensitivity of Modeled CO2 Air–Sea Flux in a Coastal Environment to Surface Temperature Gradients, Surfactants, and Satellite Data Assimilation." Remote Sensing 12, no. 12: 2038.

Journal article
Published: 25 April 2020 in Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science
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We combined flow cytometry, CARD-FISH, and 16 S rRNA gene tag pyrosequencing to investigate bacterioplankton dynamics along a transect in shelf waters off A Coruña (Galicia, NW Spain). Over five days (16–20 July 2012) we sampled a situation of summer upwelling relaxation, providing an opportunity to examine the impact of pulses of cold nutrient-rich water into coastal microbial communities. The hydrographic conditions, characterized by intense density stratification of surface waters and the presence of a deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) at 20–30 m, were relatively maintained over the sampling period. Indeed, bacterial abundance and composition displayed low day to day variation. Alpha diversity analysis suggested that species richness and diversity increased from coastal to shelf stations and from the surface down to the DCM, which could be caused by the mixing of upwelled bacteria with the coastal surface waters. SAR11, SAR86, and Roseobacter were the most abundant bacteria detected in the samples by using CARD-FISH. The assemblages observed by pyrosequencing displayed a strong vertical zonation along the transect. Rhodobacteraceae (under class Alphaproteobacteria) and Bacteriodetes dominated the surface waters and decreased during the upwelling pulse, while SAR 86 (under class Gammaproteobacteria), Actinobacteria and SAR11 clade increased their relative abundance at the DCM with upwelling relaxation, particularly at the shelf stations. Bacterial assemblages from surface waters were associated with higher temperature and light conditions, while DCM assemblages were rather associated to salinity, inorganic nutrients and a diatom-bloom leading to high chlorophyll-a. Our findings suggest that the vertical variability in environmental conditions induced by the intense density stratification, the exportation of warmer and less saline surface water from the rias to the adjacent shelf, and the fertilizing effect of recently upwelled water at the deeper layer, determined the composition of distinct bacterial assemblages at the subsurface and DCM layers.

ACS Style

Tania Montes; Elisa Guerrero-Feijóo; Víctor Moreira-Coello; Antonio Bode; Manuel Ruiz Villarreal; Beatriz Mouriño-Carballido; Marta M. Varela. Vertical zonation of bacterial assemblages attributed to physical stratification during the summer relaxation of the coastal upwelling off Galicia (NW Spain). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 2020, 245, 106791 .

AMA Style

Tania Montes, Elisa Guerrero-Feijóo, Víctor Moreira-Coello, Antonio Bode, Manuel Ruiz Villarreal, Beatriz Mouriño-Carballido, Marta M. Varela. Vertical zonation of bacterial assemblages attributed to physical stratification during the summer relaxation of the coastal upwelling off Galicia (NW Spain). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 2020; 245 ():106791.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tania Montes; Elisa Guerrero-Feijóo; Víctor Moreira-Coello; Antonio Bode; Manuel Ruiz Villarreal; Beatriz Mouriño-Carballido; Marta M. Varela. 2020. "Vertical zonation of bacterial assemblages attributed to physical stratification during the summer relaxation of the coastal upwelling off Galicia (NW Spain)." Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 245, no. : 106791.

Article
Published: 10 June 2019 in Ocean Dynamics
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The analysis of a 28-year-long (1989–2016) series of monthly measurements of chlorophyll concentrations and primary production rates at a shelf station off A Coruña (NW Spain) provided evidence of changes at several time scales that were only partly related to upwelling intensity. Chlorophyll determinations were made in acetonic extracts and primary production rates by the measurement of 14C-uptake by natural phytoplankton populations in simulated in situ conditions. Wavelet analysis revealed multiple modes of variation in both series, particularly at high frequencies, but some were only significant for part of the series. For instance, the seasonal cycle was not uniform through the series despite the annual repetition of maxima and minima. At multiannual time scales, both series were divided in three quasi-decadal periods characterized by significant increases in mean values. Fluctuations in chlorophyll and primary production covaried with changes in upwelling intensity at annual scales, but annual means showed low correlation. Changes in dissolved nutrient concentrations from continental sources were the likely drivers of the observed changes in productivity at large time scales. Increases in the decadal mean rates of production and concentrations of chlorophyll were driven by increased intensity of spring blooms associated to increased nutrients and low salinity water in the surface. In contrast, blooms caused by upwelling nutrients remained unchanged along the series. This study illustrates the complexity of interactions in coastal upwelling areas at large time scales, where changes in continental nutrient inputs may affect phytoplankton production more than variations in upwelling intensity.

ACS Style

Antonio Bode; Marta Álvarez; Manuel Ruíz-Villarreal; Marta M. Varela. Changes in phytoplankton production and upwelling intensity off A Coruña (NW Spain) for the last 28 years. Ocean Dynamics 2019, 69, 861 -873.

AMA Style

Antonio Bode, Marta Álvarez, Manuel Ruíz-Villarreal, Marta M. Varela. Changes in phytoplankton production and upwelling intensity off A Coruña (NW Spain) for the last 28 years. Ocean Dynamics. 2019; 69 (7):861-873.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Antonio Bode; Marta Álvarez; Manuel Ruíz-Villarreal; Marta M. Varela. 2019. "Changes in phytoplankton production and upwelling intensity off A Coruña (NW Spain) for the last 28 years." Ocean Dynamics 69, no. 7: 861-873.

Conference paper
Published: 08 June 2019 in Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV
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Toxins from harmful algae and certain food pathogens (Escherichia coli and Norovirus) found in shellfish can cause significant health problems to the public and have a negative impact on the economy. For the most part, these outbreaks cannot be prevented but, with the right technology and know-how, they can be predicted. These Early Warning Systems (EWS) require reliable data from multiple sources: satellite imagery, in situ data and numerical tools. The data is processed and analyzed and a short-term forecast is produced. Computational science is at the heart of any EWS. Current models and forecast systems are becoming increasingly sophisticated as more is known about the dynamics of an outbreak. This paper discusses the need, main components and future challenges of EWS.

ACS Style

Marcos Mateus; Jose Fernandes; Marta Revilla; Luis Ferrer; Manuel Ruiz Villarreal; Peter Miller; Wiebke Schmidt; Julie Maguire; Alexandra Silva; Lígia Pinto. Early Warning Systems for Shellfish Safety: The Pivotal Role of Computational Science. Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV 2019, 361 -375.

AMA Style

Marcos Mateus, Jose Fernandes, Marta Revilla, Luis Ferrer, Manuel Ruiz Villarreal, Peter Miller, Wiebke Schmidt, Julie Maguire, Alexandra Silva, Lígia Pinto. Early Warning Systems for Shellfish Safety: The Pivotal Role of Computational Science. Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV. 2019; ():361-375.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marcos Mateus; Jose Fernandes; Marta Revilla; Luis Ferrer; Manuel Ruiz Villarreal; Peter Miller; Wiebke Schmidt; Julie Maguire; Alexandra Silva; Lígia Pinto. 2019. "Early Warning Systems for Shellfish Safety: The Pivotal Role of Computational Science." Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV , no. : 361-375.

Journal article
Published: 29 April 2019 in Progress in Oceanography
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Wind reversals and quick transitions from relaxation to upwelling in coastal areas cause major changes in water column structure, phytoplankton distribution and dominance, and rates of physiological processes. The cruise “ASIMUTH-Rías” (17-21 June 2013) was carried out in the Galician Rías and adjacent shelf, at the time of a DSP outbreak, to study small-scale physical processes associated with late spring blooms of D. acuminata and accompanying microzooplanktonic ciliates with the overall objective of improving predictive models of their occurrence. The cruise coincided with the initiation of an upwelling pulse following relaxation and deepening of a previously formed thin layer of diatoms. A 36-h cell cycle study carried on 18-20 June showed the vertical excursions of the thin layer, mainly delimited by the 13.5-14°C isotherms and turbulence levels (ε) of 10-8 - 10-6 m2 s-3, as well as marked changes in phytoplankton composition (increased density and dominance of diatoms). There was no evidence of daily vertical migration of D. acuminata, which remained in the top layer during the cycle study, but the opposite was observed in the ciliate populations. Dinophysis and its potential prey (Mesodinium species) cell maxima overlapped after midday, when the ciliate moved to the surface, suggesting an “ambush” strategy of Dinophysis to catch prey. A remarkable decline (from 0.65 to 0.33 d-1) in division rates (µ) of D. acuminata was associated with increased turbulence (ε 2°C in about 8 h). In contrast, high division rates (µmin ∼0.69 d-1) persisted at a mid-shelf station where environmental conditions below the mixed layer were more stable. The onset of upwelling pulses appears to have a double negative effect on the net growth of Dinophysis populations: a direct physical effect due to advective dispersion and an indirect effect, decreased division rates. The latter would be caused by the rapid cooling of the mixed layer, and the increased turbulence at the surface resulting in shear stress to the cells. The short-term impact of upwelling pulses (and the winds promoting it) on the physiology of Dinophysis and its ciliate prey, and the role of mid-shelf populations of Dinophysis as a relatively undisturbed reservoir for the inoculation of subsequent blooms are discussed.

ACS Style

Patricio A. Díaz; Manuel Ruiz-Villarreal; Beatriz Mourino-Carballido; Concepción Fernández-Pena; Pilar Riobó; Beatriz Reguera. Fine scale physical-biological interactions during a shift from relaxation to upwelling with a focus on Dinophysis acuminata and its potential ciliate prey. Progress in Oceanography 2019, 175, 309 -327.

AMA Style

Patricio A. Díaz, Manuel Ruiz-Villarreal, Beatriz Mourino-Carballido, Concepción Fernández-Pena, Pilar Riobó, Beatriz Reguera. Fine scale physical-biological interactions during a shift from relaxation to upwelling with a focus on Dinophysis acuminata and its potential ciliate prey. Progress in Oceanography. 2019; 175 ():309-327.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Patricio A. Díaz; Manuel Ruiz-Villarreal; Beatriz Mourino-Carballido; Concepción Fernández-Pena; Pilar Riobó; Beatriz Reguera. 2019. "Fine scale physical-biological interactions during a shift from relaxation to upwelling with a focus on Dinophysis acuminata and its potential ciliate prey." Progress in Oceanography 175, no. : 309-327.

Journal article
Published: 14 January 2019 in Toxins
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Blooms of Dinophysis acuminata occur every year in Galicia (northwest Spain), between spring and autumn. These blooms contaminate shellfish with lipophilic toxins and cause lengthy harvesting bans. They are often followed by short-lived blooms of Dinophysis acuta, associated with northward longshore transport, at the end of the upwelling season. During the summers of 1989 and 1990, dense blooms of D. acuta developed in situ, initially co-occurring with D. acuminata and later with the paralytic shellfish toxin-producer Gymnodinium catenatum. Unexplored data from three cruises carried out before, during, and following autumn blooms (13–14, 27–28 September and 11–12 October) in 1990 showed D. acuta distribution in shelf waters within the 50 m and 130 m isobaths, delimited by the upwelling front. A joint review of monitoring data from Galicia and Portugal provided a mesoscale view of anomalies in SST and other hydroclimatic factors associated with a northward displacement of the center of gravity of D. acuta populations. At the microscale, re-examination of the vertical segregation of cell maxima in the light of current knowledge, improved our understanding of niche differentiation between the two species of Dinophysis. Results here improve local transport models and forecast of Dinophysis events, the main cause of shellfish harvesting bans in the most important mussel production area in Europe.

ACS Style

Patricio A. Díaz; Beatriz Reguera; Teresa Moita; Isabel Bravo; Manuel Ruiz-Villarreal; Santiago Fraga. Mesoscale Dynamics and Niche Segregation of Two Dinophysis Species in Galician-Portuguese Coastal Waters. Toxins 2019, 11, 37 .

AMA Style

Patricio A. Díaz, Beatriz Reguera, Teresa Moita, Isabel Bravo, Manuel Ruiz-Villarreal, Santiago Fraga. Mesoscale Dynamics and Niche Segregation of Two Dinophysis Species in Galician-Portuguese Coastal Waters. Toxins. 2019; 11 (1):37.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Patricio A. Díaz; Beatriz Reguera; Teresa Moita; Isabel Bravo; Manuel Ruiz-Villarreal; Santiago Fraga. 2019. "Mesoscale Dynamics and Niche Segregation of Two Dinophysis Species in Galician-Portuguese Coastal Waters." Toxins 11, no. 1: 37.

Chapter
Published: 27 April 2018 in Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems
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The Core Research Project (CRP) HABs in Upwelling Systems was developed as part of the implementation of the international science programme the Global Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms (GEOHAB). Progress in addressing eight key questions identified as a requirement for advancing our understanding of the ecology and oceanography of HABs in upwelling systems is reviewed. The considerable diversity of HAB species found in upwelling systems is considered to reflect the mosaic of multiple and shifting sub-habitats present within upwelling systems. In developing predictive capabilities, the need to consider species-specific behaviour with reference to the environmental and ecological parameters that characterize these sub-habitats is demonstrated. However, the limited spatial resolution of many numerical models has prevented incorporation of the complexity created at the small scale by physically driven niche diversification. Observations of opportunistic exploitation of multiple seeding options rather than depending on a single seeding mode further complicate prediction. Although contrasting nutrient strategies have been demonstrated for HABs in upwelling systems, attempts to determine species-specific nutrient requirements are few. The timing of HABs is controlled by wind stress fluctuations and buoyancy inputs at the seasonal, event and interannual scales, whereas the spatial distribution of HABs is controlled by mesoscale features that interrupt typical upwelling circulation patterns leading to the identification of HAB hotspots. Here cross-shelf and alongshore currents are important in the transport, accumulation and dispersion of HAB populations. With increasing availability of long-term data sets, changing trends in HABs related to climate are emerging. Owing to the strong physical control of HABs in upwelling systems, successful prediction as a possible outcome of the integration of real-time data into model systems as a component of operational forecasting of the ocean is most likely to be achieved, thus taking a critical step towards fulfilment of GEOHAB goals.

ACS Style

Grant C. Pitcher; Francisco G. Figueiras; Raphael M. Kudela; Teresa Moita; Beatriz Reguera; Manuel Ruiz-Villareal. Key Questions and Recent Research Advances on Harmful Algal Blooms in Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems. Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems 2018, 205 -227.

AMA Style

Grant C. Pitcher, Francisco G. Figueiras, Raphael M. Kudela, Teresa Moita, Beatriz Reguera, Manuel Ruiz-Villareal. Key Questions and Recent Research Advances on Harmful Algal Blooms in Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems. Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems. 2018; ():205-227.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Grant C. Pitcher; Francisco G. Figueiras; Raphael M. Kudela; Teresa Moita; Beatriz Reguera; Manuel Ruiz-Villareal. 2018. "Key Questions and Recent Research Advances on Harmful Algal Blooms in Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems." Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems , no. : 205-227.

Research article
Published: 15 November 2017 in Science Advances
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The pathways and transformations of dense water overflows, which depend on small-scale interactions between flow dynamics and erosional-depositional processes, are a central piece in the ocean’s large-scale circulation. A novel, high-resolution current and hydrographic data set highlights the intricate pathway travelled by the saline Mediterranean Overflow as it enters the Atlantic. Interaction with the topography constraints its spreading. Over the initial 200 km west of the Gibraltar gateway, distinct channels separate the initial gravity current into several plunging branches depth-sorted by density. Shallow branches follow the upper slope and eventually detach as buoyant plumes. Deeper branches occupy mid slope channels and coalesce upon reaching a diapiric ridge. A still deeper branch, guided by a lower channel wall marked by transverse furrows, experiences small-scale overflows which travel downslope to settle at mid-depths. The Mediterranean salt flux into the Atlantic has implications for the buoyancy balance in the North Atlantic. Observations on how this flux enters at different depth levels are key to accurately measuring and understanding the role of Mediterranean Outflow in future climate scenarios.

ACS Style

Ricardo F. Sánchez-Leal; María Jesús Bellanco; Luis Miguel Fernández-Salas; Jesús García-Lafuente; Marc Gasser-Rubinat; César González-Pola; Francisco J. Hernández-Molina; Josep L. Pelegrí; Alvaro Peliz; Paulo Relvas; David Roque; Manuel Ruiz-Villarreal; Simone Sammartino; José Carlos Sánchez-Garrido. The Mediterranean Overflow in the Gulf of Cadiz: A rugged journey. Science Advances 2017, 3, eaao0609 .

AMA Style

Ricardo F. Sánchez-Leal, María Jesús Bellanco, Luis Miguel Fernández-Salas, Jesús García-Lafuente, Marc Gasser-Rubinat, César González-Pola, Francisco J. Hernández-Molina, Josep L. Pelegrí, Alvaro Peliz, Paulo Relvas, David Roque, Manuel Ruiz-Villarreal, Simone Sammartino, José Carlos Sánchez-Garrido. The Mediterranean Overflow in the Gulf of Cadiz: A rugged journey. Science Advances. 2017; 3 (11):eaao0609.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ricardo F. Sánchez-Leal; María Jesús Bellanco; Luis Miguel Fernández-Salas; Jesús García-Lafuente; Marc Gasser-Rubinat; César González-Pola; Francisco J. Hernández-Molina; Josep L. Pelegrí; Alvaro Peliz; Paulo Relvas; David Roque; Manuel Ruiz-Villarreal; Simone Sammartino; José Carlos Sánchez-Garrido. 2017. "The Mediterranean Overflow in the Gulf of Cadiz: A rugged journey." Science Advances 3, no. 11: eaao0609.

Journal article
Published: 04 March 2016 in Ocean Science
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Since its foundation, 100 years ago, the Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO) has been observing and measuring the ocean characteristics. Here is a summary of the initiatives of the IEO in the field of the operational oceanography. Some systems like the tide gauges network has been working for more than 70 years. The standard sections began at different moments depending on the local projects, and nowadays there are more than 180 coastal stations and deep-sea ones that are systematically sampled, obtaining physical and biochemical measurements. At this moment, the Observing System includes six permanent moorings equipped with current meters, an open-sea ocean-meteorological buoy offshore Santander and a sea-surface temperature satellite image station. It also supports the Spanish contribution to the Argo international programme with 47 deployed profilers, and continuous monitoring thermosalinometers, meteorological stations and vessel-mounted acoustic Doppler current profilers on the research vessel fleet. The system is completed with the contribution to the Northwest Iberian peninsula and Gibraltar observatories, and the development of regional prediction models. All these systematic measurements allow the IEO to give responses to ocean research activities, official agencies requirements and industrial and main society demands such as navigation, resource management, risks management, recreation, as well as for management development pollution-related economic activities or marine ecosystems. All these networks are linked to international initiatives, framed largely in supranational programmes of Earth observation sponsored by the United Nations or the European Union. The synchronic observation system permits a spatio-temporal description of some events, such as new deep water formation in the Mediterranean Sea and the injection of heat to intermediate waters in the Bay of Biscay after some colder northern storms in winter 2005.

ACS Style

Elena Tel; Rosa Balbin; Jose-Manuel Cabanas; Maria-Jesus Garcia; M. Carmen Garcia-Martinez; Cesar González-Pola; Alicia Lavín; Jose-Luis Lopez-Jurado; Carmen Rodriguez; Manuel Ruiz-Villarreal; Ricardo F. Sánchez-Leal; Manuel Vargas-Yañez; Pedro Vélez-Belchí. IEOOS: the Spanish Institute of Oceanography Observing System. Ocean Science 2016, 12, 345 -353.

AMA Style

Elena Tel, Rosa Balbin, Jose-Manuel Cabanas, Maria-Jesus Garcia, M. Carmen Garcia-Martinez, Cesar González-Pola, Alicia Lavín, Jose-Luis Lopez-Jurado, Carmen Rodriguez, Manuel Ruiz-Villarreal, Ricardo F. Sánchez-Leal, Manuel Vargas-Yañez, Pedro Vélez-Belchí. IEOOS: the Spanish Institute of Oceanography Observing System. Ocean Science. 2016; 12 (2):345-353.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elena Tel; Rosa Balbin; Jose-Manuel Cabanas; Maria-Jesus Garcia; M. Carmen Garcia-Martinez; Cesar González-Pola; Alicia Lavín; Jose-Luis Lopez-Jurado; Carmen Rodriguez; Manuel Ruiz-Villarreal; Ricardo F. Sánchez-Leal; Manuel Vargas-Yañez; Pedro Vélez-Belchí. 2016. "IEOOS: the Spanish Institute of Oceanography Observing System." Ocean Science 12, no. 2: 345-353.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2016 in Harmful Algae
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Dinophysis acuta is a frequent seasonal lipophilic toxin producer in European Atlantic coastal waters associated with thermal stratification. In the Galician Rías, populations of D. acuta with their epicentre located off Aveiro (northern Portugal), typically co-occur with and follow those of Dinophysis acuminata during the upwelling transition (early autumn) as a result of longshore transport. During hotter than average summers, D. acuta blooms also occur in August in the Rías, when they replace D. acuminata. Here we examined a 30-year (1985–2014) time series of D. acuta from samples collected by the same method in the Galician Rías. Our main objective was to identify patterns of distribution and their relation with climate variability, and to explain the exceptional summer blooms of D. acuta in 1989–1990. A dome-shaped relationship was found between summer upwelling intensity and D. acuta blooms; cell maxima were associated with conditions where the balance between upwelling intensity and heating, leading to deepened thermoclines, combined with tidal phase (3 days after neap tides) created windows of opportunity for this species. The application of a generalized additive model based on biological (D. acuta inoculum) and environmental predictors (Cumulative June–August upwelling CUIJJA, average June–August SSTJJA and tidal range) explained more than 70% of the deviance for the exceptional summer blooms of D. acuta, through a combination of moderate (35,000–50,000 m3 s−1 km−1) summer upwelling (CUIJJA), thermal stratification (SSTJJA > 17 °C) and moderate tidal range (∼2.5 m), provided D. acuta cells (inoculum) were present in July. There was no evidence of increasing trends in D. acuta bloom frequency/intensity nor a clear relationship with NAO or other long-term climatic cycles. Instead, the exceptional summer blooms of 1989–1990 appeared linked to extreme hydroclimatic anomalies (high positive anomalies in SST and NAO index), which affected most of the European Atlantic coast.Versión del editor3,083

ACS Style

Patricio Díaz; Manuel Ruiz Villarreal; Yolanda Pazos; Teresa Moita; Beatriz Reguera. Climate variability and Dinophysis acuta blooms in an upwelling system. Harmful Algae 2016, 53, 145 -159.

AMA Style

Patricio Díaz, Manuel Ruiz Villarreal, Yolanda Pazos, Teresa Moita, Beatriz Reguera. Climate variability and Dinophysis acuta blooms in an upwelling system. Harmful Algae. 2016; 53 ():145-159.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Patricio Díaz; Manuel Ruiz Villarreal; Yolanda Pazos; Teresa Moita; Beatriz Reguera. 2016. "Climate variability and Dinophysis acuta blooms in an upwelling system." Harmful Algae 53, no. : 145-159.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2016 in Harmful Algae
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Reasons for the emergent interest in HABs are abundant, including concerns associated with human health, adverse effects on biological resources, economic losses attributed to recreation, tourism and seafood related industries, and the cost of maintaining public advisory services and monitoring programs for shellfish toxins and water quality. The impact of HABs can potentially be mitigated by early warning of their development. In this regard the project ASIMUTH (Applied Simulations and Integrated Modelling for the Understanding of Toxic and Harmful algal blooms) was borne in order to develop short term HAB alert systems for Atlantic Europe. This was achieved using information on the most current marine conditions (weather, water characteristics, toxicity, harmful algal presence etc.) combined with high resolution local numerical predictions. This integrated, multidisciplinary, trans-boundary approach to the study of HABs developed during ASIMUTH led to a better understanding of the physical, chemical and ecological factors controlling these blooms, as well as their impact on human activities. The outcome was an appropriate alert system for an effective management of areas that are usually associated with HAB events and where these episodes may have a more significant negative impact on human activities. Specifically for the aquaculture industry, the information provided enabled farmers to adapt their working practices in time to prevent mortalities in finfish farms and/or manage their shellfish harvest more effectively. This paper summarises the modelling and alert developments generated by the ASIMUTH project.Versión del editor3,083

ACS Style

Julie Maguire; Caroline Cusack; Manuel Ruiz Villarreal; Joe Silke; Deirdre McElligott; Keith Davidson. Applied simulations and integrated modelling for the understanding of toxic and harmful algal blooms (ASIMUTH): Integrated HAB forecast systems for Europe's Atlantic Arc. Harmful Algae 2016, 53, 160 -166.

AMA Style

Julie Maguire, Caroline Cusack, Manuel Ruiz Villarreal, Joe Silke, Deirdre McElligott, Keith Davidson. Applied simulations and integrated modelling for the understanding of toxic and harmful algal blooms (ASIMUTH): Integrated HAB forecast systems for Europe's Atlantic Arc. Harmful Algae. 2016; 53 ():160-166.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Julie Maguire; Caroline Cusack; Manuel Ruiz Villarreal; Joe Silke; Deirdre McElligott; Keith Davidson. 2016. "Applied simulations and integrated modelling for the understanding of toxic and harmful algal blooms (ASIMUTH): Integrated HAB forecast systems for Europe's Atlantic Arc." Harmful Algae 53, no. : 160-166.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2016 in Harmful Algae
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The northwestern Iberian coast (Galician Rías and shelf) is frequently affected by toxic harmful algal blooms (HABs) (mainly Dinophysis spp.), leading to lengthy harvesting closures in a region where aquaculture has a strong socioeconomic impact. The project ASIMUTH (http://www.asimuth.eu) aimed to develop forecasting capabilities to warn of impending HABs along the European Atlantic coast. Simulations with the ROMS model (hydrodynamical and ecological simulations complemented with Lagrangian particle tracking simulations) of the Galician coastal circulation have been performed in the framework of the ASIMUTH project to characterize and forecast oceanographic conditions before and during HAB periods. In this work, we present the Galician ASIMUTH forecast system and demonstrate its skill in predicting HAB transport and its usefulness to provide assessment for the management of the areas affected by toxic outbreaks. Experience gained during DSP events in 2005 and 2013 is shown. We also describe the Galician pilot HAB bulletins, aimed at distributing forecasts of HAB events that might induce closures of harvesting areas or, when the areas are already closed, at giving information on forthcoming oceanographic conditions that could favour or hamper the opening of an area. Our results show that the model forecasts and the bulletins can provide early warning of the risk of Dinophysis spp. events and the risk of closures linked to the presence of DSP toxins above regulatory levels in harvesting areas.Versión del editor3,083

ACS Style

Manuel Ruiz-Villarreal; Luz M. García-García; Marcos Cobas; Patricio A. Díaz; Beatriz Reguera. Modelling the hydrodynamic conditions associated with Dinophysis blooms in Galicia (NW Spain). Harmful Algae 2016, 53, 40 -52.

AMA Style

Manuel Ruiz-Villarreal, Luz M. García-García, Marcos Cobas, Patricio A. Díaz, Beatriz Reguera. Modelling the hydrodynamic conditions associated with Dinophysis blooms in Galicia (NW Spain). Harmful Algae. 2016; 53 ():40-52.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Manuel Ruiz-Villarreal; Luz M. García-García; Marcos Cobas; Patricio A. Díaz; Beatriz Reguera. 2016. "Modelling the hydrodynamic conditions associated with Dinophysis blooms in Galicia (NW Spain)." Harmful Algae 53, no. : 40-52.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2016 in Fisheries Research
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The Iberian sardine (Sardina pilchardus) is a traditional fishery in western Iberia that is economically important in Portugal and in Galicia (NW Spain). The International Council for the Exploration of the Seas (ICES) advice for the sardine in regions VIII and IXa in 2013 indicated that the biomass has decreased since 2006 and recruitment has been below the long term average since 2005. Recruitment is very variable, so it is important to understand the underlying processes driving this variation in order to manage the fishery effectively. In this study, a biophysical model was used to simulate the early life (egg and larval) stages of sardine. A high resolution hydrodynamic model for North and Northwest Iberia was used to force a Lagrangian Individually-Based Model (IBM) that simulated advection and dispersion (both horizontal and vertical) and included some biological behaviour. A Lower Trophic Level (LTL) model coupled to the hydrodynamic model was also used to get some insight on recruitment for years 2006–2007. Additionally, since in this area there are two different spawning grounds that could be associated with two eventually different populations, we have tried to show how the model can be used for giving insight on stock connectivity and therefore can contribute to stock delineation.

ACS Style

Luz María García-García; Manuel Ruiz-Villarreal; Miguel Bernal. A biophysical model for simulating early life stages of sardine in the Iberian Atlantic stock. Fisheries Research 2016, 173, 250 -272.

AMA Style

Luz María García-García, Manuel Ruiz-Villarreal, Miguel Bernal. A biophysical model for simulating early life stages of sardine in the Iberian Atlantic stock. Fisheries Research. 2016; 173 ():250-272.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luz María García-García; Manuel Ruiz-Villarreal; Miguel Bernal. 2016. "A biophysical model for simulating early life stages of sardine in the Iberian Atlantic stock." Fisheries Research 173, no. : 250-272.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2016 in Fisheries Research
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The fish stock delineation concept has now evolved informed by knowledge affordable from a variety of new genetic and geochemical life cycle tracers in addition to traditional morphometric, parasitological and life history trait approaches. These can be coupled with better definition of oceanographic processes enhanced by GIS-related modelling tools. Population structure and stock delineation are central considerations for scientific assessment and strategic management in Fishery Sciences and have to be addressed from a meta-population perspective where complementary technical approaches meet to enable the best resolving power. Evaluation of analytical tools allows assessing the minimum amount of information needed to properly delineate stock units. Single technical approaches are insufficient to delineate complex stock structures. There is a need to harness the full power of complementary and synergistic interdisciplinary approaches and tools; such an approach remains underused. In this special issue we consider scientific and technical advances in some research disciplines pertinent in fish stock delineation (i.e. Genetics, Ecology, Parasitology, Chemistry, Oceanography, Mathematics and Economics). In this introductory chapter we identify modelling challenges and research needs required to improve fishery assessment and management efficiency by better delineation of stocks.JRC.G.3-Maritime affair

ACS Style

Alfonso Pita; John Casey; Stephen J. Hawkins; Manuel Ruiz Villarreal; María-José Gutiérrez; Henrique Cabral; Fabio Carocci; Pablo Abaunza; Santiago Pascual; Pablo Presa. Conceptual and practical advances in fish stock delineation. Fisheries Research 2016, 173, 185 -193.

AMA Style

Alfonso Pita, John Casey, Stephen J. Hawkins, Manuel Ruiz Villarreal, María-José Gutiérrez, Henrique Cabral, Fabio Carocci, Pablo Abaunza, Santiago Pascual, Pablo Presa. Conceptual and practical advances in fish stock delineation. Fisheries Research. 2016; 173 ():185-193.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alfonso Pita; John Casey; Stephen J. Hawkins; Manuel Ruiz Villarreal; María-José Gutiérrez; Henrique Cabral; Fabio Carocci; Pablo Abaunza; Santiago Pascual; Pablo Presa. 2016. "Conceptual and practical advances in fish stock delineation." Fisheries Research 173, no. : 185-193.

Preprint content
Published: 27 October 2015 in Ocean Science Discussions
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Since its foundation, 100 years ago, the Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO) has been observing and measuring the ocean characteristics. Here is a summary of the initiatives of the IEO in the field of the operational oceanography (OO). Some systems like the tide gauges network has been working for more than 70 years. The IEO standard sections began at different moments depending on the local projects, and nowadays there are more than 180 coastal stations and deep-sea ones that are systematically sampled, obtaining physical and biochemical measurements. At this moment, the IEO Observing System (IEOOS) includes 6 permanent moorings equipped with currentmeters, an open-sea ocean-meteorological buoy offshore Santander and an SST satellital image reception station. It also supports the Spanish contribution to the ARGO international program with 47 deployed profilers, and continuous monitoring thermosalinometers, meteorological stations and ADCP onboard the IEO research vessels. The system is completed with the IEO contribution to the RAIA and Gibraltar observatories, and the development of regional prediction models. All these systematic measurements allow the IEO to give responses to ocean research activities, official agencies requirements and industrial and main society demands as navigation, resource management, risks management, recreation, etc, as well as for management development pollution-related economic activities or marine ecosystems. All these networks are linked to international initiatives, framed largely in supranational programs Earth observation sponsored by the United Nations or the European Union. The synchronic observation system permits following spatio-temporal description of some events, as new deep water formation in the Mediterranean Sea and the injection of heat to intermediate waters in the Bay of Biscay after some colder northern storms in winter 2005.

ACS Style

E. (Elena) Tel; R. (Rosa) Balbín; J.M. (José Manuel) Cabanas-López; M.J. (María Jesús) García-Fernández; M.C. (María Del Carmen) García-Martínez; C. (César) González-Pola; A. (Alicia) Lavín; J.L. (José Luis) López-Jurado; C. (Carmen) Rodríguez-Puente; M. (Manuel) Ruiz-Villarreal; R.F. (Ricardo Félix) Sánchez-Leal; M. (Manuel) Vargas-Yáñez; P. (Pedro) Vélez-Belchí. IEOOS: the Spanish Institute of Oceanography Observing System. Ocean Science Discussions 2015, 1 .

AMA Style

E. (Elena) Tel, R. (Rosa) Balbín, J.M. (José Manuel) Cabanas-López, M.J. (María Jesús) García-Fernández, M.C. (María Del Carmen) García-Martínez, C. (César) González-Pola, A. (Alicia) Lavín, J.L. (José Luis) López-Jurado, C. (Carmen) Rodríguez-Puente, M. (Manuel) Ruiz-Villarreal, R.F. (Ricardo Félix) Sánchez-Leal, M. (Manuel) Vargas-Yáñez, P. (Pedro) Vélez-Belchí. IEOOS: the Spanish Institute of Oceanography Observing System. Ocean Science Discussions. 2015; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

E. (Elena) Tel; R. (Rosa) Balbín; J.M. (José Manuel) Cabanas-López; M.J. (María Jesús) García-Fernández; M.C. (María Del Carmen) García-Martínez; C. (César) González-Pola; A. (Alicia) Lavín; J.L. (José Luis) López-Jurado; C. (Carmen) Rodríguez-Puente; M. (Manuel) Ruiz-Villarreal; R.F. (Ricardo Félix) Sánchez-Leal; M. (Manuel) Vargas-Yáñez; P. (Pedro) Vélez-Belchí. 2015. "IEOOS: the Spanish Institute of Oceanography Observing System." Ocean Science Discussions , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2015 in Environmental Modelling & Software
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Alavai is a free tool built with Processing to visualize forecasts of drift trajectories in the sea in a very fast and user-friendly graphic environment. It plots trajectories of both passive particles trapped near the ocean surface and oil slicks. Input data come from an operational configuration of the ROMS ocean model focused on the Euroregion Galicia (Spain) – North Portugal, however, this tool is easily adaptable to run with outputs coming from any operational high resolution ocean model configuration. The Prestige accident is used here in hindcast mode to demonstrate the main characteristics of Alavai.Versión del editor3,114

ACS Style

P. Otero; N.S. Banas; Manuel Ruiz Villarreal. A surface ocean trajectories visualization tool and its initial application to the Galician coast. Environmental Modelling & Software 2015, 66, 12 -16.

AMA Style

P. Otero, N.S. Banas, Manuel Ruiz Villarreal. A surface ocean trajectories visualization tool and its initial application to the Galician coast. Environmental Modelling & Software. 2015; 66 ():12-16.

Chicago/Turabian Style

P. Otero; N.S. Banas; Manuel Ruiz Villarreal. 2015. "A surface ocean trajectories visualization tool and its initial application to the Galician coast." Environmental Modelling & Software 66, no. : 12-16.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2014 in Oceanography
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Pablo Otero; Manuel Ruiz-Villarreal; Gonzalo González-Nuevo; Jose Manuel Cabanas. Operational Oceanography, End Users, and Social Network Sites: An Exploratory Analysis. Oceanography 2014, 27, 1 .

AMA Style

Pablo Otero, Manuel Ruiz-Villarreal, Gonzalo González-Nuevo, Jose Manuel Cabanas. Operational Oceanography, End Users, and Social Network Sites: An Exploratory Analysis. Oceanography. 2014; 27 (3):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pablo Otero; Manuel Ruiz-Villarreal; Gonzalo González-Nuevo; Jose Manuel Cabanas. 2014. "Operational Oceanography, End Users, and Social Network Sites: An Exploratory Analysis." Oceanography 27, no. 3: 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2014 in Marine Pollution Bulletin
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This study analyzes the coastal exposure to potential oil spills coming from the various corridors that constitute the Finisterre Traffic Separation Scheme (NW Iberia). A Lagrangian model was executed with results from a realistic configuration of an ocean model during 2012, validated here against High-Frequency (HF) radar-derived surface currents. Virtual particles were released each hour and followed during the next 4 days. A series of maps summarize which regions would be impacted and when. We have learnt, for example, that Cape Finisterre is the most affected area under a wide range of scenarios and that a sensitive area such as the National Park of the Atlantic Islands would require protective actions in less than 24 h if oil spills from the south eventually occurred. A complete analysis by corridor and during specific wind events is available through a web tool, which could be useful for decision makers in case of contingency.

ACS Style

P. Otero; Manuel Ruiz Villarreal; S. Allen-Perkins; B. Vila; Jose Cabanas. Coastal exposure to oil spill impacts from the Finisterre Traffic Separation Scheme. Marine Pollution Bulletin 2014, 85, 67 -77.

AMA Style

P. Otero, Manuel Ruiz Villarreal, S. Allen-Perkins, B. Vila, Jose Cabanas. Coastal exposure to oil spill impacts from the Finisterre Traffic Separation Scheme. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2014; 85 (1):67-77.

Chicago/Turabian Style

P. Otero; Manuel Ruiz Villarreal; S. Allen-Perkins; B. Vila; Jose Cabanas. 2014. "Coastal exposure to oil spill impacts from the Finisterre Traffic Separation Scheme." Marine Pollution Bulletin 85, no. 1: 67-77.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2014 in Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography
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Patricio Díaz; Manuel Ruiz Villarreal; L. (Lourdes) Velo-Suárez; M.I. (María Isabel) Ramilo-Rivero; Patrick Gentien; Michel Lunven; Liam Fernand; Robin Raine; Beatriz Reguera. Tidal and wind-event variability and the distribution of two groups of Pseudo-nitzschia species in an upwelling-influenced Ría. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 2014, 101, 163 -179.

AMA Style

Patricio Díaz, Manuel Ruiz Villarreal, L. (Lourdes) Velo-Suárez, M.I. (María Isabel) Ramilo-Rivero, Patrick Gentien, Michel Lunven, Liam Fernand, Robin Raine, Beatriz Reguera. Tidal and wind-event variability and the distribution of two groups of Pseudo-nitzschia species in an upwelling-influenced Ría. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography. 2014; 101 ():163-179.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Patricio Díaz; Manuel Ruiz Villarreal; L. (Lourdes) Velo-Suárez; M.I. (María Isabel) Ramilo-Rivero; Patrick Gentien; Michel Lunven; Liam Fernand; Robin Raine; Beatriz Reguera. 2014. "Tidal and wind-event variability and the distribution of two groups of Pseudo-nitzschia species in an upwelling-influenced Ría." Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 101, no. : 163-179.