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In this study, the in vitro effects of different Se concentrations (5, 10, 15, 20, and 100 mg kg−1) from different Se forms (sodium selenite, sodium selenate, selenomethionine, and selenocystine) on the development of a Fusarium proliferatum strain isolated from rice were investigated. A concentration-dependent effect was detected. Se reduced fungal growth starting from 10 mg kg−1 and increasing the concentration (15, 20, and 100 mg kg−1) enhanced the inhibitory effect. Se bioactivity was also chemical form dependent. Selenocystine was found to be the most effective at the lowest concentration (5 mg kg−1). Complete growth inhibition was observed at 20 mg kg−1 of Se from selenite, selenomethionine, and selenocystine. Se speciation analysis revealed that fungus was able to change the Se speciation when the lowest Se concentration was applied. Scanning Electron Microscopy showed an alteration of the fungal morphology induced by Se. Considering that the inorganic forms have a higher solubility in water and are cheaper than organic forms, 20 mg kg−1 of Se from selenite can be suggested as the best combination suitable to inhibit F. proliferatum strain. The addition of low concentrations of Se from selenite to conventional fungicides may be a promising alternative approach for the control of Fusarium species.
Elisabetta Troni; Giovanni Beccari; Roberto D’Amato; Francesco Tini; David Baldo; Maria Teresa Senatore; Gian Maria Beone; Maria Chiara Fontanella; Antonio Prodi; Daniela Businelli; Lorenzo Covarelli. In Vitro Evaluation of the Inhibitory Activity of Different Selenium Chemical Forms on the Growth of a Fusarium proliferatum Strain Isolated from Rice Seedlings. Plants 2021, 10, 1725 .
AMA StyleElisabetta Troni, Giovanni Beccari, Roberto D’Amato, Francesco Tini, David Baldo, Maria Teresa Senatore, Gian Maria Beone, Maria Chiara Fontanella, Antonio Prodi, Daniela Businelli, Lorenzo Covarelli. In Vitro Evaluation of the Inhibitory Activity of Different Selenium Chemical Forms on the Growth of a Fusarium proliferatum Strain Isolated from Rice Seedlings. Plants. 2021; 10 (8):1725.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElisabetta Troni; Giovanni Beccari; Roberto D’Amato; Francesco Tini; David Baldo; Maria Teresa Senatore; Gian Maria Beone; Maria Chiara Fontanella; Antonio Prodi; Daniela Businelli; Lorenzo Covarelli. 2021. "In Vitro Evaluation of the Inhibitory Activity of Different Selenium Chemical Forms on the Growth of a Fusarium proliferatum Strain Isolated from Rice Seedlings." Plants 10, no. 8: 1725.
DNA methylation mediates organisms’ adaptations to environmental changes in a wide range of species. We investigated if a such a strategy is also adopted by Fusarium graminearum in regulating virulence toward its natural hosts. A virulent strain of this fungus was consecutively sub-cultured for 50 times (once a week) on potato dextrose agar. To assess the effect of subculturing on virulence, wheat seedlings and heads (cv. A416) were inoculated with subcultures (SC) 1, 23, and 50. SC50 was also used to re-infect (three times) wheat heads (SC50×3) to restore virulence. In vitro conidia production, colonies growth and secondary metabolites production were also determined for SC1, SC23, SC50, and SC50×3. Seedling stem base and head assays revealed a virulence decline of all subcultures, whereas virulence was restored in SC50×3. The same trend was observed in conidia production. The DNA isolated from SC50 and SC50×3 was subject to a methylation content-sensitive enzyme and double-digest, restriction-site-associated DNA technique (ddRAD-MCSeEd). DNA methylation analysis indicated 1024 genes, whose methylation levels changed in response to the inoculation on a healthy host after subculturing. Several of these genes are already known to be involved in virulence by functional analysis. These results demonstrate that the physiological shifts following sub-culturing have an impact on genomic DNA methylation levels and suggest that the ddRAD-MCSeEd approach can be an important tool for detecting genes potentially related to fungal virulence.
Francesco Tini; Giovanni Beccari; Gianpiero Marconi; Andrea Porceddu; Micheal Sulyok; Donald Gardiner; Emidio Albertini; Lorenzo Covarelli. Identification of Putative Virulence Genes by DNA Methylation Studies in the Cereal Pathogen Fusarium graminearum. Cells 2021, 10, 1192 .
AMA StyleFrancesco Tini, Giovanni Beccari, Gianpiero Marconi, Andrea Porceddu, Micheal Sulyok, Donald Gardiner, Emidio Albertini, Lorenzo Covarelli. Identification of Putative Virulence Genes by DNA Methylation Studies in the Cereal Pathogen Fusarium graminearum. Cells. 2021; 10 (5):1192.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancesco Tini; Giovanni Beccari; Gianpiero Marconi; Andrea Porceddu; Micheal Sulyok; Donald Gardiner; Emidio Albertini; Lorenzo Covarelli. 2021. "Identification of Putative Virulence Genes by DNA Methylation Studies in the Cereal Pathogen Fusarium graminearum." Cells 10, no. 5: 1192.
The duration of wheat susceptibility to Fusarium infection has implications for risk forecasting, fungicide timing, and the likelihood that visible kernel damage may underpredict deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination. A field experiment was conducted to explore the impact of varying infection timings on Fusarium head blight (FHB) development in winter wheat. Trials in four successive years (2010 to 2013) in North Carolina utilized one susceptible and one moderately resistant cultivar possessing similar maturity, stature, and grain quality. Inoculum was applied in the form of sprayed Fusarium graminearum conidia. In the first year, the nine infection timings were from 0 to 21 days after anthesis (daa), whereas in the following 3 years, they ranged from 0 to 13 daa. Infection progression was compared among inoculation timings by sampling spikes five to six times during grain-fill. Based on DON, percent kernel damage and kernel infection, and fungal spread as assayed via qPCR, the moderately resistant cultivar had at least a 2- to 3-day shorter window of susceptibility to damaging FHB infection than the susceptible cultivar. The results suggest that duration of susceptibility is an important aspect of cultivar resistance to FHB. In 2012, the window of susceptibility for both cultivars was extended by cold snaps during anthesis. After debranning in one year, the majority of DON was found to be in the bran fraction of kernels; there was also a trend for later infections to lead to a higher percentage of DON in the nonbran fraction, as well as a higher ratio of DON to FDK.
Christina Cowger; Giovanni Beccari; Yanhong Dong. Timing of Susceptibility to Fusarium Head Blight in Winter Wheat. Plant Disease 2020, 104, 2928 -2939.
AMA StyleChristina Cowger, Giovanni Beccari, Yanhong Dong. Timing of Susceptibility to Fusarium Head Blight in Winter Wheat. Plant Disease. 2020; 104 (11):2928-2939.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristina Cowger; Giovanni Beccari; Yanhong Dong. 2020. "Timing of Susceptibility to Fusarium Head Blight in Winter Wheat." Plant Disease 104, no. 11: 2928-2939.
BACKGROUND Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a complex disease of wheat and barley caused by several Fusarium species. In recent years, a variation in the composition of the FHB community has been observed in several wheat cultivation areas across the world. In detail, F. avenaceum and F. poae increased their frequencies, while, a lower F. graminearum and F. culmorum incidence was simultaneously observed. These shifts within the FHB complex might have been caused by different factors, including the selective pressure caused by fungicides used to control the disease in the field. Therefore, the present study was carried out to evaluate, both in in vitro experiments and in field trials, the activity of commonly used fungicides of wheat (tebuconazole, metconazole, prothioconazole and prochloraz) towards the above mentioned four Fusarium species. RESULTS A preliminary in vitro assay revealed that low concentrations of all tested fungicides caused the incomplete reduction of fungal development. Furthermore, F. poae and F. avenaceum showed, at the same time, a lower sensitivity to all tested fungicides. In field trials, all fungicides showed an activity against the four Fusarium species. However, F. avenaceum exhibited a reduced sensitivity to metconazole. The lower efficacy of metconazole towards F. avenaceum was also confirmed by an additional in vitro experiment on several F. avenaceum and F. graminearum different strains. CONCLUSION The selective pressure exerted by the extensive use of certain fungicides may influence population dynamics of Fusarium species due to their different sensitivity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Francesco Tini; Giovanni Beccari; Andrea Onofri; Emiliano Ciavatta; Donald M. Gardiner; Lorenzo Covarelli. Fungicides may have differential efficacies towards the main causal agents of Fusarium head blight of wheat. Pest Management Science 2020, 76, 3738 -3748.
AMA StyleFrancesco Tini, Giovanni Beccari, Andrea Onofri, Emiliano Ciavatta, Donald M. Gardiner, Lorenzo Covarelli. Fungicides may have differential efficacies towards the main causal agents of Fusarium head blight of wheat. Pest Management Science. 2020; 76 (11):3738-3748.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancesco Tini; Giovanni Beccari; Andrea Onofri; Emiliano Ciavatta; Donald M. Gardiner; Lorenzo Covarelli. 2020. "Fungicides may have differential efficacies towards the main causal agents of Fusarium head blight of wheat." Pest Management Science 76, no. 11: 3738-3748.
A total of 20 dried date samples, chosen as representative among those available on the Perugia (Umbria, Central Italy) market, were analyzed for the possible occurrence of fungal species and related contamination by fungal secondary metabolites. Twenty-six isolates, representative of the total mycobiota, were obtained and morphologically identified as belonging to the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium and Cladosporium. Inside each genus, molecular characterization (by partial sequencing of ITS region and/or β-tubulin and calmodulin regions for Aspergillus and Penicillium isolates or actin region for Cladosporium isolates) and in vitro mycotoxigenic profile characterization (by LC-MS/MS analysis) showed the presence of the following species: A. flavus, A. tubingensis, P. brevicompactum, P. chrysogenum, P. crustosum, P. glabrum, P. solitum, P. venetum, C. cladosporioides, C. limoniforme and C. halotolerans, with A. tubingensis as the prevalent species and P. crustosum, P. solitum, P. venetum and C. limoniforme first reported here on dates. Date packaging and format showed an effect on the incidence of isolated fungi, with the lowest incidence recovered from whole dates and in hermetic bag packaging. These findings can be useful both for dried dates producers and consumers, guiding them towards choices of packaging and format with a lower risk of mycotoxigenic species presence. However, no fungal metabolites were detected in the dried date samples analyzed, which were therefore regarded as safe for human consumption, underlining the absence of correspondence between fungal isolation and mycotoxin contaminations.
Mara Quaglia; Marina Santinelli; Michael Sulyok; Andrea Onofri; Lorenzo Covarelli; Giovanni Beccari. Aspergillus, Penicillium and Cladosporium species associated with dried date fruits collected in the Perugia (Umbria, Central Italy) market. International Journal of Food Microbiology 2020, 322, 108585 .
AMA StyleMara Quaglia, Marina Santinelli, Michael Sulyok, Andrea Onofri, Lorenzo Covarelli, Giovanni Beccari. Aspergillus, Penicillium and Cladosporium species associated with dried date fruits collected in the Perugia (Umbria, Central Italy) market. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2020; 322 ():108585.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMara Quaglia; Marina Santinelli; Michael Sulyok; Andrea Onofri; Lorenzo Covarelli; Giovanni Beccari. 2020. "Aspergillus, Penicillium and Cladosporium species associated with dried date fruits collected in the Perugia (Umbria, Central Italy) market." International Journal of Food Microbiology 322, no. : 108585.
Investigating the in vitro fumonisin biosynthesis and the genetic structure of Fusarium verticillioides populations can provide important insights into the relationships between strains originating from various world regions. In this study, 90 F. verticillioides strains isolated from maize in five Mediterranean countries (Italy, Spain, Tunisia, Egypt and Iran) were analyzed to investigate their ability to in vitro biosynthesize fumonisin B1, fumonisin B2 and fumonisin B3 and to characterize their genetic profile. In general, 80% of the analyzed strains were able to biosynthesize fumonisins (range 0.03–69.84 μg/g). Populations from Italy, Spain, Tunisia and Iran showed a similar percentage of fumonisin producing strains (>90%); conversely, the Egyptian population showed a lower level of producing strains (46%). Significant differences in fumonisin biosynthesis were detected among strains isolated in the same country and among strains isolated from different countries. A portion of the divergent FUM1 gene and of intergenic regions FUM6-FUM7 and FUM7-FUM8 were sequenced to evaluate strain diversity among populations. A high level of genetic uniformity inside the populations analyzed was detected. Apparently, neither geographical origin nor fumonisin production ability were correlated to the genetic diversity of the strain set. However, four strains from Egypt differed from the remaining strains.
Giovanni Beccari; Łukasz Stępień; Andrea Onofri; Veronica M. T. Lattanzio; Biancamaria Ciasca; Sally I. Abd-El Fatah; Francesco Valente; Monika Urbaniak; Lorenzo Covarelli. In Vitro Fumonisin Biosynthesis and Genetic Structure of Fusarium verticillioides Strains from Five Mediterranean Countries. Microorganisms 2020, 8, 241 .
AMA StyleGiovanni Beccari, Łukasz Stępień, Andrea Onofri, Veronica M. T. Lattanzio, Biancamaria Ciasca, Sally I. Abd-El Fatah, Francesco Valente, Monika Urbaniak, Lorenzo Covarelli. In Vitro Fumonisin Biosynthesis and Genetic Structure of Fusarium verticillioides Strains from Five Mediterranean Countries. Microorganisms. 2020; 8 (2):241.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiovanni Beccari; Łukasz Stępień; Andrea Onofri; Veronica M. T. Lattanzio; Biancamaria Ciasca; Sally I. Abd-El Fatah; Francesco Valente; Monika Urbaniak; Lorenzo Covarelli. 2020. "In Vitro Fumonisin Biosynthesis and Genetic Structure of Fusarium verticillioides Strains from Five Mediterranean Countries." Microorganisms 8, no. 2: 241.
In this study, durum wheat kernels harvested in three climatically different Italian cultivation areas (Emilia Romagna, Umbria and Sardinia) in 2015, were analyzed with a combination of different isolation methods to determine their fungal communities, with a focus on Fusarium head blight (FHB) complex composition, and to detect fungal secondary metabolites in the grains. The genus Alternaria was the main component of durum wheat mycobiota in all investigated regions, with the Central Italian cultivation area showing the highest incidence of this fungal genus and of its secondary metabolites. Fusarium was the second most prevalent genus of the fungal community in all cultivation environments, even if regional differences in species composition were detected. In particular, Northern areas showed the highest Fusarium incidence, followed by Central and then Southern cultivation areas. Focusing on the FHB complex, a predominance of Fusarium poae, in particular in Northern and Central cultivation areas, was found. Fusarium graminearum, in the analyzed year, was mainly detected in Emilia Romagna. Because of the highest Fusarium incidence, durum wheat harvested in the Northern cultivation area showed the highest presence of Fusarium secondary metabolites. These results show that durum wheat cultivated in Northern Italy may be subject to a higher FHB infection risk and to Fusarium mycotoxins accumulation.
Giovanni Beccari; Antonio Prodi; Maria Teresa Senatore; Virgilio Balmas; Francesco Tini; Andrea Onofri; Luca Pedini; Michael Sulyok; Luca Brocca; Lorenzo Covarelli. Cultivation Area Affects the Presence of Fungal Communities and Secondary Metabolites in Italian Durum Wheat Grains. Toxins 2020, 12, 97 .
AMA StyleGiovanni Beccari, Antonio Prodi, Maria Teresa Senatore, Virgilio Balmas, Francesco Tini, Andrea Onofri, Luca Pedini, Michael Sulyok, Luca Brocca, Lorenzo Covarelli. Cultivation Area Affects the Presence of Fungal Communities and Secondary Metabolites in Italian Durum Wheat Grains. Toxins. 2020; 12 (2):97.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiovanni Beccari; Antonio Prodi; Maria Teresa Senatore; Virgilio Balmas; Francesco Tini; Andrea Onofri; Luca Pedini; Michael Sulyok; Luca Brocca; Lorenzo Covarelli. 2020. "Cultivation Area Affects the Presence of Fungal Communities and Secondary Metabolites in Italian Durum Wheat Grains." Toxins 12, no. 2: 97.
Fusarium pseudograminearum is an agronomically important fungus, which infects many crop plants, including wheat, where it causes Fusarium crown rot. Like many other fungi, the Fusarium genus produces a wide range of secondary metabolites of which only few have been characterized. Recently a novel gene cluster was discovered in F. pseudograminearum, which encodes production of cytokinin-like metabolites collectively named Fusarium cytokinins. They are structurally similar to plant cytokinins and can activate cytokinin signalling in vitro and in planta. Here, the regulation of Fusarium cytokinin production was analysed in vitro. This revealed that, similar to deoxynivalenol (DON) production in F. graminearum, cytokinin production can be induced in vitro by specific nitrogen sources in a pH-dependent manner. DON production was also induced in both F. graminearum and F. pseudograminearum in cytokinin-inducing conditions. In addition, microscopic analyses of wheat seedlings infected with a F. pseudograminearum cytokinin reporter strain showed that the fungus specifically induces its cytokinin production in hyphae, which are in close association with the plant, suggestive of a function of Fusarium cytokinins during infection.
Ailisa Blum; Aurélie H. Benfield; Jens L. Sørensen; Mikkel Nielsen; Simone Bachleitner; Lena Studt; Giovanni Beccari; Lorenzo Covarelli; Jacqueline Batley; Donald M. Gardiner. Regulation of a novel Fusarium cytokinin in Fusarium pseudograminearum. Fungal Biology 2019, 123, 255 -266.
AMA StyleAilisa Blum, Aurélie H. Benfield, Jens L. Sørensen, Mikkel Nielsen, Simone Bachleitner, Lena Studt, Giovanni Beccari, Lorenzo Covarelli, Jacqueline Batley, Donald M. Gardiner. Regulation of a novel Fusarium cytokinin in Fusarium pseudograminearum. Fungal Biology. 2019; 123 (3):255-266.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAilisa Blum; Aurélie H. Benfield; Jens L. Sørensen; Mikkel Nielsen; Simone Bachleitner; Lena Studt; Giovanni Beccari; Lorenzo Covarelli; Jacqueline Batley; Donald M. Gardiner. 2019. "Regulation of a novel Fusarium cytokinin in Fusarium pseudograminearum." Fungal Biology 123, no. 3: 255-266.
Fusarium head blight (FHB) results in yield loss and damaging contamination of cereal grains and can be caused by several Fusarium species. The objective of the present study was to determine, in a greenhouse experiment on winter wheat, how FHB was affected by timing of infection (0, 3, 6 or 9 days after anthesis, daa) by the aggressive species Fusarium graminearum compared to the relatively weak species Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium poae and Fusarium acuminatum. Measures of FHB development were: symptoms in spikes (visually assessed), fungal biomass (quantified by real time quantitative PCR) and accumulation of fungal secondary metabolites (quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry) in kernels. With regard to symptoms, F. graminearum was unaffected by inoculation timing, while the weaker pathogens caused greater disease severity at later timings. In contrast, the accumulation of F. graminearum biomass was strongly affected by inoculation timing (3 daa ≥ 6 daa ≥ 0 daa = 9 daa), while colonization by the weaker pathogens was less influenced. Similarly, F. graminearum secondary metabolite accumulation was affected by inoculation timing (3 daa ≥ 6 daa ≥ 0 daa = 9 daa), while that of the weaker species was less affected. However, secondary metabolites produced by these weaker species tended to be higher from intermediate-late inoculations (6 daa). Overall, infection timing appeared to play a role particularly in F. graminearum colonization and secondary metabolite accumulation. However, secondary metabolites of weaker Fusarium species may be relatively more abundant when environmental conditions promote spore dispersal later in anthesis, while secondary metabolites produced by F. graminearum are relatively favored by earlier conducive conditions.
Giovanni Beccari; Consuelo Arellano; Lorenzo Covarelli; Francesco Tini; Michael Sulyok; Christina Cowger. Effect of wheat infection timing on Fusarium head blight causal agents and secondary metabolites in grain. International Journal of Food Microbiology 2018, 290, 214 -225.
AMA StyleGiovanni Beccari, Consuelo Arellano, Lorenzo Covarelli, Francesco Tini, Michael Sulyok, Christina Cowger. Effect of wheat infection timing on Fusarium head blight causal agents and secondary metabolites in grain. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2018; 290 ():214-225.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiovanni Beccari; Consuelo Arellano; Lorenzo Covarelli; Francesco Tini; Michael Sulyok; Christina Cowger. 2018. "Effect of wheat infection timing on Fusarium head blight causal agents and secondary metabolites in grain." International Journal of Food Microbiology 290, no. : 214-225.
Durum wheat samples harvested in central Italy (Umbria) were analyzed to: evaluate the occurrence of the fungal community in the grains, molecularly identify the Fusarium spp. which are part of the Fusarium head blight (FHB) complex and characterize the in vitro secondary metabolite profiles of a subset of Fusarium strains. The Fusarium genus was one of the main components of the durum wheat fungal community. The FHB complex was composed of eight species: Fusarium avenaceum (61%), F. graminearum (22%), F. poae (9%), F. culmorum (4%), F. proliferatum (2%), F. sporotrichioides (1%), F. sambucinum (0.5%) and F. langsethiae (0.5%). F. graminearum population was mainly composed of the 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol chemotype, while, F. culmorum population was composed of the 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol chemotype. In vitro characterization of secondary metabolite biosynthesis was conducted for a wide spectrum of substances, showing the mycotoxigenic potential of the species complex. F. avenaceum strains were characterized by high enniantin and moniliformin production. F. graminearum strains were in prevalence deoxynivalenol producers. F. poae strains were characterized by a high biosynthesis of beauvericin like the F. sporotrichioides strain which was also found to be a high T-2/HT-2 toxins producer. Production of aurofusarin, butenolide, gibepyrone D, fusarin C, apicidin was also reported for the analyzed strains.
G. Beccari; V. Colasante; F. Tini; M.T. Senatore; A. Prodi; M. Sulyok; L. Covarelli. Causal agents of Fusarium head blight of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) in central Italy and their in vitro biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Food Microbiology 2018, 70, 17 -27.
AMA StyleG. Beccari, V. Colasante, F. Tini, M.T. Senatore, A. Prodi, M. Sulyok, L. Covarelli. Causal agents of Fusarium head blight of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) in central Italy and their in vitro biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Food Microbiology. 2018; 70 ():17-27.
Chicago/Turabian StyleG. Beccari; V. Colasante; F. Tini; M.T. Senatore; A. Prodi; M. Sulyok; L. Covarelli. 2018. "Causal agents of Fusarium head blight of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) in central Italy and their in vitro biosynthesis of secondary metabolites." Food Microbiology 70, no. : 17-27.
Fusarium crown rot (FCR), an important disease of wheat and barley, is mainly caused by Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum and F. pseudograminearum, which are also responsible for mycotoxin production. This is the first comparative investigation of their colonization on barley plants after stem base inoculation. At plant maturity, FCR symptoms were visually evaluated, fungal biomass was quantified by Real-Time quantitative PCR and deoxynivalenol (DON) was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). All the inoculated strains caused the typical FCR necrotic symptoms. Real-Time PCR analysis showed that F. graminearum and F. culmorum were present in the head tissues, while F. pseudograminearum colonized only up to the area including the second node of the stem. Conversely, DON was detected up to the head for all the three species. This study shows that, as already demonstrated in previous research for wheat, DON may be detected up to the head as a consequence of stem base infection by the three FCR agents
Francesco Pecoraro; Marta Giannini; Giovanni Beccari; Lorenzo Covarelli; Gianfranco Filippini; Annamaria Pisi; Paola Nipoti; Antonio Prodi. Comparative studies about fungal colonization and deoxynivalenol translocation in barley plants inoculated at the base with Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium pseudograminearum. Agricultural and Food Science 2018, 27, 74–83 -74–83.
AMA StyleFrancesco Pecoraro, Marta Giannini, Giovanni Beccari, Lorenzo Covarelli, Gianfranco Filippini, Annamaria Pisi, Paola Nipoti, Antonio Prodi. Comparative studies about fungal colonization and deoxynivalenol translocation in barley plants inoculated at the base with Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium pseudograminearum. Agricultural and Food Science. 2018; 27 (1):74–83-74–83.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancesco Pecoraro; Marta Giannini; Giovanni Beccari; Lorenzo Covarelli; Gianfranco Filippini; Annamaria Pisi; Paola Nipoti; Antonio Prodi. 2018. "Comparative studies about fungal colonization and deoxynivalenol translocation in barley plants inoculated at the base with Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium pseudograminearum." Agricultural and Food Science 27, no. 1: 74–83-74–83.
In recent years, due to the negative impact of toxigenic mycobiota and of the accumulation of their secondary metabolites in malting barley grains, monitoring the evolution of fungal communities in a certain cultivation area as well as detecting the different mycotoxins present in the raw material prior to malting and brewing processes have become increasingly important. In this study, a survey was carried out on malting barley samples collected after their harvest in the Umbria region (central Italy). Samples were analyzed to determine the composition of the fungal community, to identify the isolated Fusarium species, to quantify fungal secondary metabolites in the grains and to characterize the in vitro mycotoxigenic profile of a subset of the isolated Fusarium strains. The fungal community of barley grains was mainly composed of microorganisms belonging to the genus Alternaria (77%), followed by those belonging to the genus Fusarium (27%). The Fusarium head blight (FHB) complex was represented by nine species with the predominance of Fusarium poae (37%), followed by Fusarium avenaceum (23%), Fusarium graminearum (22%) and Fusarium tricinctum (7%). Secondary metabolites biosynthesized by Alternaria and Fusarium species were present in the analyzed grains. Among those biosynthesized by Fusarium species, nivalenol and enniatins were the most prevalent ones. Type A trichothecenes (T-2 and HT-2 toxins) as well as beauvericin were also present with a high incidence. Conversely, the number of samples contaminated with deoxynivalenol was low. Conjugated forms, such as deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside and HT-2-glucoside, were detected for the first time in malting barley grains cultivated in the surveyed area. In addition, strains of F. avenaceum and F. tricinctum showed the ability to biosynthesize in vitro high concentrations of enniatins. The analysis of fungal secondary metabolites, both in the grains and in vitro, revealed also the presence of other compounds, for which further investigations will be required. The combination of microbiological analyses, of molecular biology assays and of multi-mycotoxin screening shed light on the complexity of the fungal community and its secondary metabolites released in malting barley.
Giovanni Beccari; Maria Teresa Senatore; Francesco Tini; Michael Sulyok; Lorenzo Covarelli. Fungal community, Fusarium head blight complex and secondary metabolites associated with malting barley grains harvested in Umbria, central Italy. International Journal of Food Microbiology 2018, 273, 33 -42.
AMA StyleGiovanni Beccari, Maria Teresa Senatore, Francesco Tini, Michael Sulyok, Lorenzo Covarelli. Fungal community, Fusarium head blight complex and secondary metabolites associated with malting barley grains harvested in Umbria, central Italy. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2018; 273 ():33-42.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiovanni Beccari; Maria Teresa Senatore; Francesco Tini; Michael Sulyok; Lorenzo Covarelli. 2018. "Fungal community, Fusarium head blight complex and secondary metabolites associated with malting barley grains harvested in Umbria, central Italy." International Journal of Food Microbiology 273, no. : 33-42.
Fusarium pseudograminearum, F. culmorum and F. graminearum are the most important Fusarium Crown Rot (FCR) causal agents. They have the common ability to biosynthesize deoxynivalenol (DON). To elucidate the behaviour of each of the three species, a comparative study was carried out to investigate symptom progression, fungal systemic growth and translocation of DON following stem base inoculation of soft wheat. FCR symptoms were mainly localized in the inoculated area, which extended up to the second node for all inoculated species. Only the most aggressive strains caused symptoms up to the third node. Real-time quantitative PCR showed that fungal colonization reached the third node for all the tested species but a low percentage of plants showed colonization above the third node following inoculation with the most aggressive strains. Fungal growth was detected in asymptomatic tissues but none of the three species was able to colonise as far as the head tissues. However, even if the pathogens were not detected in the heads, DON was detected in head tissues of the plants inoculated with the most aggressive strains. These results demonstrate that F. pseudograminearum, F. culmorum and F. graminearum, under the same experimental conditions, followed a similar pattern in symptom progression, fungal colonization and DON translocation after stem base infection. Differences in the extent of symptoms, fungal colonization and mycotoxin distribution, were mainly attributable to strain aggressiveness. These findings provide comparative information on the events following infection of the stem base of wheat by three of the most important FCR casual agents. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
G. Beccari; Antonio Prodi; A. Pisi; P. Nipoti; A. Onofri; P. Nicholson; K. Pfohl; Petr Karlovsky; D. M. Gardiner; L. Covarelli. Development of three fusarium crown rot causal agents and systemic translocation of deoxynivalenol following stem base infection of soft wheat. Plant Pathology 2018, 67, 1055 -1065.
AMA StyleG. Beccari, Antonio Prodi, A. Pisi, P. Nipoti, A. Onofri, P. Nicholson, K. Pfohl, Petr Karlovsky, D. M. Gardiner, L. Covarelli. Development of three fusarium crown rot causal agents and systemic translocation of deoxynivalenol following stem base infection of soft wheat. Plant Pathology. 2018; 67 (5):1055-1065.
Chicago/Turabian StyleG. Beccari; Antonio Prodi; A. Pisi; P. Nipoti; A. Onofri; P. Nicholson; K. Pfohl; Petr Karlovsky; D. M. Gardiner; L. Covarelli. 2018. "Development of three fusarium crown rot causal agents and systemic translocation of deoxynivalenol following stem base infection of soft wheat." Plant Pathology 67, no. 5: 1055-1065.
The fungal pathogen Fusarium pseudograminearum causes important diseases of wheat and barley. During a survey of secondary metabolites produced by this fungus, a novel class of cytokinins, herein termed Fusarium cytokinins, was discovered. Cytokinins are known for their growth promoting and anti-senescence activities and the production of a cytokinin mimic by what was once considered a necrotrophic pathogen that promotes cell death and senescence challenges the simple view that this pathogen invades its hosts by employing a barrage of lytic enzymes and toxins. Through genome mining, a gene cluster in the F. pseudograminearum genome for the production of Fusarium cytokinins was identified and the biosynthetic pathway established using gene knockouts. The Fusarium cytokinins could activate plant cytokinin signalling, demonstrating their genuine hormone mimicry. In planta analysis of the transcriptional response to one Fusarium cytokinin suggests extensive reprogramming of the host environment by these molecules, possibly through crosstalk with defence hormone signalling pathways. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Jens Laurids Sørensen; Aurelie H. Benfield; Rasmus Dam Wollenberg; Klaus Westphal; Reinhard Wimmer; Mikkel Nielsen; Kristian Fog Nielsen; Jason Carere; Lorenzo Covarelli; Giovanni Beccari; Jonathan Powell; Takafumi Yamashino; Herbert Kogler; Teis Søndergaard; Donald Max Gardiner. The cereal pathogen Fusarium pseudograminearum produces a new class of active cytokinins during infection. Molecular Plant Pathology 2017, 19, 1140 -1154.
AMA StyleJens Laurids Sørensen, Aurelie H. Benfield, Rasmus Dam Wollenberg, Klaus Westphal, Reinhard Wimmer, Mikkel Nielsen, Kristian Fog Nielsen, Jason Carere, Lorenzo Covarelli, Giovanni Beccari, Jonathan Powell, Takafumi Yamashino, Herbert Kogler, Teis Søndergaard, Donald Max Gardiner. The cereal pathogen Fusarium pseudograminearum produces a new class of active cytokinins during infection. Molecular Plant Pathology. 2017; 19 (5):1140-1154.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJens Laurids Sørensen; Aurelie H. Benfield; Rasmus Dam Wollenberg; Klaus Westphal; Reinhard Wimmer; Mikkel Nielsen; Kristian Fog Nielsen; Jason Carere; Lorenzo Covarelli; Giovanni Beccari; Jonathan Powell; Takafumi Yamashino; Herbert Kogler; Teis Søndergaard; Donald Max Gardiner. 2017. "The cereal pathogen Fusarium pseudograminearum produces a new class of active cytokinins during infection." Molecular Plant Pathology 19, no. 5: 1140-1154.
In this study, conducted for three years on eleven malting barley varieties cultivated in central Italy, the incidence of different mycotoxigenic fungal genera, the identification of the Fusarium species associated with the Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) complex, and kernels contamination with deoxynivalenol (DON) and T-2 mycotoxins were determined. The influence of climatic conditions on Fusarium infections and FHB complex composition was also investigated. Fusarium species were always present in the three years and the high average and maximum temperatures during anthesis mainly favored their occurrence. The FHB complex was subject to changes during the three years and the main causal agents were F. poae, F. avenaceum, F. tricinctum and F. graminearum, which, even if constantly present, never represented the principal FHB agent. The relative incidence of Fusarium species changed because of climatic conditions occurring during the seasons. The FHB complex was composed of many different Fusarium species and some of them were associated with a specific variety and/or with specific weather parameters, indicating that the interaction between a certain plant genotype and climatic conditions may influence the presence of Fusarium spp. causing infections. With regard to mycotoxin contamination, T-2 toxin, in some cases, was found in kernels at levels that exceeded EU recommended values.
Giovanni Beccari; Antonio Prodi; Francesco Tini; Umberto Bonciarelli; Andrea Onofri; Souheib Oueslati; Marwa Limayma; Lorenzo Covarelli. Changes in the Fusarium Head Blight Complex of Malting Barley in a Three-Year Field Experiment in Italy. Toxins 2017, 9, 120 .
AMA StyleGiovanni Beccari, Antonio Prodi, Francesco Tini, Umberto Bonciarelli, Andrea Onofri, Souheib Oueslati, Marwa Limayma, Lorenzo Covarelli. Changes in the Fusarium Head Blight Complex of Malting Barley in a Three-Year Field Experiment in Italy. Toxins. 2017; 9 (4):120.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiovanni Beccari; Antonio Prodi; Francesco Tini; Umberto Bonciarelli; Andrea Onofri; Souheib Oueslati; Marwa Limayma; Lorenzo Covarelli. 2017. "Changes in the Fusarium Head Blight Complex of Malting Barley in a Three-Year Field Experiment in Italy." Toxins 9, no. 4: 120.
A study was carried out on 43 malting barley samples collected in 2013 across the Umbria region (central Italy) to determine the incidence of the principal mycotoxigenic fungal genera, to identify the Fusarium species isolated from the grains, and to detect the presence of 34 fungal secondary metabolites by liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry. The multimycotoxin-method development involved the evaluation of both a two-step solvent and QuEChERS protocol for metabolite extraction. The former protocol was selected because of better accuracy, which was evaluated on the basis of spike-recovery experiments. The most frequently isolated fungal species belonged to the genera Alternaria and Fusarium. The predominant Fusarium species was F. avenaceum, followed by F. graminearum. HT-2 toxin was the most frequently detected mycotoxin, followed by enniatin B, enniatin B1, T-2 toxin, and nivalenol. As a consequence of the observed mixed fungal infections, mycotoxin co-occurrence was also detected. A combination of mycological and mycotoxin analyses allowed the ability to obtain comprehensive information about the presence of mycotoxigenic fungi and their contaminants in malting barley cultivated in a specific geographic area.
Giovanni Beccari; Leonardo Caproni; Francesco Tini; Silvio Uhlig; Lorenzo Covarelli. Presence of Fusarium Species and Other Toxigenic Fungi in Malting Barley and Multi-Mycotoxin Analysis by Liquid Chromatography–High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2016, 64, 4390 -4399.
AMA StyleGiovanni Beccari, Leonardo Caproni, Francesco Tini, Silvio Uhlig, Lorenzo Covarelli. Presence of Fusarium Species and Other Toxigenic Fungi in Malting Barley and Multi-Mycotoxin Analysis by Liquid Chromatography–High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2016; 64 (21):4390-4399.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiovanni Beccari; Leonardo Caproni; Francesco Tini; Silvio Uhlig; Lorenzo Covarelli. 2016. "Presence of Fusarium Species and Other Toxigenic Fungi in Malting Barley and Multi-Mycotoxin Analysis by Liquid Chromatography–High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 64, no. 21: 4390-4399.
Cristina Juan; Lorenzo Covarelli; Giovanni Beccari; Valerio Colasante; Jordi Mañes. Simultaneous analysis of twenty-six mycotoxins in durum wheat grain from Italy. Food Control 2016, 62, 322 -329.
AMA StyleCristina Juan, Lorenzo Covarelli, Giovanni Beccari, Valerio Colasante, Jordi Mañes. Simultaneous analysis of twenty-six mycotoxins in durum wheat grain from Italy. Food Control. 2016; 62 ():322-329.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCristina Juan; Lorenzo Covarelli; Giovanni Beccari; Valerio Colasante; Jordi Mañes. 2016. "Simultaneous analysis of twenty-six mycotoxins in durum wheat grain from Italy." Food Control 62, no. : 322-329.
Contamination of wheat grain by beauvericin (BEA) and enniatins (ENs) is a global emerging mycotoxicological food problem. In this study, strains of Fusarium avenaceum (FA), Fusarium poae (FP), Fusarium equiseti and Fusarium sporotrichioides, all potential BEA and EN producers, isolated from 162 grain samples of durum and soft wheat harvested in 2009 and 2010 collected in an area of central Italy, were preliminarily screened for the presence of the esyn1 gene, encoding the multifunctional enzyme enniatin-synthetase for the detection of potential hexadepsipeptide-producing isolates. All positive isolates were tested for their ability to biosynthesize BEA and ENs in vitro. In addition, all wheat samples were investigated for the natural presence of BEA and ENs (ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1). All FA and FP strains resulted to be positive for the presence of the esyn1 gene. All FA strains showed the ability to biosynthesize ENs in vitro but not BEA. Conversely, all FP strains resulted to be BEA producers and some of them co-biosynthesized ENs. A remarkable presence of "emerging" mycotoxins was found in the grains, particularly ENs. Co-contamination by BEA and ENs also occurred. This study gives an important contribution to assess the risk posed by mycotoxigenic fungi and their mycotoxins in food.
L. Covarelli; G. Beccari; A. Prodi; S. Generotti; F. Etruschi; G. Meca; C. Juan; J. Mañes. Biosynthesis of beauvericin and enniatins in vitro by wheat Fusarium species and natural grain contamination in an area of central Italy. Food Microbiology 2015, 46, 618 -626.
AMA StyleL. Covarelli, G. Beccari, A. Prodi, S. Generotti, F. Etruschi, G. Meca, C. Juan, J. Mañes. Biosynthesis of beauvericin and enniatins in vitro by wheat Fusarium species and natural grain contamination in an area of central Italy. Food Microbiology. 2015; 46 ():618-626.
Chicago/Turabian StyleL. Covarelli; G. Beccari; A. Prodi; S. Generotti; F. Etruschi; G. Meca; C. Juan; J. Mañes. 2015. "Biosynthesis of beauvericin and enniatins in vitro by wheat Fusarium species and natural grain contamination in an area of central Italy." Food Microbiology 46, no. : 618-626.
Lorenzo Covarelli; Laura Tosi; Giovanni Beccari. Risks Related to the Presence of Fungal Species and Mycotoxins in Grapes, Wines and Other Derived Products in the Mediterranean Area. The Mediterranean Diet 2015, 563 -575.
AMA StyleLorenzo Covarelli, Laura Tosi, Giovanni Beccari. Risks Related to the Presence of Fungal Species and Mycotoxins in Grapes, Wines and Other Derived Products in the Mediterranean Area. The Mediterranean Diet. 2015; ():563-575.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLorenzo Covarelli; Laura Tosi; Giovanni Beccari. 2015. "Risks Related to the Presence of Fungal Species and Mycotoxins in Grapes, Wines and Other Derived Products in the Mediterranean Area." The Mediterranean Diet , no. : 563-575.
Antonio Agudo; Marisa Alarcón; Juan José Aldasoro; Smaragdi Antonopoulou; Yardena Arnoni; Sara Arranz; Hebatallah Husseini Atteia; Elena Azzini; Lina Badimon; Sara Bastida; Giovanni Beccari; Elliot M. Berry; Francesca Biandolino; Marialaura Bonaccio; Santiago Bonachela; Americo Bonanni; Gerardo Bosco; Genevieve Buckland; Nadia Calabriso; Oguzhan Caliskan; Maria Annunziata Carluccio; J. Jesús Casas; Rosa Casas; Itandehui Castro-Quezada; Gemma Chiva-Blanch; Gea Oliveri Conti; Chiara Copat; Patrick Couture; Lorenzo Covarelli; Raffaele De Caterina; Vincenzo De Feo; Giovanni De Gaetano; Michel De Lorgeril; Laura De Martino; Christiana A. Demetriou; Paraskevi Detopoulou; Emmanuel J. Diamantopoulos; Zora Djuric; Maria Benedetta Donati; Jorge Doreste-Alonso; Karima El Rhazi; Sahar Elsayed El-Swefy; Manuel Espárrago Rodilla; Ramon Estruch; Roberto Fallico; Paul Farajian; Encarnación Fenoy; J.M. Fernandez; Maria Luz Fernandez; José Manuel Fernández-Real; Margherita Ferrante; Elizabeth Fragopoulou; F. Fuentes-Jimenez; José J. Gaforio; Marta Garaulet; Vanessa Garcia-Larsen; Hannah Gardener; Eva Gesteiro; Mark R. Goldstein; Carlos A. González; Evanthia Gouveri; Sergio Granados; Keith Grimaldi; Andreas Hadjisavvas; Patricia Henríquez-Sánchez; Joaquín Hernández; Licia Iacoviello; Marcello Iriti; Dimitra Karageorgou; Niki Kontou; Kyriacos Kyriacou; Giuseppe La Torre; Denis Lairon; Benoît Lamarche; Jaime Lee; Maria A. Loizidou; Alicia López-Biedma; Helen MacPherson; Giuseppe Maiani; Emilia Mancini; Colin R. Martin; Miguel Ángel Martínez-González; Luca Mascitelli; Marika Massaro; F. Xavier Medina; Guiomar Mendieta; Marta Mesías; Renata Micha; José María Moreno-Navarrete; Francisco J. Moyano; M. Pilar Navarro; Filomena Nazzaro; Chakib Nejjari; Lena Maria Nilsson; Tzortzis Nomikos; Francesca Oliviero; Ilkay Erdogan Orhan; Antonio Paoli; Christopher Papandreou; Matthew Pase; Mariangela Pellegrino; Andrew Pipingas; Concetta Potenza; Ermelinda Prato; Victor R. Preedy; Mario Pulido-Moran; Leonardo Punzi; José L. Quiles; Ma Del Carmen Ramírez-Tortose; Caroline Richard; Beatriz Rodríguez Bernal; Blanca Román-Viñas; Emilio Ros; D. Rosado-Alvarez; José-Luis Ríos; Cristina Ruano; Semra Akar Sahingoz; Patricia Salen; José L. Sánchez Benito; Eva Sánchez Soriano; Francisco J. Sánchez-Muniz; Cristina Sánchez-Quesada; Almudena Sánchez-Villegas; Rosella Saulle; Andrew Scholey; Salvatore Sciacca; Egeria Scoditti; Isabel Seiquer; Leda Semyonov; Lluís Serra-Majem; Dean A. Sewell; Paolo Sfriso; Aziz Sheikh; Nevena Skroza; Paolo Spinella; Laura Tosi; Ibrahim Tumen; Palmira Valderas-Martinez; Elena M. Varoni; Gemma Vilahur; Lorena Villalon; Gemma Xifra Villarroya; Paolo Vineis; Fernando Warleta; Clinton B. Wright; Leo R. Zacharski; Antonis Zampelas; Sara Zuber. Contributors. The Mediterranean Diet 2014, 1 .
AMA StyleAntonio Agudo, Marisa Alarcón, Juan José Aldasoro, Smaragdi Antonopoulou, Yardena Arnoni, Sara Arranz, Hebatallah Husseini Atteia, Elena Azzini, Lina Badimon, Sara Bastida, Giovanni Beccari, Elliot M. Berry, Francesca Biandolino, Marialaura Bonaccio, Santiago Bonachela, Americo Bonanni, Gerardo Bosco, Genevieve Buckland, Nadia Calabriso, Oguzhan Caliskan, Maria Annunziata Carluccio, J. Jesús Casas, Rosa Casas, Itandehui Castro-Quezada, Gemma Chiva-Blanch, Gea Oliveri Conti, Chiara Copat, Patrick Couture, Lorenzo Covarelli, Raffaele De Caterina, Vincenzo De Feo, Giovanni De Gaetano, Michel De Lorgeril, Laura De Martino, Christiana A. Demetriou, Paraskevi Detopoulou, Emmanuel J. Diamantopoulos, Zora Djuric, Maria Benedetta Donati, Jorge Doreste-Alonso, Karima El Rhazi, Sahar Elsayed El-Swefy, Manuel Espárrago Rodilla, Ramon Estruch, Roberto Fallico, Paul Farajian, Encarnación Fenoy, J.M. Fernandez, Maria Luz Fernandez, José Manuel Fernández-Real, Margherita Ferrante, Elizabeth Fragopoulou, F. Fuentes-Jimenez, José J. Gaforio, Marta Garaulet, Vanessa Garcia-Larsen, Hannah Gardener, Eva Gesteiro, Mark R. Goldstein, Carlos A. González, Evanthia Gouveri, Sergio Granados, Keith Grimaldi, Andreas Hadjisavvas, Patricia Henríquez-Sánchez, Joaquín Hernández, Licia Iacoviello, Marcello Iriti, Dimitra Karageorgou, Niki Kontou, Kyriacos Kyriacou, Giuseppe La Torre, Denis Lairon, Benoît Lamarche, Jaime Lee, Maria A. Loizidou, Alicia López-Biedma, Helen MacPherson, Giuseppe Maiani, Emilia Mancini, Colin R. Martin, Miguel Ángel Martínez-González, Luca Mascitelli, Marika Massaro, F. Xavier Medina, Guiomar Mendieta, Marta Mesías, Renata Micha, José María Moreno-Navarrete, Francisco J. Moyano, M. Pilar Navarro, Filomena Nazzaro, Chakib Nejjari, Lena Maria Nilsson, Tzortzis Nomikos, Francesca Oliviero, Ilkay Erdogan Orhan, Antonio Paoli, Christopher Papandreou, Matthew Pase, Mariangela Pellegrino, Andrew Pipingas, Concetta Potenza, Ermelinda Prato, Victor R. Preedy, Mario Pulido-Moran, Leonardo Punzi, José L. Quiles, Ma Del Carmen Ramírez-Tortose, Caroline Richard, Beatriz Rodríguez Bernal, Blanca Román-Viñas, Emilio Ros, D. Rosado-Alvarez, José-Luis Ríos, Cristina Ruano, Semra Akar Sahingoz, Patricia Salen, José L. Sánchez Benito, Eva Sánchez Soriano, Francisco J. Sánchez-Muniz, Cristina Sánchez-Quesada, Almudena Sánchez-Villegas, Rosella Saulle, Andrew Scholey, Salvatore Sciacca, Egeria Scoditti, Isabel Seiquer, Leda Semyonov, Lluís Serra-Majem, Dean A. Sewell, Paolo Sfriso, Aziz Sheikh, Nevena Skroza, Paolo Spinella, Laura Tosi, Ibrahim Tumen, Palmira Valderas-Martinez, Elena M. Varoni, Gemma Vilahur, Lorena Villalon, Gemma Xifra Villarroya, Paolo Vineis, Fernando Warleta, Clinton B. Wright, Leo R. Zacharski, Antonis Zampelas, Sara Zuber. Contributors. The Mediterranean Diet. 2014; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAntonio Agudo; Marisa Alarcón; Juan José Aldasoro; Smaragdi Antonopoulou; Yardena Arnoni; Sara Arranz; Hebatallah Husseini Atteia; Elena Azzini; Lina Badimon; Sara Bastida; Giovanni Beccari; Elliot M. Berry; Francesca Biandolino; Marialaura Bonaccio; Santiago Bonachela; Americo Bonanni; Gerardo Bosco; Genevieve Buckland; Nadia Calabriso; Oguzhan Caliskan; Maria Annunziata Carluccio; J. Jesús Casas; Rosa Casas; Itandehui Castro-Quezada; Gemma Chiva-Blanch; Gea Oliveri Conti; Chiara Copat; Patrick Couture; Lorenzo Covarelli; Raffaele De Caterina; Vincenzo De Feo; Giovanni De Gaetano; Michel De Lorgeril; Laura De Martino; Christiana A. Demetriou; Paraskevi Detopoulou; Emmanuel J. Diamantopoulos; Zora Djuric; Maria Benedetta Donati; Jorge Doreste-Alonso; Karima El Rhazi; Sahar Elsayed El-Swefy; Manuel Espárrago Rodilla; Ramon Estruch; Roberto Fallico; Paul Farajian; Encarnación Fenoy; J.M. Fernandez; Maria Luz Fernandez; José Manuel Fernández-Real; Margherita Ferrante; Elizabeth Fragopoulou; F. Fuentes-Jimenez; José J. Gaforio; Marta Garaulet; Vanessa Garcia-Larsen; Hannah Gardener; Eva Gesteiro; Mark R. Goldstein; Carlos A. González; Evanthia Gouveri; Sergio Granados; Keith Grimaldi; Andreas Hadjisavvas; Patricia Henríquez-Sánchez; Joaquín Hernández; Licia Iacoviello; Marcello Iriti; Dimitra Karageorgou; Niki Kontou; Kyriacos Kyriacou; Giuseppe La Torre; Denis Lairon; Benoît Lamarche; Jaime Lee; Maria A. Loizidou; Alicia López-Biedma; Helen MacPherson; Giuseppe Maiani; Emilia Mancini; Colin R. Martin; Miguel Ángel Martínez-González; Luca Mascitelli; Marika Massaro; F. Xavier Medina; Guiomar Mendieta; Marta Mesías; Renata Micha; José María Moreno-Navarrete; Francisco J. Moyano; M. Pilar Navarro; Filomena Nazzaro; Chakib Nejjari; Lena Maria Nilsson; Tzortzis Nomikos; Francesca Oliviero; Ilkay Erdogan Orhan; Antonio Paoli; Christopher Papandreou; Matthew Pase; Mariangela Pellegrino; Andrew Pipingas; Concetta Potenza; Ermelinda Prato; Victor R. Preedy; Mario Pulido-Moran; Leonardo Punzi; José L. Quiles; Ma Del Carmen Ramírez-Tortose; Caroline Richard; Beatriz Rodríguez Bernal; Blanca Román-Viñas; Emilio Ros; D. Rosado-Alvarez; José-Luis Ríos; Cristina Ruano; Semra Akar Sahingoz; Patricia Salen; José L. Sánchez Benito; Eva Sánchez Soriano; Francisco J. Sánchez-Muniz; Cristina Sánchez-Quesada; Almudena Sánchez-Villegas; Rosella Saulle; Andrew Scholey; Salvatore Sciacca; Egeria Scoditti; Isabel Seiquer; Leda Semyonov; Lluís Serra-Majem; Dean A. Sewell; Paolo Sfriso; Aziz Sheikh; Nevena Skroza; Paolo Spinella; Laura Tosi; Ibrahim Tumen; Palmira Valderas-Martinez; Elena M. Varoni; Gemma Vilahur; Lorena Villalon; Gemma Xifra Villarroya; Paolo Vineis; Fernando Warleta; Clinton B. Wright; Leo R. Zacharski; Antonis Zampelas; Sara Zuber. 2014. "Contributors." The Mediterranean Diet , no. : 1.