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Taking the establishment of China’s Guangdong free trade zone (GFTZ) as an example and using data from 180 prefecture-level cities in China from 2008 to 2018, this study evaluates the effect of establishing FTZ on environmental welfare for the first time and investigates the underlying mechanism. The results show that, from the perspective of environmental improvement, the establishment of the GFTZ is forming a “policy trap”. For every 100 million yuan increase in the GDP, discharged wastewater and waste gas will increase by 1.746 million tons and 28.016 tons, respectively. Introducing advanced technology and improving financial efficiency can reduce discharged wastewater and waste gas per unit of GDP, thus improving environmental welfare. However, the establishment of the GFTZ has not significantly improved technology introduction. More importantly, industrial agglomeration caused by the establishment of the GFTZ has not improved regional environmental welfare. These findings explain why the establishment of the GFTZ is becoming an environmental “policy trap”. The above conclusions can inspire China and other developing countries to address their weak technical foundation, lagging financial development and low-end industry agglomeration to balance economic development and environmental protection with opening to the outside world.
Chengfeng Zhuo; Yanhua Mao; Jianxin Rong. Policy dividend or “policy trap”? Environmental welfare of establishing free trade zone in China. Science of The Total Environment 2020, 756, 143856 .
AMA StyleChengfeng Zhuo, Yanhua Mao, Jianxin Rong. Policy dividend or “policy trap”? Environmental welfare of establishing free trade zone in China. Science of The Total Environment. 2020; 756 ():143856.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChengfeng Zhuo; Yanhua Mao; Jianxin Rong. 2020. "Policy dividend or “policy trap”? Environmental welfare of establishing free trade zone in China." Science of The Total Environment 756, no. : 143856.
While the Macao gambling industry has developed prosperously, its rapid development raises a problem of economic dependence on gambling that restricts economic diversification and causes a sustainable issue of non-gambling industries. In recent years, regulating and controlling the appropriate scale of the gambling industry have been regarded as a solution for sustainable economic development. Consequently, it is quite important to give a quantitative scale to the future development of the gambling industry. This study aims to estimate the appropriate scale of the gambling industry under the expectation of the optimal development of moderate economic diversification in Macao. This study employs the method of Measuring Economic Diversification in Hawaii in 2011 to evaluate the levels of diversification of Macao’s economy. A Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) efficiency calculated by a bootstrapping model is applied to obtain the operational efficiency of Macao’s gambling industry. A transition probability matrix in three scenarios is predicted by expert interviews and industry interviews. The appropriate scale of Macao’s gambling industry until 2021 is forecasted by Markov chain. The predicted result shows that the growth rate of gambling will not exceed 3% in terms of achieving the goal of optimal developing moderate economic diversification in Macao.
Fei Choi; Chi Tin Hon; Yan Hua Mao; Ivan Ka Wai Lai. Sustainable Development for Small Economy and Diversification from a Dominant Industry: Evidence from Macao. Sustainability 2019, 11, 1626 .
AMA StyleFei Choi, Chi Tin Hon, Yan Hua Mao, Ivan Ka Wai Lai. Sustainable Development for Small Economy and Diversification from a Dominant Industry: Evidence from Macao. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (6):1626.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFei Choi; Chi Tin Hon; Yan Hua Mao; Ivan Ka Wai Lai. 2019. "Sustainable Development for Small Economy and Diversification from a Dominant Industry: Evidence from Macao." Sustainability 11, no. 6: 1626.