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Dr. Jonathan castillo
Universidad de Atacama

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0 Copper
0 Ionic Liquids
0 Leaching
0 Metallurgy
0 Solvent Extraction

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Leaching
Copper
Solvent Extraction
Ionic Liquids

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Review
Published: 11 May 2021 in Metals
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This review aims to understand the environmental impact that tailings produce on the land and marine ecosystem. Issues related to flora, fauna, and the environment are revised. In the first instance, the origin of the treatment and disposal of marine mining waste in Chile and other countries is studied. The importance of tailings’ valuable elements is analyzed through mineralogy, chemical composition, and oceanographic interactions. Several tailings’ treatments seek to recover valuable minerals and mitigate environmental impacts through leaching, bioleaching, and flotation methods. The analysis was complemented with the particular legislative framework for every country, highlighting those with formal regulations for the disposal of tailings in a marine environment. The available registry on flora and fauna affected by the discharge of toxic metals is explored. As a study case, the “Playa Verde” project is detailed, which recovers copper from marine tailings, and uses phytoremediation to neutralize toxic metals. Countries must regularize the disposal of marine tailings due to the significant impact on the marine ecosystem. The implementation of new technologies is necessary to recover valuable elements and reduce mining waste.

ACS Style

Freddy Rodríguez; Carlos Moraga; Jonathan Castillo; Edelmira Gálvez; Pedro Robles; Norman Toro. Submarine Tailings in Chile—A Review. Metals 2021, 11, 780 .

AMA Style

Freddy Rodríguez, Carlos Moraga, Jonathan Castillo, Edelmira Gálvez, Pedro Robles, Norman Toro. Submarine Tailings in Chile—A Review. Metals. 2021; 11 (5):780.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Freddy Rodríguez; Carlos Moraga; Jonathan Castillo; Edelmira Gálvez; Pedro Robles; Norman Toro. 2021. "Submarine Tailings in Chile—A Review." Metals 11, no. 5: 780.

Journal article
Published: 14 December 2020 in Metals
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In this work, the effect of the pre-treatment of bornite concentrate with a sodium chloride–sulfuric acid mixture prior to leaching with chloride solutions was evaluated. The influence of the dosage of NaCl and the resting time in the copper solution was evaluated. The solid residues of the pre-treatment were characterized by XRD to evaluate the changes that took place in the bornite. The experimental results show that as the sitting time and the amount of sodium chloride added are increased, the dissolution of the sulfide species also increased. The pre-treatment affects Cu preferentially because it has greater mobility than iron in the bornite crystal lattice. The pre-treatment promotes the formation of soluble Cu and Fe species. The efficiency of the pre-treatment depends largely on the formation of hydrochloric acid in the mixture at the particle level, due to the ease with which it diffuses through the bornite particles, achieving greater penetration of the pre-treatment.

ACS Style

Patricio Navarro; Cristian Vargas; Fabiana Bahamonde; Matías Gómez; Daniel Espinoza; Rossana Sepúlveda; Jonathan Castillo. Effect of Pre-Treatment with Sodium Chloride/Sulfuric Acid on the Bornite Concentrate Leaching in Chloride Medium. Metals 2020, 10, 1674 .

AMA Style

Patricio Navarro, Cristian Vargas, Fabiana Bahamonde, Matías Gómez, Daniel Espinoza, Rossana Sepúlveda, Jonathan Castillo. Effect of Pre-Treatment with Sodium Chloride/Sulfuric Acid on the Bornite Concentrate Leaching in Chloride Medium. Metals. 2020; 10 (12):1674.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Patricio Navarro; Cristian Vargas; Fabiana Bahamonde; Matías Gómez; Daniel Espinoza; Rossana Sepúlveda; Jonathan Castillo. 2020. "Effect of Pre-Treatment with Sodium Chloride/Sulfuric Acid on the Bornite Concentrate Leaching in Chloride Medium." Metals 10, no. 12: 1674.

Review article
Published: 24 June 2020 in Separation and Purification Technology
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Hydrometallurgy is an efficient way of recovering metal ions from mineral ores where the most important steps are the leaching of the minerals, the recovery and purification of metal ions by solvent extraction (SX), and the final electrowinning (EW) process. Ionic liquids (ILs) have been extensively applied in the above mentioned process technologies with the aim to make them environmentally friendly by replacing organic volatile solvents which generate large amounts of residues and losses by evaporation with ILs which can be reutilized due to their negligible vapor pressure. This article intends to present a comprehensive review about the most important factors that make ILs solvents better performers than organic solvents in these processes, including the environmental impact of ILs when they are incorrectly handled and the possible solutions in case of loss of solvents or spills. Finally, the challenges that ILs require to overcome before their use at an industrial scale are extensively discussed, considering the possibilities that these solvents have in applications like urban mining or hydrometallurgy of refractory minerals.

ACS Style

Esteban Quijada-Maldonado; Felipe Olea; Rossana Sepúlveda; Jonathan Castillo; Rene Cabezas; Gaston Merlet; Julio Romero. Possibilities and challenges for ionic liquids in hydrometallurgy. Separation and Purification Technology 2020, 251, 117289 .

AMA Style

Esteban Quijada-Maldonado, Felipe Olea, Rossana Sepúlveda, Jonathan Castillo, Rene Cabezas, Gaston Merlet, Julio Romero. Possibilities and challenges for ionic liquids in hydrometallurgy. Separation and Purification Technology. 2020; 251 ():117289.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Esteban Quijada-Maldonado; Felipe Olea; Rossana Sepúlveda; Jonathan Castillo; Rene Cabezas; Gaston Merlet; Julio Romero. 2020. "Possibilities and challenges for ionic liquids in hydrometallurgy." Separation and Purification Technology 251, no. : 117289.

Journal article
Published: 23 May 2020 in Minerals
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A less harmful approach for the environment regarding chalcopyrite concentrate leaching, using seawater/brine and caliche’s salts as a source of chloride and nitrate ions, was investigated. Different variables were evaluated: sulfuric acid concentration, sodium nitrate concentration, chloride concentration, source of water (distilled water, seawater, and brine), temperature, concentrate sample type, nitrate source (analytical grade and industrial salt), and pre-treatment methods in order to obtain maximum copper extraction. All tests were performed at moderate temperatures (≤45 °C) and atmospheric pressure. The leaching system using distilled water, seawater, and brine base media resulted in copper extraction of 70.9%, 90.6%, and 86.6% respectively. The leaching media, with a concentration of 20 g/L Cl−, obtained a maximum Cu extraction of 93.5%. An increase in the concentration of H2SO4 and NaNO3 from 0.5 to 0.7 M, led to an increase in the copper extraction. The use of an industrial salt compared to the analytical salt did not show great variations in the percentage of extraction achieved, which would be a good and cost effective alternative. The increase in temperature from 25 to 45 °C showed a great effect on the copper leaching (of 60% until 90.6%, respectively). The pre-treatment is suggested to increase copper extraction from 60.0% to 71.4%.

ACS Style

Pía Hernández; Alexis Dorador; Monserrat Martínez; Norman Toro; Jonathan Castillo; Yousef Ghorbani. Use of Seawater/Brine and Caliche’s Salts as Clean and Environmentally Friendly Sources of Chloride and Nitrate Ions for Chalcopyrite Concentrate Leaching. Minerals 2020, 10, 477 .

AMA Style

Pía Hernández, Alexis Dorador, Monserrat Martínez, Norman Toro, Jonathan Castillo, Yousef Ghorbani. Use of Seawater/Brine and Caliche’s Salts as Clean and Environmentally Friendly Sources of Chloride and Nitrate Ions for Chalcopyrite Concentrate Leaching. Minerals. 2020; 10 (5):477.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pía Hernández; Alexis Dorador; Monserrat Martínez; Norman Toro; Jonathan Castillo; Yousef Ghorbani. 2020. "Use of Seawater/Brine and Caliche’s Salts as Clean and Environmentally Friendly Sources of Chloride and Nitrate Ions for Chalcopyrite Concentrate Leaching." Minerals 10, no. 5: 477.

Journal article
Published: 11 May 2020 in Metals
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In this study, weak acid in the curing and leaching stages of copper ore was incorporated, and we analyzed its effect on the dissolution of copper and final impurities. The weak acid corresponds to a wastewater effluent from sulfuric acid plants produced in the gas treatment of copper smelting processes. This effluent is basically water with high acidity (pH-value low at 1), which contains several toxic elements and some valuable metals. The results indicated that there is no positive or negative effect on the incorporation of the weak acid in the curing stage, while the case of the leaching stage is favored. Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) and synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP) toxicity tests were performed on the solid leaching residues, determining that they accomplish the stability ranges of the impurities (Pb, Cd, Hg, Cr, Ba, Se, As, and Ag).

ACS Style

Giselle Araya; Norman Toro; Jonathan Castillo; Danny Guzmán; Alexis Guzmán; Pía Hernández; Ricardo I. Jeldres; Rossana Sepúlveda. Leaching of Oxide Copper Ores by Addition of Weak Acid from Copper Smelters. Metals 2020, 10, 627 .

AMA Style

Giselle Araya, Norman Toro, Jonathan Castillo, Danny Guzmán, Alexis Guzmán, Pía Hernández, Ricardo I. Jeldres, Rossana Sepúlveda. Leaching of Oxide Copper Ores by Addition of Weak Acid from Copper Smelters. Metals. 2020; 10 (5):627.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Giselle Araya; Norman Toro; Jonathan Castillo; Danny Guzmán; Alexis Guzmán; Pía Hernández; Ricardo I. Jeldres; Rossana Sepúlveda. 2020. "Leaching of Oxide Copper Ores by Addition of Weak Acid from Copper Smelters." Metals 10, no. 5: 627.

Journal article
Published: 24 April 2020 in Metals
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Hydrometallurgical processing of chalcopyrite is of great interest today due to the depletion of oxidized copper minerals. This will also enable existing plants to continue operation. The objective of this work is to study the behavior of chalcopyrite leaching by stirring in an acid-nitrate-chloride media where seawater and brines provide chloride ions and nitrate ions can be provided from the caliche industry. The variables studied were sulfuric acid, nitrate and chloride concentration, source of water (dissolvent), temperature, solid/liquid ratio, particle size, mineral sample, and pretreatment before the leaching process. Despite being a refractory mineral, chalcopyrite can be leached in this system obtaining favorable recoveries at the conditions studied. It was possible to obtain 50% Cu in 0.7 M of H2SO4 and NaNO3, using brine at 45 °C. The nitrate-chloride-acid system was highly temperature dependent, with an activation energy of 82.6 kJ/mol, indicative of chemical reaction control of leaching kinetics. SEM/EDS indicated the presence of sulfur on the surface of the mineral after leaching. This study demonstrates that sources such as seawater or discard brines (such as from the reverse osmosis process) and waste (solid or solutions) from the caliche industry can provide a highly oxidative system for the dissolution of chalcopyrite.

ACS Style

Pía Hernández; Giovanni Gahona; Monserrat Martínez; Norman Toro; Jonathan Castillo. Caliche and Seawater, Sources of Nitrate and Chloride Ions to Chalcopyrite Leaching in Acid Media. Metals 2020, 10, 551 .

AMA Style

Pía Hernández, Giovanni Gahona, Monserrat Martínez, Norman Toro, Jonathan Castillo. Caliche and Seawater, Sources of Nitrate and Chloride Ions to Chalcopyrite Leaching in Acid Media. Metals. 2020; 10 (4):551.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pía Hernández; Giovanni Gahona; Monserrat Martínez; Norman Toro; Jonathan Castillo. 2020. "Caliche and Seawater, Sources of Nitrate and Chloride Ions to Chalcopyrite Leaching in Acid Media." Metals 10, no. 4: 551.

Correction
Published: 14 April 2020 in Metals
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The authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper

ACS Style

David Torres; Luís Ayala; Manuel Saldaña; Manuel Cánovas; Ricardo I. Jeldres; Steven Nieto; Jonathan Castillo; Pedro Robles; Norman Toro. Correction: Torres, D. et al. Leaching Manganese Nodules in an Acid Medium and Room Temperature Comparing the Use of Different Fe Reducing Agents. Metals 2019, 9, 1316. Metals 2020, 10, 506 .

AMA Style

David Torres, Luís Ayala, Manuel Saldaña, Manuel Cánovas, Ricardo I. Jeldres, Steven Nieto, Jonathan Castillo, Pedro Robles, Norman Toro. Correction: Torres, D. et al. Leaching Manganese Nodules in an Acid Medium and Room Temperature Comparing the Use of Different Fe Reducing Agents. Metals 2019, 9, 1316. Metals. 2020; 10 (4):506.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David Torres; Luís Ayala; Manuel Saldaña; Manuel Cánovas; Ricardo I. Jeldres; Steven Nieto; Jonathan Castillo; Pedro Robles; Norman Toro. 2020. "Correction: Torres, D. et al. Leaching Manganese Nodules in an Acid Medium and Room Temperature Comparing the Use of Different Fe Reducing Agents. Metals 2019, 9, 1316." Metals 10, no. 4: 506.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2020 in DYNA
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The entrainment of the organic phase in the aqueous applied to typical solutions in a solvent extraction of copper process was studied. The organic phase used is composed of the commercial extractant LIX 984-N diluted in Shellsol 2046 AR. The aqueous phase contains 6 g/L of Cu2+, at pH 2 and 20 ºC. The variables studied were: mixing speed of 400 to 1000 rpm; mixing time of 3 to 30 minutes; initial pH of the electrolyte 2, 3, and 4; percentage of extractant in the organic phase 10 to 30% v/v; and copper concentration in the aqueous phase 1 to 6 g/L. It was determined that the entrainment of the organic phase in the aqueous is determined by the physical properties of the phases in equilibrium and by the system’s hydrodynamics, and it is a phenomenon that involves the advancing speed of the interphase (or dispersion band) and the displacement speed of the organic drops.

ACS Style

Patricio Navarro Donoso; Cristian Vargas Riquelme; Jonathan Castillo; Rossana Sepúlveda. Experimental study of phase entrainment in copper solvent extraction. DYNA 2020, 87, 85 -90.

AMA Style

Patricio Navarro Donoso, Cristian Vargas Riquelme, Jonathan Castillo, Rossana Sepúlveda. Experimental study of phase entrainment in copper solvent extraction. DYNA. 2020; 87 (213):85-90.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Patricio Navarro Donoso; Cristian Vargas Riquelme; Jonathan Castillo; Rossana Sepúlveda. 2020. "Experimental study of phase entrainment in copper solvent extraction." DYNA 87, no. 213: 85-90.

Journal article
Published: 06 February 2020 in Minerals Engineering
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Mixed copper ores are challenging to process, where the treatments are expensive, resulting in low recoveries, with products that are not commercially viable. The proposed research aims a sustainable method to recover copper from a mixture of oxides and sulfides minerals. The procedure involves three stages: (i) leaching with aqueous ammonia solutions at room temperature and varied pH, ammonia concentration, solid concentration, and particle size; (ii) PLS precipitation in copper sulfides by the addition of sulfur (or other copper sulfates) and SO2 (or additional sulfites or bisulfites); (iii) froth flotation to recover the value sulfide, considering a set of collectors and frothers. The outcomes obtained in this work were promising, achieving copper extraction of 70% in the leaching stage, precipitation of copper sulfides that surrounds 90%, and 75% of recovery by flotation.

ACS Style

Víctor Conejeros; Kevin Pérez; Ricardo I. Jeldres; Jonathan Castillo; Pía Hernández; Norman Toro. Novel treatment for mixed copper ores: Leaching ammonia – Precipitation – Flotation (L.A.P.F.). Minerals Engineering 2020, 149, 106242 .

AMA Style

Víctor Conejeros, Kevin Pérez, Ricardo I. Jeldres, Jonathan Castillo, Pía Hernández, Norman Toro. Novel treatment for mixed copper ores: Leaching ammonia – Precipitation – Flotation (L.A.P.F.). Minerals Engineering. 2020; 149 ():106242.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Víctor Conejeros; Kevin Pérez; Ricardo I. Jeldres; Jonathan Castillo; Pía Hernández; Norman Toro. 2020. "Novel treatment for mixed copper ores: Leaching ammonia – Precipitation – Flotation (L.A.P.F.)." Minerals Engineering 149, no. : 106242.

Journal article
Published: 06 December 2019 in Metals
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The deposits of Fe-Mn, in the seabed of the planet, are a good alternative source for the extraction of elements of interest. Among these are marine nodules, which have approximately 24% manganese and may be a solution to the shortage of high-grade ores on the surface. In this investigation, an ANOVA analysis was performed to evaluate the time independent variables and MnO2/reducing agent in the leaching of manganese nodules with the use of different Fe reducing agents (FeS2, Fe2+, Fe0 and Fe2O3). Tests were also carried out for the different reducing agents evaluating the MnO2/Fe ratio, in which the Fe0 (FeC) proved to be the best reducing agent for the dissolution of Mn from marine nodules, achieving solutions of 97% in 20 min. In addition, it was discovered that at low MnO2/Fe ratios the acid concentration in the system is not very relevant and the potential and pH were in ranges of −0.4–1.4 V and −2–0.1 favoring the dissolution of Mn from MnO2.

ACS Style

David Torres; Luís Ayala; Manuel Saldaña; Manuel Cánovas; Ricardo I. Jeldres; Steven Nieto; Jonathan Castillo; Pedro Robles; Norman Toro. Leaching Manganese Nodules in an Acid Medium and Room Temperature Comparing the Use of Different Fe Reducing Agents. Metals 2019, 9, 1316 .

AMA Style

David Torres, Luís Ayala, Manuel Saldaña, Manuel Cánovas, Ricardo I. Jeldres, Steven Nieto, Jonathan Castillo, Pedro Robles, Norman Toro. Leaching Manganese Nodules in an Acid Medium and Room Temperature Comparing the Use of Different Fe Reducing Agents. Metals. 2019; 9 (12):1316.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David Torres; Luís Ayala; Manuel Saldaña; Manuel Cánovas; Ricardo I. Jeldres; Steven Nieto; Jonathan Castillo; Pedro Robles; Norman Toro. 2019. "Leaching Manganese Nodules in an Acid Medium and Room Temperature Comparing the Use of Different Fe Reducing Agents." Metals 9, no. 12: 1316.

Journal article
Published: 07 November 2019 in Metals
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Multivariate analytical models are quite successful in explaining one or more response variables, based on one or more independent variables. However, they do not reflect the connections of conditional dependence between the variables that explain the model. Otherwise, due to their qualitative and quantitative nature, Bayesian networks allow us to easily visualize the probabilistic relationships between variables of interest, as well as make inferences as a prediction of specific evidence (partial or impartial), diagnosis and decision-making. The current work develops stochastic modeling of the leaching phase in piles by generating a Bayesian network that describes the ore recovery with independent variables, after analyzing the uncertainty of the response to the sensitization of the input variables. These models allow us to recognize the relations of dependence and causality between the sampled variables and can estimate the output against the lack of evidence. The network setting shows that the variables that have the most significant impact on recovery are the time, the heap height and the superficial velocity of the leaching flow, while the validation is given by the low measurements of the error statistics and the normality test of residuals. Finally, probabilistic networks are unique tools to determine and internalize the risk or uncertainty present in the input variables, due to their ability to generate estimates of recovery based upon partial knowledge of the operational variables.

ACS Style

Manuel Saldaña; Javier González; Ricardo I. Jeldres; Ángelo Villegas; Jonathan Castillo; Gonzalo Quezada; Norman Toro. A Stochastic Model Approach for Copper Heap Leaching through Bayesian Networks. Metals 2019, 9, 1198 .

AMA Style

Manuel Saldaña, Javier González, Ricardo I. Jeldres, Ángelo Villegas, Jonathan Castillo, Gonzalo Quezada, Norman Toro. A Stochastic Model Approach for Copper Heap Leaching through Bayesian Networks. Metals. 2019; 9 (11):1198.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Manuel Saldaña; Javier González; Ricardo I. Jeldres; Ángelo Villegas; Jonathan Castillo; Gonzalo Quezada; Norman Toro. 2019. "A Stochastic Model Approach for Copper Heap Leaching through Bayesian Networks." Metals 9, no. 11: 1198.

Journal article
Published: 17 August 2019 in Metals
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Multivariable analytical models provide a descriptive (albeit approximate) mathematical relationship between a set of independent variables and one or more dependent variables. The current work develops an analytical model that extends a design of experiments for the leaching of manganese from marine nodules, using sulfuric acid (H2SO4) in the presence of iron-containing tailings, which are both by-products of conventional copper extraction. The experiments are configured to address the effect of time, particle size, acid concentration, Fe2O3/MnO2 ratio, stirring speed and temperature, under typical industrial conditions. The recovery of manganese has been modeled using a first order differential equation that accurately fits experimental results, noting that Fe2O3/MnO2 and temperature are the most critical independent variables, while the particle size is the least influential (under typical conditions). This study obtains representative fitting parameters, that can be used to explore the incorporation of Mn recovery from marine nodules, as part of the extended value chain of copper sulfide processing.

ACS Style

Manuel Saldaña; Norman Toro; Jonathan Castillo; Pía Hernández; Emilio Trigueros; Alessandro Navarra; Toro. Development of an Analytical Model for the Extraction of Manganese from Marine Nodules. Metals 2019, 9, 903 .

AMA Style

Manuel Saldaña, Norman Toro, Jonathan Castillo, Pía Hernández, Emilio Trigueros, Alessandro Navarra, Toro. Development of an Analytical Model for the Extraction of Manganese from Marine Nodules. Metals. 2019; 9 (8):903.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Manuel Saldaña; Norman Toro; Jonathan Castillo; Pía Hernández; Emilio Trigueros; Alessandro Navarra; Toro. 2019. "Development of an Analytical Model for the Extraction of Manganese from Marine Nodules." Metals 9, no. 8: 903.

Journal article
Published: 10 July 2019 in Minerals
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The importance of mine planning is often underestimated. Nonetheless, it is essential in achieving high performance by identifying the potential value of mineral resources and providing an optimal, practical, and realistic strategy for extraction, which considers the greatest quantity of options, materials, and scenarios. Conventional mine planning is based on a mostly deterministic approach, ignoring part of the uncertainty presented in the input data, such as the mineralogical composition of the feed. This work develops a methodology to optimize the mineral recovery of the heap leaching phase by addressing the mineralogical variation of the feed, by alternating the mode of operation depending on the type of ore in the feed. The operational changes considered in the analysis include the leaching of oxide ores by adding only sulfuric acid (H2SO4) as reagent and adding chloride in the case of sulfide ores (secondary sulfides). The incorporation of uncertainty allows the creation of models that maximize the productivity, while confronting the geological uncertainty, as the extraction program progresses. The model seeks to increase the expected recovery from leaching, considering a set of equiprobable geological scenarios. The modeling and simulation of this productive phase is developed through a discrete event simulation (DES) framework. The results of the simulation indicate the potential to address the dynamics of feed variation through the implementation of alternating modes of operation.

ACS Style

Manuel Saldaña; Norman Toro; Jonathan Castillo; Pía Hernández; Alessandro Navarra. Optimization of the Heap Leaching Process through Changes in Modes of Operation and Discrete Event Simulation. Minerals 2019, 9, 421 .

AMA Style

Manuel Saldaña, Norman Toro, Jonathan Castillo, Pía Hernández, Alessandro Navarra. Optimization of the Heap Leaching Process through Changes in Modes of Operation and Discrete Event Simulation. Minerals. 2019; 9 (7):421.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Manuel Saldaña; Norman Toro; Jonathan Castillo; Pía Hernández; Alessandro Navarra. 2019. "Optimization of the Heap Leaching Process through Changes in Modes of Operation and Discrete Event Simulation." Minerals 9, no. 7: 421.

Journal article
Published: 26 June 2019 in Minerals
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Manganese nodules are an attractive source of base metals and critical and rare elements and are required to meet a high demand of today’s industry. In previous studies, it has been shown that high concentrations of reducing agent (Fe) in the system are beneficial for the rapid extraction of manganese. However, it is necessary to optimize the operational parameters in order to maximize Mn recovery. In this study, a statistical analysis was carried out using factorial experimental design for the main parameters, including time, MnO2/Fe2O3 ratio, and H2SO4 concentration. After this, Mn recovery tests were carried out over time at different ratios of MnO2/Fe2O3 and H2SO4 concentrations, where the potential and pH of the system were measured. Finally, it is concluded that high concentrations of FeSO4 in the system allow operating in potential and pH ranges (−0.2 to 1.2 V and −1.8 to 0.1) that favor the formation of Fe2+ and Fe3+, which enable high extractions of Mn (73%) in short periods of time (5 to 20 min) operating with an optimum MnO2/Fe2O3 ratio of 1:3 and a concentration of 0.1 mol/L of H2SO4.

ACS Style

Norman Toro; Manuel Saldaña; Edelmira Galvez; Manuel Cánovas; Emilio Trigueros; Jonathan Castillo; Pía C. Hernández. Optimization of Parameters for the Dissolution of Mn from Manganese Nodules with the Use of Tailings in An Acid Medium. Minerals 2019, 9, 387 .

AMA Style

Norman Toro, Manuel Saldaña, Edelmira Galvez, Manuel Cánovas, Emilio Trigueros, Jonathan Castillo, Pía C. Hernández. Optimization of Parameters for the Dissolution of Mn from Manganese Nodules with the Use of Tailings in An Acid Medium. Minerals. 2019; 9 (7):387.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Norman Toro; Manuel Saldaña; Edelmira Galvez; Manuel Cánovas; Emilio Trigueros; Jonathan Castillo; Pía C. Hernández. 2019. "Optimization of Parameters for the Dissolution of Mn from Manganese Nodules with the Use of Tailings in An Acid Medium." Minerals 9, no. 7: 387.

Journal article
Published: 24 May 2019 in Minerals
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The effect of NaCl on the leaching of white metal from a Teniente Converter was investigated in NaCl-H2SO4 media under environmental conditions. The copper dissolution from white metal was studied using ferric ions in the range of 1–10 g/L, NaCl in the range of 30–210 g/L, and sulfuric acid in the range of 10–50 g/L. The test without NaCl produced a dissolution of 55%; through the addition of NaCl, the dissolution increased to nearly 90%. The effect of sulfuric acid on the copper dissolution was not significant in the studied range, as the excess sulfuric acid simply increased the iron precipitation. The positive effect of NaCl seems to be related to the action of chloro-complex oxidizing agents in relation to the Cu+2/Cu+ couple. A simplified two-stage mechanism is proposed for the leaching of white metal. In the first stage, the white metal produces covellite and Cu2+, and in the second stage it produces elemental sulfur and Cu2+. The first stage is very rapidly compared to the second stage.

ACS Style

Jonathan Castillo; Rossana Sepúlveda; Giselle Araya; Danny Guzmán; Norman Toro; Kevin Pérez; Marcelo Rodríguez; Alessandro Navarra. Leaching of White Metal in a NaCl-H2SO4 System under Environmental Conditions. Minerals 2019, 9, 319 .

AMA Style

Jonathan Castillo, Rossana Sepúlveda, Giselle Araya, Danny Guzmán, Norman Toro, Kevin Pérez, Marcelo Rodríguez, Alessandro Navarra. Leaching of White Metal in a NaCl-H2SO4 System under Environmental Conditions. Minerals. 2019; 9 (5):319.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jonathan Castillo; Rossana Sepúlveda; Giselle Araya; Danny Guzmán; Norman Toro; Kevin Pérez; Marcelo Rodríguez; Alessandro Navarra. 2019. "Leaching of White Metal in a NaCl-H2SO4 System under Environmental Conditions." Minerals 9, no. 5: 319.

Journal article
Published: 11 May 2019 in Minerals
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Based on the results obtained from a previous study investigating the dissolution of Mn from marine nodules with the use of sulfuric acid and foundry slag, a second series of experiments was carried out using tailings produced from slag flotation. The proposed approach takes advantage of the Fe present in magnetite contained in these tailings and is believed to be cost-efficient. The surface optimization methodology was used to evaluate the independent variables of time, particle size, and sulfuric acid concentration in the Mn solution. Other tests evaluated the effect of agitation speed and the MnO2/Fe2O3 ratio in an acid medium. The highest Mn extraction rate of 77% was obtained with an MnO2/Fe2O3 ratio of 1/2 concentration of 1 mol/L of H2SO4, particle size of −47 + 38 μm, and 40 min of leaching. It is concluded that higher rates of Mn extraction were obtained when tailings instead of slag were used, while future research needs to focus on determination of the optimum Fe2O3/MnO2 ratio to improve dissolution of Mn from marine nodules.

ACS Style

Norman Toro; Manuel Saldaña; Jonathan Castillo; Freddy Higuera; Roxana Acosta. Leaching of Manganese from Marine Nodules at Room Temperature with the Use of Sulfuric Acid and the Addition of Tailings. Minerals 2019, 9, 289 .

AMA Style

Norman Toro, Manuel Saldaña, Jonathan Castillo, Freddy Higuera, Roxana Acosta. Leaching of Manganese from Marine Nodules at Room Temperature with the Use of Sulfuric Acid and the Addition of Tailings. Minerals. 2019; 9 (5):289.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Norman Toro; Manuel Saldaña; Jonathan Castillo; Freddy Higuera; Roxana Acosta. 2019. "Leaching of Manganese from Marine Nodules at Room Temperature with the Use of Sulfuric Acid and the Addition of Tailings." Minerals 9, no. 5: 289.

Journal article
Published: 03 December 2018 in Minerals
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In this study, the surface optimization methodology was used to assess the effect of three independent variables—time, particle size and sulfuric acid concentration—on Mn extraction from marine nodules during leaching with H2SO4 in the presence of foundry slag. The effect of the MnO2/Fe ratio and particle size (MnO2) was also investigated. The maximum Mn extraction rate was obtained when a MnO2 to Fe molar ratio of 0.5, 1 M of H2SO4, −320 + 400 Tyler mesh (−47 + 38 μm) nodule particle size and a leaching time of 30 min were used.

ACS Style

Norman Toro; Nelson Herrera; Jonathan Castillo; Cynthia M. Torres; Rossana Sepúlveda. Initial Investigation into the Leaching of Manganese from Nodules at Room Temperature with the Use of Sulfuric Acid and the Addition of Foundry Slag—Part I. Minerals 2018, 8, 565 .

AMA Style

Norman Toro, Nelson Herrera, Jonathan Castillo, Cynthia M. Torres, Rossana Sepúlveda. Initial Investigation into the Leaching of Manganese from Nodules at Room Temperature with the Use of Sulfuric Acid and the Addition of Foundry Slag—Part I. Minerals. 2018; 8 (12):565.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Norman Toro; Nelson Herrera; Jonathan Castillo; Cynthia M. Torres; Rossana Sepúlveda. 2018. "Initial Investigation into the Leaching of Manganese from Nodules at Room Temperature with the Use of Sulfuric Acid and the Addition of Foundry Slag—Part I." Minerals 8, no. 12: 565.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2017 in The Journal of Supercritical Fluids
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Rossana Sepúlveda; Jonathan Castillo; Andrea Plaza; José Sánchez; Alejandra Torres; Julio Romero. Improvement of recovery performance in the solvent extraction of Cu(II) using [bmim][Tf 2 N] and a β-diketone as extractant and its stripping with supercritical carbon dioxide. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids 2017, 128, 26 -31.

AMA Style

Rossana Sepúlveda, Jonathan Castillo, Andrea Plaza, José Sánchez, Alejandra Torres, Julio Romero. Improvement of recovery performance in the solvent extraction of Cu(II) using [bmim][Tf 2 N] and a β-diketone as extractant and its stripping with supercritical carbon dioxide. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids. 2017; 128 ():26-31.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rossana Sepúlveda; Jonathan Castillo; Andrea Plaza; José Sánchez; Alejandra Torres; Julio Romero. 2017. "Improvement of recovery performance in the solvent extraction of Cu(II) using [bmim][Tf 2 N] and a β-diketone as extractant and its stripping with supercritical carbon dioxide." The Journal of Supercritical Fluids 128, no. : 26-31.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2014 in Hydrometallurgy
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ACS Style

Jonathan Castillo; María Teresa Coll; Agustín Fortuny; Patricio Navarro Donoso; Rossana Sepúlveda; Ana María Sastre. Cu(II) extraction using quaternary ammonium and quaternary phosphonium based ionic liquid. Hydrometallurgy 2014, 141, 89 -96.

AMA Style

Jonathan Castillo, María Teresa Coll, Agustín Fortuny, Patricio Navarro Donoso, Rossana Sepúlveda, Ana María Sastre. Cu(II) extraction using quaternary ammonium and quaternary phosphonium based ionic liquid. Hydrometallurgy. 2014; 141 ():89-96.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jonathan Castillo; María Teresa Coll; Agustín Fortuny; Patricio Navarro Donoso; Rossana Sepúlveda; Ana María Sastre. 2014. "Cu(II) extraction using quaternary ammonium and quaternary phosphonium based ionic liquid." Hydrometallurgy 141, no. : 89-96.

Journal article
Published: 30 April 2012 in Revista de Metalurgia
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J. Castillo-Segura; F. Biela-Cornejo; P. Navarro-Donoso. Estudio de separación de fases en sistemas líquido-líquido usando LIX 984N en fase orgánica. Revista de Metalurgia 2012, 48, 107 -117.

AMA Style

J. Castillo-Segura, F. Biela-Cornejo, P. Navarro-Donoso. Estudio de separación de fases en sistemas líquido-líquido usando LIX 984N en fase orgánica. Revista de Metalurgia. 2012; 48 (2):107-117.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J. Castillo-Segura; F. Biela-Cornejo; P. Navarro-Donoso. 2012. "Estudio de separación de fases en sistemas líquido-líquido usando LIX 984N en fase orgánica." Revista de Metalurgia 48, no. 2: 107-117.