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Employing a series of Cu-MnOx supported catalysts, this work investigates for the first time the impact on the RWGS reaction rate obtained under simulated residual CO2-rich feed streams, i.e., when CO and CH4 species are added to the reaction atmosphere. For this purpose, a simulated gaseous stream was prepared based on real biomass processing results. First, the series of catalysts was assessed under diluted ideal conditions (i.e., a mixture of only CO2 and H2 with N2 as dilutant). Here, the catalysts’ performance depended on both metal size and surface basic sites. Still, as the CO2 partial pressure was increased (varying the H2:CO2 ratio), the Cu metal dispersion seemed the catalyst feature governing RWGS reaction rate. Values of CO2 conversion from 50 to 60 % were registered for the different catalysts at a ratio H2:CO2 of 4. Then, under simulated residuals conditions and aside of thermodynamic limitations, the achievement of improved catalyst performances also depended on the catalysts’ reactivity towards the oxidation of CH4 fractions. For (X wt.%) Cu - (10 wt.%) MnOx/Al2O3 catalysts, 10 wt.% Cu was determined as the optimal Cu content. With this selected value, over the different analyzed supports (γ-Al2O3, (5 wt.%) SiO2-Al2O3, (40 wt.%) SiO2-Al2O3 and (20 wt.%) CeO2-Al2O3), the highest conversion rates with values of CO2 conversion of ca. 50 % at the higher temperature and optimal catalyst stabilities attained by the ceria supported catalyst (close to 95 % at most of the reaction temperatures) were ascribed to the optimal particle sizes and promoted CH4 activation processes.
Miriam González-Castaño; Judith González-Arias; Marta Elena Sánchez; Jorge Cara-Jiménez; Harvey Arellano-García. Syngas production using CO2-rich residues: From ideal to real operating conditions. Journal of CO2 Utilization 2021, 52, 101661 .
AMA StyleMiriam González-Castaño, Judith González-Arias, Marta Elena Sánchez, Jorge Cara-Jiménez, Harvey Arellano-García. Syngas production using CO2-rich residues: From ideal to real operating conditions. Journal of CO2 Utilization. 2021; 52 ():101661.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiriam González-Castaño; Judith González-Arias; Marta Elena Sánchez; Jorge Cara-Jiménez; Harvey Arellano-García. 2021. "Syngas production using CO2-rich residues: From ideal to real operating conditions." Journal of CO2 Utilization 52, no. : 101661.
Liming is a common practice used to improve acidic soil properties, as is essential for agricultural quality. A long-term field experiment with one lime rate (6000 kg/ha of carbonate calcium equivalent) and three calcium-based liming amendments (gypsum, limestone and sugar foam) was maintained on a Typic Palexerult for 10 years in order to determine changes in soil acidity and to assess the effects on crop (rye) yields. The soil acidity conditions decreased with all the amendments tested, but the sugar foam and limestone was more effective than gypsum over a long-term period. No significant changes in organic soil matter levels between the treatments tested were found. Interestingly, an increase in the leaching of organic soil matter was observed in limed soils. Lime application significantly increased the total rye biomass compared to the control soils during the whole experiment (2002–2011). Yield trends observed in spike and stem biomass were similar to those reported for total rye biomass. In this respect, at the end of the research, gypsum, limestone and sugar foam increased in relation to the total production of rye biomass by 16%, 32% and 38%, respectively, as compared to the control soils. Additionally, a significant and prolonged difference in calcium concentrations in rye stems between unlimed and limed subplots was observed. However, in spite of the results presented here, further investigations are needed to gain a better understanding of the long-term effects of liming on the chemical properties of soil.
Miguel Olego; Miguel Quiroga; Cristina Mendaña-Cuervo; Jorge Cara-Jiménez; Roberto López; Enrique Garzón-Jimeno. Long-Term Effects of Calcium-Based Liming Materials on Soil Fertility Sustainability and Rye Production as Soil Quality Indicators on a Typic Palexerult. Processes 2021, 9, 1181 .
AMA StyleMiguel Olego, Miguel Quiroga, Cristina Mendaña-Cuervo, Jorge Cara-Jiménez, Roberto López, Enrique Garzón-Jimeno. Long-Term Effects of Calcium-Based Liming Materials on Soil Fertility Sustainability and Rye Production as Soil Quality Indicators on a Typic Palexerult. Processes. 2021; 9 (7):1181.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiguel Olego; Miguel Quiroga; Cristina Mendaña-Cuervo; Jorge Cara-Jiménez; Roberto López; Enrique Garzón-Jimeno. 2021. "Long-Term Effects of Calcium-Based Liming Materials on Soil Fertility Sustainability and Rye Production as Soil Quality Indicators on a Typic Palexerult." Processes 9, no. 7: 1181.
In this study the optimization of the hydrothermal carbonization process for the conversion of olive tree pruning into biofuel is presented. To this end, a combined experimental-economic assessment is performed. Experimental data obtained at laboratory scale were used to estimate the economic performance of a hypothetical industrial scale plant. To evaluate the viability of the project, three different plant sizes according to their capacity were selected (1250–625–312.5 kg/h). The discounted cash flow method was applied for the profitability analysis. Different scenarios were analyzed considering the reduction of associate costs or the improvement of the revenues compared to the baseline case. Results indicate that with the sizes studied, none of the alternatives are profitable. Despite that, the larger capacity shows the best outcomes. In this case, minimum selling price of 0.39 €/kg for hydrochar is required to reach profitability. Lower plant sizes would require higher selling prices (i.e., 0.46 €/kg for 625 kg/h capacity and 0.59 €/kg for 312.5 kg/h capacity). Similarly, a reduction of 33% in the electrical energy consumption can make the plan be profitable for the larger capacity. Likewise, a reduction until 0.053 €/kWh in the electricity price must be reached for achieving profitability. Thus, importance of government incentives is revealed in this work given that the reduction of costs along with the improvement in the revenues for the selling of the product can make the project economically viable. Other parameters like the number of workers are also interesting to consider as for example the reduction by two units improves the NPV value in almost 600 k€ for all the plant sizes.
Judith González-Arias; Francisco M. Baena-Moreno; Marta E. Sánchez; Jorge Cara-Jiménez. Optimizing hydrothermal carbonization of olive tree pruning: A techno-economic analysis based on experimental results. Science of The Total Environment 2021, 784, 147169 .
AMA StyleJudith González-Arias, Francisco M. Baena-Moreno, Marta E. Sánchez, Jorge Cara-Jiménez. Optimizing hydrothermal carbonization of olive tree pruning: A techno-economic analysis based on experimental results. Science of The Total Environment. 2021; 784 ():147169.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJudith González-Arias; Francisco M. Baena-Moreno; Marta E. Sánchez; Jorge Cara-Jiménez. 2021. "Optimizing hydrothermal carbonization of olive tree pruning: A techno-economic analysis based on experimental results." Science of The Total Environment 784, no. : 147169.
Aluminium plays a central role in soil acidity, which is one of the main constraints on grape production in humid, northern temperate viticultural regions. To decrease the acidity of vineyard soil, it is usually amended with alkaline materials that provide conjugate bases to weak acids (liming). However, one practical consideration is the danger of overliming, which has potential implications in terms of yield reduction and decreased bioavailability of several mineral nutrients. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of overliming using dolomitic lime on grapevines growing on acid soil. The effects on the topsoil fertility parameters (0–30 cm), petiole and berry nutrient levels, berry weight and must quality properties were studied in a vineyard planted with Vitis vinifera L. cv. Mencía for three years (2014–2016). Data analysis performed using a mixed model that took into account both random effects (year of sampling) and fixed effects (liming treatments) showed that overliming decreased the manganese content in both leaf and berry tissues. Until now, nothing was known about the effects of overliming on both vine nutritional status and harvest quality properties, thus this study fills an important knowledge gap.
Miguel A. Olego; Miguel Javier Quiroga; Mario Sánchez-García; Mateo Cuesta; Jorge Cara-Jiménez; José Enrique Garzón-Jimeno. Effects of overliming on the nutritional status of grapevines with special reference to micronutrient content. OENO One 2021, 55, 57 -73.
AMA StyleMiguel A. Olego, Miguel Javier Quiroga, Mario Sánchez-García, Mateo Cuesta, Jorge Cara-Jiménez, José Enrique Garzón-Jimeno. Effects of overliming on the nutritional status of grapevines with special reference to micronutrient content. OENO One. 2021; 55 (2):57-73.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiguel A. Olego; Miguel Javier Quiroga; Mario Sánchez-García; Mateo Cuesta; Jorge Cara-Jiménez; José Enrique Garzón-Jimeno. 2021. "Effects of overliming on the nutritional status of grapevines with special reference to micronutrient content." OENO One 55, no. 2: 57-73.
In this work the management of a waste called off-specification compost (OSC) was proposed via hydrothermal carbonization (HTC). The composition of this residue makes it not suitable for agronomic purposes because of the Spanish regulation requirements. Therefore, a way of management and/or valorisation needs to be found. The energy recovery through co-HTC with olive tree pruning (OTP) was evaluated. Blending of OSC with lignocellulosic biomass allows to obtain a coal-like product with physicochemical properties similar to those of a lignite, characterised by its high carbon content. Blends of 25, 50 and 75% of OSC with OTP were analysed. The individual OSC does not present good parameters for being used as solid fuel based on its chemical composition, however, the blend of 75% of biomass with 25% of OSC does. With a higher heating value of 26.19 MJ/kg, this blend shows the best energy yield and energy densification ratio. Thermogravimetric and kinetic analysis reveal that as biomass content in the blend increases, the more the hydrochar behaves as a solid fuel, therefore OSC can be used for energy purposes while its current use of landfill disposal can be reduced.
J. González-Arias; A. Carnicero; M.E. Sánchez; E.J. Martínez; R. López; J. Cara-Jiménez. Management of off-specification compost by using co-hydrothermal carbonization with olive tree pruning. Assessing energy potential of hydrochar. Waste Management 2021, 124, 224 -234.
AMA StyleJ. González-Arias, A. Carnicero, M.E. Sánchez, E.J. Martínez, R. López, J. Cara-Jiménez. Management of off-specification compost by using co-hydrothermal carbonization with olive tree pruning. Assessing energy potential of hydrochar. Waste Management. 2021; 124 ():224-234.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ. González-Arias; A. Carnicero; M.E. Sánchez; E.J. Martínez; R. López; J. Cara-Jiménez. 2021. "Management of off-specification compost by using co-hydrothermal carbonization with olive tree pruning. Assessing energy potential of hydrochar." Waste Management 124, no. : 224-234.
This work addresses the joint management of residual microalgae and pine wood waste through pyrolysis to obtain a solid product for its use as soil amendment and two other by-products (liquid and gaseous) that can be used for energy purposes. Two management routes have been followed. The first route is through the co-pyrolysis of mixtures of both residual materials in several proportions and the later use of their solid fraction for soil amendment. The second route is the pyrolysis of pine wood waste and its direct combination with dried residual microalgae, also using it as soil amendment. The solid fraction assessment shows that from seven solid products (biochar) three stand out for their positive applicability in agriculture as soil amendment. In addition, they also present the benefit of serving as carbon sink, giving a negative balance of CO2 emissions. However, caution is suggested due to biochar applicability being subject to soil characteristics. To ensure the sustainability of the overall process, the energy available in liquid and gaseous fractions has been assessed for covering the drying needs of the residual microalgae in both cases. These results suggest that the pyrolysis process is a sustainable way to manage specific evaluated residues and their products.
José Rosas; Natalia Gómez; Jorge Cara-Jiménez; Judith González-Arias; Miguel Olego; Marta Sánchez. Evaluation of Joint Management of Pine Wood Waste and Residual Microalgae for Agricultural Application. Sustainability 2020, 13, 53 .
AMA StyleJosé Rosas, Natalia Gómez, Jorge Cara-Jiménez, Judith González-Arias, Miguel Olego, Marta Sánchez. Evaluation of Joint Management of Pine Wood Waste and Residual Microalgae for Agricultural Application. Sustainability. 2020; 13 (1):53.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJosé Rosas; Natalia Gómez; Jorge Cara-Jiménez; Judith González-Arias; Miguel Olego; Marta Sánchez. 2020. "Evaluation of Joint Management of Pine Wood Waste and Residual Microalgae for Agricultural Application." Sustainability 13, no. 1: 53.
In this work, the effects on industrial plant viability of using olive pruning (OP) and off-specification compost (OSC) as HTC feedstock have been studied on 1) only HTC facilities and 2) HTC coupled to a Rankine cycle (with combustor/oxy-combustor). After the experimental tests, the best blend composition for hydrochar production in higher heating value (HHV) terms was 75% OP + 25% OSC, and the hydrochar yield was identified as a critical variable to be optimized in future research. Technical simulations revealed the inconvenience of using OP instead of the mentioned OP–OSC blend because it could increase the cost of electricity (COE) by 35.2 €/MWeh (combustion) vs. 49.5 €/MWeh (oxy-combustion). Additionally, the use of hydrochar as fuel in combustors could increase the total capital investment (TCI) by 3.5, and the COE by 171.0 €/MWeh (combustion) vs. 227.9 €/MWeh (oxy-combustion). HTC plants coupled to Rankine cycles presented a worse viability than that of hydrochar production alone, and the fuel price was identified as the most sensitive variable in terms of net present value (NPV). Finally, the best plant in terms of viability and sustainability is hydrochar production with thermal integration with a Rankine cycle, albeit with the need for an extra grant of 52.2 €/MWeh based on the study assumptions.
R. López; J. González-Arias; F.J. Pereira; C. Fernández; J. Cara-Jiménez. A techno-economic study of HTC processes coupled with power facilities and oxy-combustion systems. Energy 2020, 219, 119651 .
AMA StyleR. López, J. González-Arias, F.J. Pereira, C. Fernández, J. Cara-Jiménez. A techno-economic study of HTC processes coupled with power facilities and oxy-combustion systems. Energy. 2020; 219 ():119651.
Chicago/Turabian StyleR. López; J. González-Arias; F.J. Pereira; C. Fernández; J. Cara-Jiménez. 2020. "A techno-economic study of HTC processes coupled with power facilities and oxy-combustion systems." Energy 219, no. : 119651.
Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) allows the conversion of organic waste into a solid product called hydrochar with improved fuel properties. Olive tree pruning biomass (OTP), a very abundant residue in Mediterranean countries, was treated by HTC to obtain a solid fuel similar to coal that could be used in co-combustion processes. Three different reaction temperatures (220, 250, and 280 °C) and reaction times (3, 6, and 9 h) were selected. The hydrochars obtained were extensively analyzed to study their behavior as fuel (i.e., ultimate, proximate, fiber and thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), activation energy, and combustion performance). The concentrations of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in the samples depict a clear and consistent trend with the chemical reactions carried out in this treatment. Regarding O/C and H/C ratios and HHV, the hydrochars generated at more severe conditions are similar to lignite coal, reaching values of HHV up to 29.6 MJ kg−1. The higher stability of the solid is reflected by the increase of the activation energy (≈ 60 kJ mol−1), and ignition temperatures close to 400 °C. With this, HTC is a proper thermal treatment for the management of raw OTP biomass and its further conversion into a solid biofuel.
Judith González-Arias; Marta Elena Sánchez; Elia Judith Martínez; Camila Covalski; Ana Alonso-Simón; Rubén González; Jorge Cara-Jiménez. Hydrothermal Carbonization of Olive Tree Pruning as a Sustainable Way for Improving Biomass Energy Potential. Effect of Reaction Parameters on Fuel Properties. Processes 2020, 8, 1201 .
AMA StyleJudith González-Arias, Marta Elena Sánchez, Elia Judith Martínez, Camila Covalski, Ana Alonso-Simón, Rubén González, Jorge Cara-Jiménez. Hydrothermal Carbonization of Olive Tree Pruning as a Sustainable Way for Improving Biomass Energy Potential. Effect of Reaction Parameters on Fuel Properties. Processes. 2020; 8 (10):1201.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJudith González-Arias; Marta Elena Sánchez; Elia Judith Martínez; Camila Covalski; Ana Alonso-Simón; Rubén González; Jorge Cara-Jiménez. 2020. "Hydrothermal Carbonization of Olive Tree Pruning as a Sustainable Way for Improving Biomass Energy Potential. Effect of Reaction Parameters on Fuel Properties." Processes 8, no. 10: 1201.
In this paper, response surface methodology (RSM) designs and an artificial neural network (ANN) are used to obtain the optimal conditions for the oxy-combustion of a corn–rape blend. The ignition temperature (Te) and burnout index (Df) were selected as the responses to be optimised, while the CO2/O2 molar ratio, the total flow, and the proportion of rape in the blend were chosen as the influencing factors. For the RSM designs, complete, Box–Behnken, and central composite designs were performed to assess the experimental results. By applying the RSM, it was found that the principal effects of the three factors were statistically significant to compute both responses. Only the interactions of the factors on Df were successfully described by the Box–Behnken model, while the complete design model was adequate to describe such interactions on both responses. The central composite design was found to be inadequate to describe the factor interactions. Nevertheless, the three methods predicted the optimal conditions properly, due to the cancellation of net positive and negative errors in the mathematical adjustment. The ANN presented the highest regression coefficient of all methods tested and needed only 20 experiments to reach the best predictions, compared with the 32 experiments needed by the best RSM method. Hence, the ANN was found to be the most efficient model, in terms of good prediction ability and a low resource requirement. Finally, the optimum point was found to be a CO2/O2 molar ratio of 3.3, a total flow of 108 mL/min, and 61% of rape in the biomass blend.
Roberto López; Camino Fernández; Fernando J. Pereira; Ana Díez; Jorge Cara; Olegario Martínez; Marta E. Sánchez. A Comparison between Several Response Surface Methodology Designs and a Neural Network Model to Optimise the Oxidation Conditions of a Lignocellulosic Blend. Biomolecules 2020, 10, 787 .
AMA StyleRoberto López, Camino Fernández, Fernando J. Pereira, Ana Díez, Jorge Cara, Olegario Martínez, Marta E. Sánchez. A Comparison between Several Response Surface Methodology Designs and a Neural Network Model to Optimise the Oxidation Conditions of a Lignocellulosic Blend. Biomolecules. 2020; 10 (5):787.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRoberto López; Camino Fernández; Fernando J. Pereira; Ana Díez; Jorge Cara; Olegario Martínez; Marta E. Sánchez. 2020. "A Comparison between Several Response Surface Methodology Designs and a Neural Network Model to Optimise the Oxidation Conditions of a Lignocellulosic Blend." Biomolecules 10, no. 5: 787.
Common kinetic parameters were obtained for leached and non-leached samples of vine wood biomass. Both samples were considered to have different proportions of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin compositions as a result of the leaching process. The two samples were analyzed in terms of pyrolysis kinetic parameters using non-isothermal thermogravimetric analysis. Furthermore, the classic Friedman isoconversional method, a deconvolution procedure using the Fraser–Suzuki function, and a modified Friedman method from a previous study on the delay in conversion degree were satisfactorily applied. The observed difference when the deconvolution technique was applied suggests that the classic Friedman method is not adequate for studying the pyrolysis of individual vine wood biomass components. However, this issue was solved by studying the delay in conversion degree of both biomasses and calculating the kinetic parameters using the resulting information. This procedure was found to be useful for studying and comparing the kinetics of heterogeneous biomasses and has a sound scientific explanation, making this research a basis for future similar studies.
Sergio Suárez; Jose Guillermo Rosas; Marta Elena Sánchez; Roberto López; Natalia Gómez; Jorge Cara-Jiménez. Parametrization of a Modified Friedman Kinetic Method to Assess Vine Wood Pyrolysis Using Thermogravimetric Analysis. Energies 2019, 12, 2599 .
AMA StyleSergio Suárez, Jose Guillermo Rosas, Marta Elena Sánchez, Roberto López, Natalia Gómez, Jorge Cara-Jiménez. Parametrization of a Modified Friedman Kinetic Method to Assess Vine Wood Pyrolysis Using Thermogravimetric Analysis. Energies. 2019; 12 (13):2599.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSergio Suárez; Jose Guillermo Rosas; Marta Elena Sánchez; Roberto López; Natalia Gómez; Jorge Cara-Jiménez. 2019. "Parametrization of a Modified Friedman Kinetic Method to Assess Vine Wood Pyrolysis Using Thermogravimetric Analysis." Energies 12, no. 13: 2599.
In this study, the effects on process performance and changes in microbial populations with the addition of biochar to the anaerobic digestion of sludge and orange peels were evaluated. Biochar had a positive influence in batch digestions, leading to a decrease in the lag phase and an increase in methane yields; this was even more evident for citrus peel wastes, which reached an increase of approximately 33% when 10 g L-1 of biochar was added and 56% when 30 g L-1 was added. Particle size analysis performed for the experiments shows greater surface area available in biochar systems for biomass immobilization. Analysis of the microbial communities by means of 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing shows that the biochar addition favoured the electro-active microorganisms consortia creating a synthrophic metabolism between eubacterial and archaeal populations, which resulted in an improvement of the anaerobic digestion performance. The codigestion of the mixture under a semicontinuous regimen showed an improvement in methane yields of approximately 60% and at hydraulic retention times of 30–20 days (reaching methane production values above 500 L CH4 kg VS-1 at an OLR of 1.49 kg VS m-3 d-1). The enhancement observe in biochar supplemented fermentations may be explained by the adsorption of inhibitors and the relatively high surface area favoured the adhesion and growth of microorganisms.
E. Judith Martínez; Jose Guillermo Rosas; Ana Sotres; Antonio Moran; Jorge Cara-Jiménez; Marta Elena Sánchez; Xiomar Gómez. Codigestion of sludge and citrus peel wastes: Evaluating the effect of biochar addition on microbial communities. Biochemical Engineering Journal 2018, 137, 314 -325.
AMA StyleE. Judith Martínez, Jose Guillermo Rosas, Ana Sotres, Antonio Moran, Jorge Cara-Jiménez, Marta Elena Sánchez, Xiomar Gómez. Codigestion of sludge and citrus peel wastes: Evaluating the effect of biochar addition on microbial communities. Biochemical Engineering Journal. 2018; 137 ():314-325.
Chicago/Turabian StyleE. Judith Martínez; Jose Guillermo Rosas; Ana Sotres; Antonio Moran; Jorge Cara-Jiménez; Marta Elena Sánchez; Xiomar Gómez. 2018. "Codigestion of sludge and citrus peel wastes: Evaluating the effect of biochar addition on microbial communities." Biochemical Engineering Journal 137, no. : 314-325.
Bio-oil from the fast pyrolysis of agro-residues still needs to contemplate different production scenarios to look for its feasibility. For this reason, in this work the effect of a range of fast pyrolysis temperature (450, 480, 510 and 550 °C) processing rape straw biomass (with high K content) has been studied in a continuous bubbling fluidised bed reactor. It was found that the catalytic effect of the inorganic content was different at each fast pyrolysis temperature, with the lower temperatures resulting in the highest yield of bio-oil due to minor catalytic effect (up to 41.39 wt%). It was also found that at 480 °C the bio-oil presented the best combination of physico-chemical features such as non-separation phase and the lowest water content; yield (39.65 wt%) and HHV (19.23 MJ/kg), containing a high concentration of phenolic compounds. At the fast pyrolysis temperature of 510 °C and 550 °C, the conjunction effect of temperature and the catalytic effect provoked bio-oil separation into two phases and a higher gas yield than was expected. Then, the higher temperatures are not suitable for bio-oil production. Char is also an interesting co-product for all pyrolysis temperatures.
N. Gómez; S.W. Banks; D.J. Nowakowski; J.G. Rosas; J. Cara; M.E. Sánchez; A.V. Bridgwater. Effect of temperature on product performance of a high ash biomass during fast pyrolysis and its bio-oil storage evaluation. Fuel Processing Technology 2018, 172, 97 -105.
AMA StyleN. Gómez, S.W. Banks, D.J. Nowakowski, J.G. Rosas, J. Cara, M.E. Sánchez, A.V. Bridgwater. Effect of temperature on product performance of a high ash biomass during fast pyrolysis and its bio-oil storage evaluation. Fuel Processing Technology. 2018; 172 ():97-105.
Chicago/Turabian StyleN. Gómez; S.W. Banks; D.J. Nowakowski; J.G. Rosas; J. Cara; M.E. Sánchez; A.V. Bridgwater. 2018. "Effect of temperature on product performance of a high ash biomass during fast pyrolysis and its bio-oil storage evaluation." Fuel Processing Technology 172, no. : 97-105.
Highlights•Macronutrients modify the thermogravimetric combustion profile influencing R50 index.•GS index (R50) provides insight into structural changes describing biochar stability.•GS index (R50) and ageing tests link structural changes and permanency in soils. AbstractCarbon stability is an important parameter to measure prior to the application of biochar to soil and inthe past few years, several methods have been developed to measure it. The carbon sequestration potential (CO2 reduction) for biochar can be estimated by the recalcitrance index (R50 index). This study investigates further refinement of the R50 index as a measure of carbon stability. The following key findings were observed: 1) prior washing of the biochar in water before measurement of the R50 index influences the measure of char stability determined, particularly for biochar containing high levels of water leachable inorganic materials; 2) a new subscale is proposed to interpret the understanding of the biochar stability changes as a function of pyrolysis temperature defined as “gained stability” and 3) a strong correlation (R = 0.97) was observed between the R50 index and the accelerated ageing test when their function is linearised, providing a better understanding of the carbon stability evaluation. Graphical abstract
Natalia Gómez; Jose Guillermo Rosas; Surjit Singh; Andy B. Ross; Marta Elena Sánchez; Jorge Cara. Development of a gained stability index for describing biochar stability: Relation of high recalcitrance index (R50) with accelerated ageing tests. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 2016, 120, 37 -44.
AMA StyleNatalia Gómez, Jose Guillermo Rosas, Surjit Singh, Andy B. Ross, Marta Elena Sánchez, Jorge Cara. Development of a gained stability index for describing biochar stability: Relation of high recalcitrance index (R50) with accelerated ageing tests. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. 2016; 120 ():37-44.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNatalia Gómez; Jose Guillermo Rosas; Surjit Singh; Andy B. Ross; Marta Elena Sánchez; Jorge Cara. 2016. "Development of a gained stability index for describing biochar stability: Relation of high recalcitrance index (R50) with accelerated ageing tests." Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 120, no. : 37-44.
Natalia Gómez; José Guillermo Rosas; Jorge Cara-Jiménez; Olegario Martínez; José Antonio Alburquerque; Marta Elena Sánchez. Slow pyrolysis of relevant biomasses in the Mediterranean basin. Part 1. Effect of temperature on process performance on a pilot scale. Journal of Cleaner Production 2016, 120, 181 -190.
AMA StyleNatalia Gómez, José Guillermo Rosas, Jorge Cara-Jiménez, Olegario Martínez, José Antonio Alburquerque, Marta Elena Sánchez. Slow pyrolysis of relevant biomasses in the Mediterranean basin. Part 1. Effect of temperature on process performance on a pilot scale. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2016; 120 ():181-190.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNatalia Gómez; José Guillermo Rosas; Jorge Cara-Jiménez; Olegario Martínez; José Antonio Alburquerque; Marta Elena Sánchez. 2016. "Slow pyrolysis of relevant biomasses in the Mediterranean basin. Part 1. Effect of temperature on process performance on a pilot scale." Journal of Cleaner Production 120, no. : 181-190.
José Guillermo Rosas; Natalia Gómez; Jorge Cara-Jiménez; Josep Ubalde; Xavier Sort; Marta Sanchez. Assessment of sustainable biochar production for carbon abatement from vineyard residues. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 2015, 113, 239 -247.
AMA StyleJosé Guillermo Rosas, Natalia Gómez, Jorge Cara-Jiménez, Josep Ubalde, Xavier Sort, Marta Sanchez. Assessment of sustainable biochar production for carbon abatement from vineyard residues. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. 2015; 113 ():239-247.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJosé Guillermo Rosas; Natalia Gómez; Jorge Cara-Jiménez; Josep Ubalde; Xavier Sort; Marta Sanchez. 2015. "Assessment of sustainable biochar production for carbon abatement from vineyard residues." Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 113, no. : 239-247.
This paper explores the potential of a two-stage process (fermentative + biocatalyzed electrolysis) to reduce the organic load of an industrial waste stream (cheese whey) in parallel with hydrogen production. Overall, the combined process helped to significantly reduce the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the effluent, while producing hydrogen at a maximum yield of 94.2 L H2 kgvs−1. The low pH of the fermentative effluent fed into the bioelectrochemical reactor helped to control methanogenic and homoacetogenic activity during the second stage of the treatment. However, this acid stream needed to be diluted and amended with salts and acetate to avoid the collapse of hydrogen production rate. Therefore, practical application of a two stage process for the treatment of cheese whey would require the existence of a secondary waste stream for dilution of the acidified effluent, thus balancing its nutrients composition prior to feeding into the bioelectrochemical system.
R. Moreno; A. Escapa; Jorge Cara-Jiménez; B. Carracedo; X. Gómez. A two-stage process for hydrogen production from cheese whey: Integration of dark fermentation and biocatalyzed electrolysis. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2014, 40, 168 -175.
AMA StyleR. Moreno, A. Escapa, Jorge Cara-Jiménez, B. Carracedo, X. Gómez. A two-stage process for hydrogen production from cheese whey: Integration of dark fermentation and biocatalyzed electrolysis. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2014; 40 (1):168-175.
Chicago/Turabian StyleR. Moreno; A. Escapa; Jorge Cara-Jiménez; B. Carracedo; X. Gómez. 2014. "A two-stage process for hydrogen production from cheese whey: Integration of dark fermentation and biocatalyzed electrolysis." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 40, no. 1: 168-175.
R. López; C. Fernández; Julio Fierro; Jorge Cara-Jiménez; O. Martínez; Marta Sanchez. Oxy-combustion of corn, sunflower, rape and microalgae bioresidues and their blends from the perspective of thermogravimetric analysis. Energy 2014, 74, 845 -854.
AMA StyleR. López, C. Fernández, Julio Fierro, Jorge Cara-Jiménez, O. Martínez, Marta Sanchez. Oxy-combustion of corn, sunflower, rape and microalgae bioresidues and their blends from the perspective of thermogravimetric analysis. Energy. 2014; 74 ():845-854.
Chicago/Turabian StyleR. López; C. Fernández; Julio Fierro; Jorge Cara-Jiménez; O. Martínez; Marta Sanchez. 2014. "Oxy-combustion of corn, sunflower, rape and microalgae bioresidues and their blends from the perspective of thermogravimetric analysis." Energy 74, no. : 845-854.
Nowadays, diverse technologies to produce electricity based on bioresidues are investigated in order to reduce the external energy dependence of occidental countries, as Spain. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to study and compare the combustion and oxy-combustion of corn, rape and a corn–rape blend. Non-isothermal thermogravimetric data were used to obtain the reaction kinetics of these bioresidues. This paper reports on the application of the Vyazovkin and Ozawa–Flynn–Wall isoconversional methods for the evaluation of kinetic parameters (energy activation, pre-exponential factor and order of reaction) for the oxidation of the biomasses studied. Differences were found in the TG curves in accordance with the proximate analysis results for the cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, volatile matter and fixed carbon content of biomasses and the atmosphere of the reaction. The presence of CO2 in the atmosphere instead of N2 was also discussed. The activation energy obtained from corn (153.0 kJ/mol) combustion was lower than that obtained from corn oxy-combustion (168.6 kJ/mol). However, corn–rape blend oxidation was more favourable in the presence of CO2 (E ~ 155.3 kJ/mol) than in N2 (E ~ 155.9 kJ/mol). Both Vyazovkin and Ozawa–Flynn–Wall methods yielded similar results.
R. López; C. Fernández; J. Cara; O. Martínez; M.E. Sánchez. Differences between combustion and oxy-combustion of corn and corn–rape blend using thermogravimetric analysis. Fuel Processing Technology 2014, 128, 376 -387.
AMA StyleR. López, C. Fernández, J. Cara, O. Martínez, M.E. Sánchez. Differences between combustion and oxy-combustion of corn and corn–rape blend using thermogravimetric analysis. Fuel Processing Technology. 2014; 128 ():376-387.
Chicago/Turabian StyleR. López; C. Fernández; J. Cara; O. Martínez; M.E. Sánchez. 2014. "Differences between combustion and oxy-combustion of corn and corn–rape blend using thermogravimetric analysis." Fuel Processing Technology 128, no. : 376-387.
In recent years the amount of crude glycerol, by product of the biodiesel production process, has been increasing as a result of the high demand of biodiesel. Developing new processes for crude glycerol revalorization could make the biodiesel production process more profitable. An alternative use of crude glycerol by means of a co-pyrolysis with corn straw is studied at the following ratios [1:0], [3:1], [1:1], [1:3] and [0:1] in the present work aimed to energy recovery. Initially, thermal analysis (TG and DTG profiles) was performed to identify possible interactions and they were found throughout all the devolatilization process at different degrees. Then, a series of slow pyrolysis tests were run in a laboratory size reactor. Yields of pyrolysis fractions: char, bio-oil and gas were measured. And the products were analysed and characterised. The pyrolysis of crude glycerol produced rich gas and bio-oil. The gas had a L.H.V of 46 MJ/m3 but low yield (23 wt.%). Mixing the crude glycerol with corn straw the gas yield could be increased and still having good heating value, for instance the blend [1:1] presented a LHV: 29 MJ/m3 and 39 wt.% of yield. The resulting gas was rich in light hydrocarbons and had a good H2 concentration. The blending ratios also affected the bio-oil and char production. The selection of blending ratios is a function of the desired fraction to be maximised.
Raúl Delgado; José Guillermo Rosas; Natalia Gómez; Olegario Martínez; Marta Elena Sanchez; Jorge Cara. Energy valorisation of crude glycerol and corn straw by means of slow co-pyrolysis: Production and characterisation of gas, char and bio-oil. Fuel 2013, 112, 31 -37.
AMA StyleRaúl Delgado, José Guillermo Rosas, Natalia Gómez, Olegario Martínez, Marta Elena Sanchez, Jorge Cara. Energy valorisation of crude glycerol and corn straw by means of slow co-pyrolysis: Production and characterisation of gas, char and bio-oil. Fuel. 2013; 112 ():31-37.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRaúl Delgado; José Guillermo Rosas; Natalia Gómez; Olegario Martínez; Marta Elena Sanchez; Jorge Cara. 2013. "Energy valorisation of crude glycerol and corn straw by means of slow co-pyrolysis: Production and characterisation of gas, char and bio-oil." Fuel 112, no. : 31-37.
During coal combustion various toxic compounds are generated from its sulphur content. Their environmental impacts are considered to be very important. While there are various conventional preparation methods to remove the sulphur in the fuel, recent work reveals that newly-isolated micro-organisms, naturally present in coal, have the ability to reduce its sulphur content. The removal of sulphur using biological leaching involving acidophilic iron oxidising bacteria like Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Leptospirillum ferrooxidans are examined and a computational technique based on computational fluid dynamics is developed to model the biological leaching of sulphur from coal. The model was validated against a pack-column experiment carried out for iron separation during 60 days. The mathematical model predicted iron separation over time is similar to experimental measurements, with an average difference of 5.5%. According to the experimental results, there was an overall reduction of 33% of pyrite, whereas the model prediction was 32%. The model results shows overall good agreement with pack-column experimental data.
N.S. Weerasekara; F.J. García Frutos; Jorge Cara; F.C. Lockwood. Mathematical modelling of demineralisation of high sulphur coal by bioleaching. Minerals Engineering 2008, 21, 234 -240.
AMA StyleN.S. Weerasekara, F.J. García Frutos, Jorge Cara, F.C. Lockwood. Mathematical modelling of demineralisation of high sulphur coal by bioleaching. Minerals Engineering. 2008; 21 (3):234-240.
Chicago/Turabian StyleN.S. Weerasekara; F.J. García Frutos; Jorge Cara; F.C. Lockwood. 2008. "Mathematical modelling of demineralisation of high sulphur coal by bioleaching." Minerals Engineering 21, no. 3: 234-240.