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Ferulago campestris is an aromatic plant, distributed in Mediterranean Europe, and a source of essential oils (EOs) regarded as promising alternatives to synthetic herbicides and pesticides. F. campestris EO, hydrodistilled and analyzed, was tested for its antigerminative activity and for its effect on radicle elongation, hydrogen peroxide concentration, and lipid peroxidation on four infesting weed species (Papaver rhoeas, Taraxacum campylodes, Poa annua, and Setaria verticillata) and on Phaseolus vulgaris. Its repellent ability was also tested against Acanthoscelides obtectus, a pest commonly affecting P. vulgaris during storage. Moreover, a chitosan coating layer was developed with the addition of F. campestris EO and tested for its toxic and oviposition-deterring effects against A. obtectus. Myrcene, α-pinene, and γ-terpinene were detected as the main compounds in F. campestris EO. The EO demonstrated a selective in vitro antigerminative activity towards the weed species, without affecting the bean seeds. Moreover, the chitosan coating layer exerted a dose-dependent repellent effect against A. obtectus adults, thus effectively protecting the bean seeds, while preserving their germinative ability. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on a chitosan–EO coating proposed with the aim of protecting bean seeds for sowing from insect attack.
Roberta Ascrizzi; Guido Flamini; Stefano Bedini; Camilla Tani; Paolo Giannotti; Tiziana Lombardi; Barbara Conti; Daniele Fraternale. Ferulago campestris Essential Oil as Active Ingredient in Chitosan Seed-Coating: Chemical Analyses, Allelopathic Effects, and Protective Activity against the Common Bean Pest Acanthoscelides obtectus. Agronomy 2021, 11, 1578 .
AMA StyleRoberta Ascrizzi, Guido Flamini, Stefano Bedini, Camilla Tani, Paolo Giannotti, Tiziana Lombardi, Barbara Conti, Daniele Fraternale. Ferulago campestris Essential Oil as Active Ingredient in Chitosan Seed-Coating: Chemical Analyses, Allelopathic Effects, and Protective Activity against the Common Bean Pest Acanthoscelides obtectus. Agronomy. 2021; 11 (8):1578.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRoberta Ascrizzi; Guido Flamini; Stefano Bedini; Camilla Tani; Paolo Giannotti; Tiziana Lombardi; Barbara Conti; Daniele Fraternale. 2021. "Ferulago campestris Essential Oil as Active Ingredient in Chitosan Seed-Coating: Chemical Analyses, Allelopathic Effects, and Protective Activity against the Common Bean Pest Acanthoscelides obtectus." Agronomy 11, no. 8: 1578.
Natural elicitors from macroalgae may affect plant secondary metabolites. Ulvan is a sulfated heteropolysaccharide extracted from green seaweed, acting as both a plant biotic protecting agent, and a plant elicitor, leading to the synthesis of signal molecules. In this work, the aqueous extract of Ulva intestinalis L., mainly composed of ulvan, was used as foliar-spraying treatment and its eliciting effect was investigated in basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and parsley (Petroselinum crispum L.). Antioxidant metabolites (polyphenols and carotenoids), volatile compounds (both in headspace emissions and hydrodistilled essential oils), and hormones (jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, salicylic acid 2-O-β-D-glucoside, abscisic acid, and azelaic acid) were quantified. The foliar-spraying treatment with U. intestinalis extract increased salicylic acid and its β-glucoside in parsley; in basil, it induced the accumulation of jasmonic and abscisic acids, indicating the presence of a priming effect. In basil, the elicitation caused a change of the essential oil (EO) chemotype from methyl eugenol/eugenol to epi-α-cadinol and increased sesquiterpenes. In parsley EO it caused a significant accumulation of 1,3,8-p-menthatriene, responsible of the typical “parsley-like” smell. In both species, the phenylpropanoids decreased in headspace and EO compositions, while the salicylic acid concentration increased; this could indicate a primarily defensive response to U. intestinalis extract. Due to the evidenced significant biological activity, U. intestinalis extract used as an elicitor may represent a suitable tool to obtain higher amounts of metabolites for optimizing plant flavor metabolites.
Roberta Paulert; Roberta Ascrizzi; Silvia Malatesta; Paolo Berni; Miguel Noseda; Mariana Mazetto de Carvalho; Ilaria Marchioni; Luisa Pistelli; Maria Rabello Duarte; Lorenzo Mariotti; Laura Pistelli. Ulva intestinalis Extract Acts as Biostimulant and Modulates Metabolites and Hormone Balance in Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and Parsley (Petroselinum crispum L.). Plants 2021, 10, 1391 .
AMA StyleRoberta Paulert, Roberta Ascrizzi, Silvia Malatesta, Paolo Berni, Miguel Noseda, Mariana Mazetto de Carvalho, Ilaria Marchioni, Luisa Pistelli, Maria Rabello Duarte, Lorenzo Mariotti, Laura Pistelli. Ulva intestinalis Extract Acts as Biostimulant and Modulates Metabolites and Hormone Balance in Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and Parsley (Petroselinum crispum L.). Plants. 2021; 10 (7):1391.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRoberta Paulert; Roberta Ascrizzi; Silvia Malatesta; Paolo Berni; Miguel Noseda; Mariana Mazetto de Carvalho; Ilaria Marchioni; Luisa Pistelli; Maria Rabello Duarte; Lorenzo Mariotti; Laura Pistelli. 2021. "Ulva intestinalis Extract Acts as Biostimulant and Modulates Metabolites and Hormone Balance in Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and Parsley (Petroselinum crispum L.)." Plants 10, no. 7: 1391.
Cannabis sativa L. is an annual species cultivated since antiquity for different purposes. While, in the past, hemp inflorescences were considered crop residues, at present, they are regarded as valuable raw materials with different applications, among which extraction of the essential oil (EO) has gained increasing interest in many fields. The aim of the present study is the evaluation of the yield and the chemical composition of the EO obtained by hydrodistillation from eleven hemp genotypes, cultivated in the same location for two consecutive growing seasons. The composition of the EOs was analyzed by GC–MS, and then subjected to multivariate statistical analysis. Sesquiterpenes represented the main class of compounds in all the EOs, both in their hydrocarbon and oxygenated forms, with relative abundances ranging from 47.1 to 78.5%; the only exception was the Felina 32 sample collected in 2019, in which cannabinoids predominated. Cannabinoids were the second most abundant class of compounds, of which cannabidiol was the main one, with relative abundances between 11.8 and 51.5%. The statistical distribution of the samples, performed on the complete chemical composition of the EOs, evidenced a partition based on the year of cultivation, rather than on the genotype, with the exception of Uso-31. Regarding the extraction yield, a significant variation was evidenced among both the genotypes and the years of cultivation.
Ylenia Pieracci; Roberta Ascrizzi; Valentina Terreni; Luisa Pistelli; Guido Flamini; Laura Bassolino; Flavia Fulvio; Massimo Montanari; Roberta Paris. Essential Oil of Cannabis sativa L: Comparison of Yield and Chemical Composition of 11 Hemp Genotypes. Molecules 2021, 26, 4080 .
AMA StyleYlenia Pieracci, Roberta Ascrizzi, Valentina Terreni, Luisa Pistelli, Guido Flamini, Laura Bassolino, Flavia Fulvio, Massimo Montanari, Roberta Paris. Essential Oil of Cannabis sativa L: Comparison of Yield and Chemical Composition of 11 Hemp Genotypes. Molecules. 2021; 26 (13):4080.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYlenia Pieracci; Roberta Ascrizzi; Valentina Terreni; Luisa Pistelli; Guido Flamini; Laura Bassolino; Flavia Fulvio; Massimo Montanari; Roberta Paris. 2021. "Essential Oil of Cannabis sativa L: Comparison of Yield and Chemical Composition of 11 Hemp Genotypes." Molecules 26, no. 13: 4080.
Eliciting plants consists in the application of chemical, physical, and biological factors that induce stressful conditions, and so trigger defense mechanisms and the production of bioactive compounds and phytochemicals. In this study, the phenolic and volatile organic compound (VOCs) profiles of sage leaves under a chronic ozone (O3) exposure (120 ppb 5 h day−1 for 36 consecutive days) were investigated, elucidating also their antioxidant activity. The composition, yield, and antioxidant capacity of essential oils (EOs) obtained from sage leaves were also evaluated. Ozone exposure resulted in an overall increase of phenolic compounds. In terms of VOCs, O3 mainly reduced monoterpene emissions, while increased the production of sesquiterpenes (in both leaves and EOs). These O3-induced accumulations were triggered during the first weeks of exposure, whereas they disappeared at the last time of analysis, suggesting that sage plants lost their ability (or interest) in activating secondary metabolism under high doses of O3. The antioxidant capacity of all tested extracts resulted increased by O3 exposure. These outcomes support our speculation that the application of O3 for a limited period (i.e., a maximum of four weeks, at the investigated concentration) may become an effective biotechnological tool to improve the quality of sage leaf extracts.
Alessandra Marchica; Roberta Ascrizzi; Guido Flamini; Lorenzo Cotrozzi; Mariagrazia Tonelli; Giacomo Lorenzini; Cristina Nali; Elisa Pellegrini. Ozone as eustress for enhancing secondary metabolites and bioactive properties in Salvia officinalis. Industrial Crops and Products 2021, 170, 113730 .
AMA StyleAlessandra Marchica, Roberta Ascrizzi, Guido Flamini, Lorenzo Cotrozzi, Mariagrazia Tonelli, Giacomo Lorenzini, Cristina Nali, Elisa Pellegrini. Ozone as eustress for enhancing secondary metabolites and bioactive properties in Salvia officinalis. Industrial Crops and Products. 2021; 170 ():113730.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlessandra Marchica; Roberta Ascrizzi; Guido Flamini; Lorenzo Cotrozzi; Mariagrazia Tonelli; Giacomo Lorenzini; Cristina Nali; Elisa Pellegrini. 2021. "Ozone as eustress for enhancing secondary metabolites and bioactive properties in Salvia officinalis." Industrial Crops and Products 170, no. : 113730.
The aim of this work is to analyze the chemical composition of Cymbopogon citratus, Salvia officinalis and Origanum majorana essential oils (EO) and evaluate their repellent effects on economically significant aphid species. The hydrodistillation yields of the plant's aerial parts were 0.45%, 0.32% and 0.25% for O. majorana, S. officinalis and C. citratus respectively. Chemical analysis by GC-MS identified 87.6%, 100% and 97% of C. citratus, S. officinalis and O. majorana chemical composition respectively. S. officinalis EO was mainly composed of α-thujone (25.7%) and camphor (18.4%), while C. citratus EO major compounds were neral (26.4%) and geranial (30.6%). Finally, O. majorana EO was principally constituted of 4-terpineol (38.7%). Then, the repellency potential of these EO was assessed in vitro on Myzus persicae, Aphis gossypii, Aphis spiraecola and Aphis fabae. In vitro bioassays showed that 2 µL of the three EO were insufficiently repellent on all aphid species during the surveyed period. However, at 120 min, 5 µL EO repellencies were variable from repellent to very repellent depending on the EO and aphid species. Interestingly, 5 µL of O. majorana EO were very repellent for M. persicae and A. fabae after 120 min. Furthermore, in vivo repellency bioassays of 5 µL O. majorana EO were carried out for M. persicae and A. fabae. After 120 min, results showed a statistically higher repellency on M. persicae (repellent) compared to A. fabae (moderately repellent). The in vivo RT50 and RT90 of 5 µL O. majorana EO for M. persicae were 54.68 min and 131.26 min respectively, while A. fabae recorded RT50 of 107.93 min and RT90 of 287.24 min. Both in vitro and in vivo bioassays demonstrated that the tested EO repellencies never decreased over the investigated periods. These results suggest that the studied EO can be used as botanical repellents against these aphid species.
Wafa Khaled-Gasmi; Amel Ben Hamouda; Ikbal Chaieb; Rabha Souissi; Roberta Ascrizzi; Guido Flamini; Sonia Boukhris-Bouhachem. Natural repellents based on three botanical species essential oils as an eco-friendly approach against aphids. South African Journal of Botany 2021, 141, 133 -141.
AMA StyleWafa Khaled-Gasmi, Amel Ben Hamouda, Ikbal Chaieb, Rabha Souissi, Roberta Ascrizzi, Guido Flamini, Sonia Boukhris-Bouhachem. Natural repellents based on three botanical species essential oils as an eco-friendly approach against aphids. South African Journal of Botany. 2021; 141 ():133-141.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWafa Khaled-Gasmi; Amel Ben Hamouda; Ikbal Chaieb; Rabha Souissi; Roberta Ascrizzi; Guido Flamini; Sonia Boukhris-Bouhachem. 2021. "Natural repellents based on three botanical species essential oils as an eco-friendly approach against aphids." South African Journal of Botany 141, no. : 133-141.
Within the Open Science project entitled “Botanic Garden, factory of molecules”, a multidisciplinary study approach was applied on Ballota acetabulosa (L.) Benth., preserved at the Ghirardi Botanic Garden (Toscolano Maderno, BS, Italy). Micromorphological, histochemical, and phytochemical investigations were conducted on the vegetative and reproductive organs. For the first time, this survey reported the histochemical assays and the ultrastructural observations on the secreting structures, as well as the characterization of the volatiles spontaneously emitted from leaves and flowers. Four trichome morphotypes were identified: peltate and short‐stalked, medium‐stalked, and long‐stalked capitate trichomes, each with a peculiar distribution pattern. The histochemical analysis was confirmed by the ultrastructural observations, with the peltates and long‐stalked capitates as the main sites responsible for terpene production. The head‐space characterization revealed that sesquiterpene hydrocarbons prevailed both in leaves and flowers, with γ‐muurolene, β‐caryophyllene, and (E)‐nerolidol as the most abundant compounds. Moreover, a comparison with literature data concerning the ecological roles of the main compounds suggested a dominant defensive action both at the leaf and flower level. Therefore, we correlated the trichome morphotypes with the production of secondary metabolites, in the attempt to link these data to their potential ecological meanings. Finally, we made the obtained scientific knowledge available to the visitors of the Botanic Garden through the realization of a new labelling dedicated to B. acetabulosa that highlights the “invisible”, microscopic features of the plant.
Claudia Giuliani; Martina Bottoni; Roberta Ascrizzi; Fabrizia Milani; Sara Falsini; Alessio Papini; Guido Flamini; Gelsomina Fico. Micromorphological and phytochemical survey of Ballota acetabulosa (L.) Benth. Plant Biology 2021, 23, 643 -652.
AMA StyleClaudia Giuliani, Martina Bottoni, Roberta Ascrizzi, Fabrizia Milani, Sara Falsini, Alessio Papini, Guido Flamini, Gelsomina Fico. Micromorphological and phytochemical survey of Ballota acetabulosa (L.) Benth. Plant Biology. 2021; 23 (4):643-652.
Chicago/Turabian StyleClaudia Giuliani; Martina Bottoni; Roberta Ascrizzi; Fabrizia Milani; Sara Falsini; Alessio Papini; Guido Flamini; Gelsomina Fico. 2021. "Micromorphological and phytochemical survey of Ballota acetabulosa (L.) Benth." Plant Biology 23, no. 4: 643-652.
In this preliminary study, two non-filtered virgin olive oils (one freshly produced VOO-N; one VOO-O stored for one year) were subjected to moisture removal with mineral clay (raw or activated) and analyses were performed to attest possible effects on the quality of the product. The results demonstrated that the treatment of oil with mineral clay at 36-38 °C had no negative effect on the basic quality parameters or on the volatile comound profile. On the other hand, a significant decrease in the water amount as well as in pigments was observed in the samples subjected to this kind of treatment, in particular with raw clay. Regarding the colour measurement, the lightness (L) as well as the consumers’ acceptability exhibited a marked increase when oils were treated with raw clay.
M. Issaoui; M. Mosbahi; S. Barbieri; G. Flamini; A. Bendini; R. Ascrizzi; T. Gallina Toschi; M. Hammami. Preliminary investigation of possible effects of mineral clay treatment applied to oils produced from olives: focus on moisture removal and compositional changes. Grasas y Aceites 2021, 72, e392 .
AMA StyleM. Issaoui, M. Mosbahi, S. Barbieri, G. Flamini, A. Bendini, R. Ascrizzi, T. Gallina Toschi, M. Hammami. Preliminary investigation of possible effects of mineral clay treatment applied to oils produced from olives: focus on moisture removal and compositional changes. Grasas y Aceites. 2021; 72 (1):e392.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Issaoui; M. Mosbahi; S. Barbieri; G. Flamini; A. Bendini; R. Ascrizzi; T. Gallina Toschi; M. Hammami. 2021. "Preliminary investigation of possible effects of mineral clay treatment applied to oils produced from olives: focus on moisture removal and compositional changes." Grasas y Aceites 72, no. 1: e392.
The aim of the present research was to determine the chemical composition and the cytotoxic effects of Tetraclinis articulata trunk bark essential oil (HEE) obtained by steam distillation and five fractions obtained by normal phase silica chromatographic separation. Chemical analysis allowed the identification of 54 known compounds. Relatively high amounts of oxygenated sesquiterpenes (44.4–70.2%) were detected, mainly consisting of caryophyllene oxide (13.1–26.6%), carotol (9.2–21.2%),14-hydroxy-9-epi-(E)-caryophyllene (3.2–15.5%) and humulene epoxide II (2.6–7.2%). The cytotoxic activity against human mammary carcinoma cell lines (MDA-MB-231) and colorectal carcinoma cell lines (SW620) of the essential oil and its fractions were assessed. All the samples displayed moderate to weak activity compared to 5-fluorouracil. The colorectal carcinoma cell line was relatively more sensitive to the essential oil and its fractions compared to the breast cancer cell line, showing IC50 values from 25.7 to 96.5 μg/mL. In addition, the essential oil and its fraction E.2 revealed a cytotoxic activity against colorectal carcinoma cell line, with IC50 values lower than 30 μg/mL. This is the first report on the chemical composition and cytotoxic activity of the trunk bark essential oil of T. articulata.
Salma Jlizi; Aida Lahmar; Afifa Zardi-Bergaoui; Roberta Ascrizzi; Guido Flamini; Abdel Harrath; Leila Chekir-Ghedira; Hichem Ben Jannet. Chemical Composition and Cytotoxic Activity of the Fractionated Trunk Bark Essential Oil from Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Mast. Growing in Tunisia. Molecules 2021, 26, 1110 .
AMA StyleSalma Jlizi, Aida Lahmar, Afifa Zardi-Bergaoui, Roberta Ascrizzi, Guido Flamini, Abdel Harrath, Leila Chekir-Ghedira, Hichem Ben Jannet. Chemical Composition and Cytotoxic Activity of the Fractionated Trunk Bark Essential Oil from Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Mast. Growing in Tunisia. Molecules. 2021; 26 (4):1110.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSalma Jlizi; Aida Lahmar; Afifa Zardi-Bergaoui; Roberta Ascrizzi; Guido Flamini; Abdel Harrath; Leila Chekir-Ghedira; Hichem Ben Jannet. 2021. "Chemical Composition and Cytotoxic Activity of the Fractionated Trunk Bark Essential Oil from Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Mast. Growing in Tunisia." Molecules 26, no. 4: 1110.
Microgreens are the seedlings of herbs and vegetables which are harvested at the development stage of their two cotyledonary leaves, or sometimes at the emergence of their rudimentary first pair of true leaves. They are functional foods, the consumption of which is steadily increasing due to their high nutritional value. The species of the Brassicaceae family are good sources of bioactive compounds, with a favorable nutritional profile. The present study analyzed some phytochemical compounds with nutritional values, such as chlorophylls, polyphenols, carotenoids, anthocyanins, ascorbic acid, total and reducing sugars, and the antioxidant activity of five Brassicaceae species: broccoli (Brassica oleracea L.), daikon (Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin), mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.), rocket salad (Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav.), and watercress (Nasturtium officinale R.Br.). Broccoli had the highest polyphenol, carotenoid and chlorophyll contents, as well as a good antioxidant ability. Mustard was characterized by high ascorbic acid and total sugar contents. By contrast, rocket salad exhibited the lowest antioxidant content and activity. The essential oil (EO) composition of all of these species was determined in order to identify their profile and isothiocyanates content, which are compounds with many reported health benefits. Isothiocyanates were the most abundant group in broccoli (4-pentenyl isothiocyanate), mustard (allyl isothiocyanate), and watercress (benzyl isothiocyanate) EOs, while rocket salad and daikon exhibited higher contents of monoterpene hydrocarbons (myrcene) and oxygenated diterpenes (phytol), respectively. Broccoli microgreens exhibited the overall best nutritional profile, appearing as the most promising species to be consumed as a functional food among those analyzed.
Ilaria Marchioni; Marco Martinelli; Roberta Ascrizzi; Costanza Gabbrielli; Guido Flamini; Luisa Pistelli; Laura Pistelli. Small Functional Foods: Comparative Phytochemical and Nutritional Analyses of Five Microgreens of the Brassicaceae Family. Foods 2021, 10, 427 .
AMA StyleIlaria Marchioni, Marco Martinelli, Roberta Ascrizzi, Costanza Gabbrielli, Guido Flamini, Luisa Pistelli, Laura Pistelli. Small Functional Foods: Comparative Phytochemical and Nutritional Analyses of Five Microgreens of the Brassicaceae Family. Foods. 2021; 10 (2):427.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIlaria Marchioni; Marco Martinelli; Roberta Ascrizzi; Costanza Gabbrielli; Guido Flamini; Luisa Pistelli; Laura Pistelli. 2021. "Small Functional Foods: Comparative Phytochemical and Nutritional Analyses of Five Microgreens of the Brassicaceae Family." Foods 10, no. 2: 427.
Arabian flora is a rich source of bioactive compounds. In this study, we investigated three aromatic plant species with the aim of finding valuable sources of antimicrobial agents against common pathogenic microorganisms. We focused especially on microorganisms, which cause outbreaks of infectious disease during mass gatherings and pilgrimages season in Saudi Arabia. The essential oils of three aromatic plant species were hydrodistilled from flowering aerial parts of Lavandula pubescens Decne. and Pulicaria incisa subsp. candolleana E.Gamal-Eldin, and from leaves, stems, ripe and unripe fruits of Juniperus procera Hochst. Ex Endl. They were subsequently analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The main constituents of L. pubescens were found to be carvacrol (55.7%), methyl carvacrol (13.4%), and β-bisabolene (9.1%). P. incisa subsp. Candolleana essential oil was rich in linalool (33.0%), chrysanthenone (10.3%), eugenol (8.9%), and cis-chrysanthenol (8.0%); the major components of J. procera essential oil were α-pinene (31.3–62.5%) and δ-3-carene (7.3–30.3%). These essential oils were tested against thirteen American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria using the agar diffusion assay. The only effective essential oil was that of L. pubescens and the most sensitive strains were Acinetobacter baumannii, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella sonnei, Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Carvacrol, the major constituent of L. pubescens, was tested on these strains and was compared with vancomycin, amikacin, and ciprofloxacin. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) assays of L. pubescens essential oil and carvacrol revealed that Gram-negative strains were more susceptible than the Gram-positive ones.
Hamdi El-Said; Sami Ashgar; Ammar Bader; Aljawharah AlQathama; Majed Halwani; Roberta Ascrizzi; Guido Flamini. Essential Oil Analysis and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Three Aromatic Plant Species Growing in Saudi Arabia. Molecules 2021, 26, 959 .
AMA StyleHamdi El-Said, Sami Ashgar, Ammar Bader, Aljawharah AlQathama, Majed Halwani, Roberta Ascrizzi, Guido Flamini. Essential Oil Analysis and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Three Aromatic Plant Species Growing in Saudi Arabia. Molecules. 2021; 26 (4):959.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHamdi El-Said; Sami Ashgar; Ammar Bader; Aljawharah AlQathama; Majed Halwani; Roberta Ascrizzi; Guido Flamini. 2021. "Essential Oil Analysis and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Three Aromatic Plant Species Growing in Saudi Arabia." Molecules 26, no. 4: 959.
Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) is a promising medicinal and aromatic plant for Mediterranean agroecosystems given its positive agronomic attributes and interesting quality features. It has both food and pharmaceutical applications, since its leaves contain sweet-tasting steviol glycosides (SVglys) and bioactive compounds, such as phenolics, flavonoids, and vitamins. We evaluated the agronomic and qualitative performances of nine stevia genotypes cultivated, in open field conditions, for two consecutive years under the Mediterranean climate of central Italy. Growth, biomass production, and accumulation of bioactive compounds (SVglys, polyphenols, and their related antioxidant activities) were evaluated, considering the effect of harvest time and crop age (first and second year of cultivation). The results showed high variability among genotypes in terms of both morpho-productive and phytochemical characteristics. In general, greater leaf dry yields, polyphenol accumulation, and antioxidant activities were found in the second year of cultivation, harvesting the plants in full vegetative growth. On the other hand, total SVglys leaf content reached the highest values in the first year when plants were at the beginning of the reproductive phase. On the other hand, although the SVglys profile (Rubusoside, Dulcoside A, Stevioside, Rebaudioside A, C, D, E, and M) remained stable over harvest times, it differed significantly depending on the crop age and genotype. Our findings provide useful information on the influence of crop age and harvest time in defining quanti-qualitative traits in stevia, with PL, SL, BR5, and SW30 being the best performing genotypes and thus suitable for breeding programs. Our study highlighted that stevia, in the tested environment, represents a promising semi-perennial crop which offers new solutions in terms of cropping system diversification and marketing opportunities.
Clarissa Clemente; Luciana Angelini; Roberta Ascrizzi; Silvia Tavarini. Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) as a Multifunctional and Sustainable Crop for the Mediterranean Climate. Agriculture 2021, 11, 123 .
AMA StyleClarissa Clemente, Luciana Angelini, Roberta Ascrizzi, Silvia Tavarini. Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) as a Multifunctional and Sustainable Crop for the Mediterranean Climate. Agriculture. 2021; 11 (2):123.
Chicago/Turabian StyleClarissa Clemente; Luciana Angelini; Roberta Ascrizzi; Silvia Tavarini. 2021. "Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) as a Multifunctional and Sustainable Crop for the Mediterranean Climate." Agriculture 11, no. 2: 123.
Blowflies play a substantial role as vectors of microorganisms, including human pathogens. The control of these insect pests is an important aspect of the prevention of foodborne diseases, which represent a significant public health threat worldwide. Among aromatic plants, spices essential oils (EOs) are the most suitable to protect food from insect pests. In this study, we determined the chemical composition of three oregano EOs and assessed their toxicity and deterrence to oviposition against the blowfly Calliphora vomitoria L. The chemical analyses showed that the EOs belonged to three chemotypes: one with a prevalence of carvacrol, the carvacrol chemotype (CC; carvacrol, 81.5%), and two with a prevalence of thymol, the thymol/p-cymene and thymol/γ-terpinene chemotypes (TCC and TTC; thymol, 43.8, and 36.7%, respectively). The bioassays showed that although all the three EOs chemotypes are able to exert a toxic activity against C. vomitoria adults (LD50 from 0.14 to 0.31 μL insect−1) and eggs (LC50 from 0.008 to 0.038 μL cm−2) as well as deter the oviposition (Oviposition Activity Index, OAI, from 0.40 ± 0.04 to 0.87 ± 0.02), the bioactivity of oregano EOs significantly varies among the chemotypes, with the thymol-rich EOs (TCC and TTC) overall demonstrating more effectiveness than the carvacrol-rich (CC) EO.
Stefano Bedini; Priscilla Farina; Edoardo Napoli; Guido Flamini; Roberta Ascrizzi; Antonella Verzera; Barbara Conti; Lucia Zappalà. Bioactivity of Different Chemotypes of Oregano Essential Oil against the Blowfly Calliphora vomitoria Vector of Foodborne Pathogens. Insects 2021, 12, 52 .
AMA StyleStefano Bedini, Priscilla Farina, Edoardo Napoli, Guido Flamini, Roberta Ascrizzi, Antonella Verzera, Barbara Conti, Lucia Zappalà. Bioactivity of Different Chemotypes of Oregano Essential Oil against the Blowfly Calliphora vomitoria Vector of Foodborne Pathogens. Insects. 2021; 12 (1):52.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStefano Bedini; Priscilla Farina; Edoardo Napoli; Guido Flamini; Roberta Ascrizzi; Antonella Verzera; Barbara Conti; Lucia Zappalà. 2021. "Bioactivity of Different Chemotypes of Oregano Essential Oil against the Blowfly Calliphora vomitoria Vector of Foodborne Pathogens." Insects 12, no. 1: 52.
Albizia lebbeck and Albizia zygia are used in Nigeria, South Africa and other countries for the treatment of flu, fever, pain, epilepsy, and inflammation. Aim of the Study: Application of plant essence for treating ailments is common among local communities. This research was designed to characterize the volatile compounds and evaluate the toxicity, anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive properties of this plant species. The volatile oils were analysed comprehensively utilizing gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) using the HP-5 column. The toxicity was evaluated using the toxicity assay. The anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory assays were analysed by a hot plate, Formalin, and carrageenan-induced edema assays, respectively. The essential oils were obtained in a yield of 0.1% (v/w) calculated on a dry weight basis for both oils. The main compounds of A. lebbeck were 2-pentylfuran (16.4%), (E)-geranyl acetone (15.46%), (E)-α-ionone (15.45%) and 3-Octanone (11.61%), while the oil of A. zygia is mainly hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (33.14%), (E)-methyl isoeugenol (11.7%) and 2-methyl tetradecane (6.64%). The volatile oils are non-toxic to about 5,000 mg/kg dose. Albizia zygia significantly (P<0.001) suppressed the nociceptive afferent fibres in a non-dose dependent manner in comparison to A. lebbeck in the hot plate model. Both oils inhibited nociceptive mediators at both phases of the formalin-induced assay, with a maximum inhibition (100%) at the inflammatory stage. The volatile oils inhibited the Carrageenan-induced inflammation at all phases ranging from P<0.05 to P<0.001. The probable pro-inflammatory inhibitory mechanism might be the suppression of some pain biomarkers such as histamine, serotonin, bradykinin, and the Interleukins(ILs) induced by the edema. Volatile constituents such as ionones, eugenol derivatives and other compounds cause the anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities reported. This is the first report of the volatile oils and bioassays of Albizia zygia, while the study also confirms previous studies of A. lebbeck. Generally, the findings further prove the use of the plants as pain ameliorating agents.
Opeyemi N. Avoseh; Fanyana M. Mtunzi; Isiaka A. Ogunwande; Roberta Ascrizzi; Flamini Guido. Albizia lebbeck and Albizia zygia volatile oils exhibit anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties in pain models. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2020, 268, 113676 .
AMA StyleOpeyemi N. Avoseh, Fanyana M. Mtunzi, Isiaka A. Ogunwande, Roberta Ascrizzi, Flamini Guido. Albizia lebbeck and Albizia zygia volatile oils exhibit anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties in pain models. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2020; 268 ():113676.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOpeyemi N. Avoseh; Fanyana M. Mtunzi; Isiaka A. Ogunwande; Roberta Ascrizzi; Flamini Guido. 2020. "Albizia lebbeck and Albizia zygia volatile oils exhibit anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties in pain models." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 268, no. : 113676.
A plant can combine physical and chemical tools to interact with other organisms. Some are designed for pollinator attraction (i.e., colors and volatile organic compounds-VOCs); others can act to discourage herbivores (i.e., non-glandular trichomes). Few studies fully address available tools in a single species; notwithstanding, this information can be pivotal in understanding new interactions out of the home range. We characterized flower traits, emission profiles of constitutive compounds from flowers and leaves, micro-morphology of the glandular trichomes, and listed flower visitors of two Mexican bird-pollinated Salvia species (S. blepharophylla and S. greggii), growing in an Italian botanical garden. Flowers were highly variable in their morphometric characteristics. In both species, four trichome morphotypes with similar histochemistry and distribution were documented for leaves and flowers except the calyx abaxial side. The vegetative emission profiles were qualitatively more complex than the floral ones; however, common compounds occurring in high relative percentages were β-caryophyllene and germacrene D. Floral bouquets were dominated by limonene and β-pinene in S. greggii and by 1,8-cineole in S. blepharophylla. Two potential (non-bird) pollinators were especially abundant: small bees belonging to the genus Lasioglossum and large bees belonging to the species Xylocopa violacea. Our study highlights the plasticity of these plants, as well as tools that can be conveniently used to establish novel interactions.
Claudia Giuliani; Manuela Giovanetti; Daniela Lupi; Marco Palamara Mesiano; Renata Barilli; Roberta Ascrizzi; Guido Flamini; Gelsomina Fico. Tools to Tie: Flower Characteristics, VOC Emission Profile, and Glandular Trichomes of Two Mexican Salvia Species to Attract Bees. Plants 2020, 9, 1645 .
AMA StyleClaudia Giuliani, Manuela Giovanetti, Daniela Lupi, Marco Palamara Mesiano, Renata Barilli, Roberta Ascrizzi, Guido Flamini, Gelsomina Fico. Tools to Tie: Flower Characteristics, VOC Emission Profile, and Glandular Trichomes of Two Mexican Salvia Species to Attract Bees. Plants. 2020; 9 (12):1645.
Chicago/Turabian StyleClaudia Giuliani; Manuela Giovanetti; Daniela Lupi; Marco Palamara Mesiano; Renata Barilli; Roberta Ascrizzi; Guido Flamini; Gelsomina Fico. 2020. "Tools to Tie: Flower Characteristics, VOC Emission Profile, and Glandular Trichomes of Two Mexican Salvia Species to Attract Bees." Plants 9, no. 12: 1645.
Because of the need to source biologically active products from plants, this paper reports the chemical compounds, anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of essential oils hydrodistilled from the leaves and stem bark of Turnera diffusa Wild (Passifloraceae). The essential oils were separately isolated using hydrodistillation of the pulverized (360 g of leaf and 316 g of stem bark) materials in an all-glass Clevenger- type apparatus and characterized by GC-FID and GC-MS. The hot plate method was used to determine the anti- nociceptive property while the anti-inflammatory activity was established using the Carrageenan induced paw edema model. The yields of the essential oils were 0.19% (v/w, yellow, leaf) and 0.28% (v/w, colorless, stem bark), calculated on a dry weight basis. The leaf oil consists mainly of β-caryophyllene (43.7%) and germacrene B (21.3%) while geranial (50.7%) and neral (33.6%) were the main constituents of the stem bark oil. In our study, we found that the essential oils of T. diffusa (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) exhibited an anti-nociceptive effect at all observation periods at a significance of p<0.001 for both the leaves and stem bark. The essential oil from the stem bark showed high anti-inflammatory activity (p<0.001) at the 1st to the 4th h for all the essential oil doses while the leaves of T. diffusa inhibited inflammation up to the 3rd h post-treatment, but were non-significant at the 4th h for all doses. The results indicate the potential of the essential oils in pain-relieving activities.
Oladipupo A. Lawal; Opeyemi N. Avoseh; Olusegun J. Tinubu; Isiaka A. Ogunwande; Roberta Ascrizzi; Guido Flamini; Fanyana M. Mtunzi. Anti-nociceptive Property, Anti-inflammatory Activity and Constituents of Essential Oils from the Leaves and Stem Bark of Turnera diffusa Wild (Passifloraceae) Growing in Nigeria. Journal of Biologically Active Products from Nature 2020, 10, 473 -483.
AMA StyleOladipupo A. Lawal, Opeyemi N. Avoseh, Olusegun J. Tinubu, Isiaka A. Ogunwande, Roberta Ascrizzi, Guido Flamini, Fanyana M. Mtunzi. Anti-nociceptive Property, Anti-inflammatory Activity and Constituents of Essential Oils from the Leaves and Stem Bark of Turnera diffusa Wild (Passifloraceae) Growing in Nigeria. Journal of Biologically Active Products from Nature. 2020; 10 (6):473-483.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOladipupo A. Lawal; Opeyemi N. Avoseh; Olusegun J. Tinubu; Isiaka A. Ogunwande; Roberta Ascrizzi; Guido Flamini; Fanyana M. Mtunzi. 2020. "Anti-nociceptive Property, Anti-inflammatory Activity and Constituents of Essential Oils from the Leaves and Stem Bark of Turnera diffusa Wild (Passifloraceae) Growing in Nigeria." Journal of Biologically Active Products from Nature 10, no. 6: 473-483.
This study presented a micromorphological and phytochemical survey on Lavandula dentata L. cultivated at the Ghirardi Botanic Garden (Toscolano Maderno, BS, Italy). The morphological investigation revealed the presence of peltate, short‐ and medium‐stalked capitate trichomes. The histochemical survey showed terpenes production by peltates and medium‐stalked capitates, hydrophilic secretions by short‐stalked capitates. The phytochemical survey was developed on leaf and flower volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and on the essential oil (EO) from the flowering aerial parts. The VOC profiles represented an element of novelty and were dominated by oxygenated monoterpenes; 1,8‐cineole and β‐pinene were the most abundant compounds (77.40%, 7.11% leaves; 81.08%, 10.46% flowers). The EO of L. dentata was dominated by oxygenated monoterpenes with a high percentage of 1,8‐cineole (69.08%), followed by β‐pinene, trans‐ pinocarveol and myrtenal. Evaluations about the ecological role, the potential biological activity and the sensory attributes were proposed based on literature contributions.
Claudia Giuliani; Martina Bottoni; Roberta Ascrizzi; Fabrizia Milani; Alessio Papini; Guido Flamini; Gelsomina Fico. Lavandula dentata from Italy: Analysis of Trichomes and Volatiles. Chemistry & Biodiversity 2020, 17, 1 .
AMA StyleClaudia Giuliani, Martina Bottoni, Roberta Ascrizzi, Fabrizia Milani, Alessio Papini, Guido Flamini, Gelsomina Fico. Lavandula dentata from Italy: Analysis of Trichomes and Volatiles. Chemistry & Biodiversity. 2020; 17 (11):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleClaudia Giuliani; Martina Bottoni; Roberta Ascrizzi; Fabrizia Milani; Alessio Papini; Guido Flamini; Gelsomina Fico. 2020. "Lavandula dentata from Italy: Analysis of Trichomes and Volatiles." Chemistry & Biodiversity 17, no. 11: 1.
Within an Open Science project, a research was carried out to describe to the public of the Ghirardi Botanic Garden (BS, Lombardy, Italy), the invisible features of plants. This work is dedicated to Scutellaria altissima L. (Lamiaceae). Micromorphological, histochemical and phytochemical investigations were conducted on the vegetative and reproductive organs to correlate the structures involved in the emission of substances and their peculiar productivity. This work reported the volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles of leaves and flowers and the composition of the essential oil (EO) obtained from the aerial parts of plants cultivated in Italy, never described before. Three morphotypes of glandular trichomes were observed: peltates, short‐stalked capitates, long‐stalked capitates. Peltates were the main producers of terpenes, short‐stalked capitates of polysaccharides, long‐stalked capitates of terpenes and polyphenols. The leaf VOC profile showed a heterogeneous composition, with non‐terpene derivatives as the major chemical class (71.04%), while monoterpene hydrocarbons represented almost the totality of the flower (99.73%). The leaf presented a higher number of total (37vs11) and exclusive compounds (33vs7). (Z)‐3‐Hexenol acetate was the most abundant in the leaf, (E)‐β‐ocimene in the flower. Four common compounds were detected: β‐pinene, β‐caryophyllene, γ‐muurolene, germacrene‐D. The EO showed 21 compounds, dominated by β‐caryophyllene, linalool and hexahydrofarnesyl acetone. This research allowed us to correlate the morphotypes of the secreting structures with the production of secondary metabolites, with the aim to propose to the public of the Ghirardi Botanic Garden a dedicated iconographic apparatus, which accounts for the olfactory perception linked to S. altissima.
Claudia Giuliani; Martina Bottoni; Roberta Ascrizzi; Laura Santagostini; Alessio Papini; Guido Flamini; Gelsomina Fico. A novel study approach on Scutellaria altissima L. cultivated at the Ghirardi Botanic Garden (Lombardy, Italy). Plant Biology 2020, 22, 1013 -1021.
AMA StyleClaudia Giuliani, Martina Bottoni, Roberta Ascrizzi, Laura Santagostini, Alessio Papini, Guido Flamini, Gelsomina Fico. A novel study approach on Scutellaria altissima L. cultivated at the Ghirardi Botanic Garden (Lombardy, Italy). Plant Biology. 2020; 22 (6):1013-1021.
Chicago/Turabian StyleClaudia Giuliani; Martina Bottoni; Roberta Ascrizzi; Laura Santagostini; Alessio Papini; Guido Flamini; Gelsomina Fico. 2020. "A novel study approach on Scutellaria altissima L. cultivated at the Ghirardi Botanic Garden (Lombardy, Italy)." Plant Biology 22, no. 6: 1013-1021.
The essential oils extracted from mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) fruits, and from tea tree (Maleleuca alternifolia (Maiden and Betche) Cheel) leaves have been chemically analyzed and tested for their bioactivity against D. suzukii. Besides, to estimate consumers’ acceptability of the essential oil (EO) treatments, we evaluated their impact on the organoleptic characteristics of the EO-treated fruits. The main chemical constituents of the two EOs were 1,8-cineole and 4-terpineol for M. alternifolia (22.4% and 17.6% of the total components, respectively), and limonene (83.6% of the total components) for C. reticulata. The behavioral tests indicate that the two EOs are able to deter D. suzukii oviposition and that D. suzukii shows positive chemotaxis to low concentrations of the EOs and negative chemotaxis when the EO concentration increases. While no negative effects on the organoleptic profiles were detected for fruits treated with C. reticulata EO, the olfactory profile of fruits treated with M. alternifolia EO was so negative that they were defined as “not suitable for consumption” by panellists. Overall, our findings indicate that the use of EOs for the post-harvest protection of small fruits is feasible, provided that the essential oils are selected not only for their bioactivity against the insect pest but also for their affinity with the consumers’ sensorial system.
Stefano Bedini; Francesca Cosci; Camilla Tani; Erika Carla Pierattini; Francesca Venturi; Andrea Lucchi; Claudio Ioriatti; Roberta Ascrizzi; Guido Flamini; Giuseppe Ferroni; Isabella Taglieri; Barbara Conti. Essential Oils as Post-Harvest Crop Protectants against the Fruit Fly Drosophila suzukii: Bioactivity and Organoleptic Profile. Insects 2020, 11, 508 .
AMA StyleStefano Bedini, Francesca Cosci, Camilla Tani, Erika Carla Pierattini, Francesca Venturi, Andrea Lucchi, Claudio Ioriatti, Roberta Ascrizzi, Guido Flamini, Giuseppe Ferroni, Isabella Taglieri, Barbara Conti. Essential Oils as Post-Harvest Crop Protectants against the Fruit Fly Drosophila suzukii: Bioactivity and Organoleptic Profile. Insects. 2020; 11 (8):508.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStefano Bedini; Francesca Cosci; Camilla Tani; Erika Carla Pierattini; Francesca Venturi; Andrea Lucchi; Claudio Ioriatti; Roberta Ascrizzi; Guido Flamini; Giuseppe Ferroni; Isabella Taglieri; Barbara Conti. 2020. "Essential Oils as Post-Harvest Crop Protectants against the Fruit Fly Drosophila suzukii: Bioactivity and Organoleptic Profile." Insects 11, no. 8: 508.
Essential oils (EOs) extracted from the aromatic plants Artemisia annua, Artemisia verlotiorum, Cinnamomum verum, and Citrus reticulata were investigated as repellents against the honey bees parasitic mite Varroa destructor. In laboratory tests, all EOs except C. reticulata exerted significant repellent activity against the mite after 24 h exposure. C. verumwas the most effective EO against V. destructor (median effective concentration EC50 =1.30 μL L−1), and the least toxic against honey bees (EC50 = 13.29 μL L−1). Because of its high selectivity ratio (A. mellifera LD50/V. destructor EC50 = 10.22), C. verum EO was then tested to control varroosis in colonies in field trials. The results of open field tests confirmed the efficacy observed in the laboratory. After one week of treatment, colonies treated with the EO showed a significant reduction of V. destructor infestation (about 65% at the dose of 25.0 μL L−1) and no negative effects on A. mellifera. Overall, our experiment indicated that C. verum EO could be used to effectively control varroosis in the hive with no side effects on the bee colonies.
Barbara Conti; Rossella Bocchino; Francesca Cosci; Roberta Ascrizzi; Guido Flamini; Stefano Bedini. Essential oils against Varroa destructor: a soft way to fight the parasitic mite of Apis mellifera. Journal of Apicultural Research 2020, 59, 774 -782.
AMA StyleBarbara Conti, Rossella Bocchino, Francesca Cosci, Roberta Ascrizzi, Guido Flamini, Stefano Bedini. Essential oils against Varroa destructor: a soft way to fight the parasitic mite of Apis mellifera. Journal of Apicultural Research. 2020; 59 (5):774-782.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBarbara Conti; Rossella Bocchino; Francesca Cosci; Roberta Ascrizzi; Guido Flamini; Stefano Bedini. 2020. "Essential oils against Varroa destructor: a soft way to fight the parasitic mite of Apis mellifera." Journal of Apicultural Research 59, no. 5: 774-782.
Essential oils have been widely used for their antimicrobial and antifungal properties, but their instability to light and high volatility limit their clinical use. Useful strategies to improve their biopharmaceutical properties are vesicular drug delivery systems, particularly liposomes. The aim of the present study was to extract, characterize, and formulate the essential oil of Artemisia annua L. in liposomes. The optimized vesicles were evaluated for their performance against different drug-resistant Candida strains. Main constituents of AEO were camphor (22.6%), artemisia ketone (17.3%) and 1,8-cineole (15.8%). Optimized nanoliposomes were loaded with 10 mg/ml of AEO. Size was 250 nm, ζ-potential was −10mV, and polydispersity index was 0.21. Encapsulation efficiency was about 75%, recovery % was more than 90%. The drug release study showed that after 14 h almost 100% of AEO was released from the vesicles. Minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) values ranged from 10 to 42 mg/ml for pure AEO. MFC of AEO-loaded in nanoliposomes ranged from 5 to 10 mg/ml. The most susceptible species to AEO loaded in nanoliposome was C. norvegensis (5.00 mg/ml), followed by C. krusei. These findings suggest that AEO could be an interesting by-product of A. annua, and the proper entrapment of AEO into nanoliposomes could optimize the biological properties and defeat fungal infections.
Laura Risaliti; Gabriella Pini; Roberta Ascrizzi; Rosa Donato; Cristiana Sacco; Maria Camilla Bergonzi; Maria Cristina Salvatici; Anna Rita Bilia. Artemisia annua essential oil extraction, characterization, and incorporation in nanoliposomes, smart drug delivery systems against Candida species. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 2020, 59, 101849 .
AMA StyleLaura Risaliti, Gabriella Pini, Roberta Ascrizzi, Rosa Donato, Cristiana Sacco, Maria Camilla Bergonzi, Maria Cristina Salvatici, Anna Rita Bilia. Artemisia annua essential oil extraction, characterization, and incorporation in nanoliposomes, smart drug delivery systems against Candida species. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology. 2020; 59 ():101849.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLaura Risaliti; Gabriella Pini; Roberta Ascrizzi; Rosa Donato; Cristiana Sacco; Maria Camilla Bergonzi; Maria Cristina Salvatici; Anna Rita Bilia. 2020. "Artemisia annua essential oil extraction, characterization, and incorporation in nanoliposomes, smart drug delivery systems against Candida species." Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 59, no. : 101849.