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Agri-food supply chains interact with the function of rural communities. Supply chain responsibility (SCR) explores the interactions between chains and communities. Transactional and transformational value promote wealth-oriented and community-oriented SCR. Reactive and proactive community-oriented SCR offer diverse ways to build rural community.
Li Liu; Jim Cavaye; Anoma Ariyawardana. Supply chain responsibility in agriculture and its integration with rural community development: A review of issues and perspectives. Journal of Rural Studies 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleLi Liu, Jim Cavaye, Anoma Ariyawardana. Supply chain responsibility in agriculture and its integration with rural community development: A review of issues and perspectives. Journal of Rural Studies. 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi Liu; Jim Cavaye; Anoma Ariyawardana. 2020. "Supply chain responsibility in agriculture and its integration with rural community development: A review of issues and perspectives." Journal of Rural Studies , no. : 1.
The increasing demand for forest resources in Vietnam has increased the need for investment in research and development in the forestry industry. Recent research has investigated the viability of introducing hybrid nursery stock to forestry plantations in Vietnam as a strategy to meet the increased demand for forest products. The study reported in this paper measured forest plantation owners' willingness to pay (WTP) for technologically-improved Acacia hybrid nursery stock in Vietnam using a double-bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation method. The study was based on 188 face-to-face surveys with forest plantation owners in three provinces in Central Vietnam. The results indicate a WTP value of VND855 (US$0.037) in standard estimation and VND794 (US$0.034) in certainty-adjusted estimation per Acacia hybrid nursery stock. These figures, respectively, represent a 70% and 58% higher WTP value for Acacia hybrid nursery stock than the base price used in the research (VND500). Among the factors analysed, the forest plantation owners' total income, level of education, income from forestry, experience and amount of time spent each year on forestry activities had a positive impact on the WTP for Acacia hybrid nursery stock. These findings can guide the formation of governments to enhance the development of technologies in Vietnam's forestry industry.
Hanh Tien Nguyen; Anoma Ariyawardana; Shyama Ratnasiri. Forest plantation owners' willingness to pay for hybrid nursery stock: The case of Acacia hybrids in Central Vietnam. Forest Policy and Economics 2020, 116, 102184 .
AMA StyleHanh Tien Nguyen, Anoma Ariyawardana, Shyama Ratnasiri. Forest plantation owners' willingness to pay for hybrid nursery stock: The case of Acacia hybrids in Central Vietnam. Forest Policy and Economics. 2020; 116 ():102184.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHanh Tien Nguyen; Anoma Ariyawardana; Shyama Ratnasiri. 2020. "Forest plantation owners' willingness to pay for hybrid nursery stock: The case of Acacia hybrids in Central Vietnam." Forest Policy and Economics 116, no. : 102184.
Supply chains depend on community resources such as entrepreneurs, natural resources, and facilities in value creation and successful operation, while communities need development opportunities from supply chains to build and maintain prosperity. The mutual influence between supply chains and communities offers opportunities to integrate sustainability initiatives into the chain. The concept of supply chain responsibility (SCR) represents a new philosophy that helps create value for communities, but so far does not link well with the idea of community and is viewed one chain at a time. A more integrated and holistic consideration of supply chain-community interactions incorporating multiple supply chains and communities adds to the perspective of community development through SCR. It not only leverages community development as a significant level of analysis in supply chains, but also considers all chains that interact with a community. We use a case study in China’s rice industry to examine the complex and multifaceted supply chain-community interactions in a network of three types of rice supply chain and two rural communities, to understand the theoretical and practical potential in an enriched conceptualization of SCR. The interactions among the supply chains and communities provide significant insights into how to create sustainability for both.
Li Liu; Helen Ross; Anoma Ariyawardana. Community Development through Supply Chain Responsibility: A Case Study of Rice Supply Chains and Connected Rural Communities in Central China. Sustainability 2020, 12, 927 .
AMA StyleLi Liu, Helen Ross, Anoma Ariyawardana. Community Development through Supply Chain Responsibility: A Case Study of Rice Supply Chains and Connected Rural Communities in Central China. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (3):927.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi Liu; Helen Ross; Anoma Ariyawardana. 2020. "Community Development through Supply Chain Responsibility: A Case Study of Rice Supply Chains and Connected Rural Communities in Central China." Sustainability 12, no. 3: 927.
Sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) has recently received increasing attention from researchers and the business community. Due to globalization and changing consumption patterns, agri-food industries have undergone a transformation, and the sustainability of agri-food supply chains has also received greater attention. However, the issues of SSCM at the upstream level of the supply chain in agri-food industries have not been adequately empirically studied. This paper aims to list key issues or constraints in the production and marketing through farmers’ group discussions, supplemented by the literature, and empirically identifies key constraints to SSCM of the citrus industry in Pakistan. The paper used cross-sectional data from 300 farmers involved in the production and marketing of citrus in Punjab, Pakistan. Farmers were asked to answer on a Likert scale data about potential constraints identified from the literature and farmers’ group discussions. Kendell’s coefficient of concordance and the mean ranking technique was used to rank and to identify the critical constraints in the production and marketing of citrus. In addition, factor analysis (principal component analysis) was used for the grouping of these constraints. In production constraints, factors, such as fertilizer, pesticide, and seed quality, climate change, high production cost, and agricultural labor performance, are important. These constraints are aligned with some key marketing factors, such as packaging, grading, and storage facilities. The findings convey messages for policymakers to solve these issues and challenges at the upstream level of the SSCM chain in the citrus and related agri-food industries.
Muhammad Naseer; Muhammad Ashfaq; Sarfraz Hassan; Azhar Abbas; Amar Razzaq; Mubashir Mehdi; Anoma Ariyawardana; Mumtaz Anwar. Critical Issues at the Upstream Level in Sustainable Supply Chain Management of Agri-Food Industries: Evidence from Pakistan’s Citrus Industry. Sustainability 2019, 11, 1326 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Naseer, Muhammad Ashfaq, Sarfraz Hassan, Azhar Abbas, Amar Razzaq, Mubashir Mehdi, Anoma Ariyawardana, Mumtaz Anwar. Critical Issues at the Upstream Level in Sustainable Supply Chain Management of Agri-Food Industries: Evidence from Pakistan’s Citrus Industry. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (5):1326.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Naseer; Muhammad Ashfaq; Sarfraz Hassan; Azhar Abbas; Amar Razzaq; Mubashir Mehdi; Anoma Ariyawardana; Mumtaz Anwar. 2019. "Critical Issues at the Upstream Level in Sustainable Supply Chain Management of Agri-Food Industries: Evidence from Pakistan’s Citrus Industry." Sustainability 11, no. 5: 1326.
The viability of climate adaptation strategies adopted by agrifood companies rely heavily on how well consumers understand, accept and/or select commodities and their willingness to bare some of the cost of adaptation. To understand this issue in more detail, a survey was undertaken of 1532 Australian consumers to investigate how they respond to adaptation strategies in terms of acceptance and willingness to pay. The survey results contained in this paper focus on three product categories – mango, potato chips and wine. The survey revealed that when faced with climate-adapted mango, potato chips or wine products, respondents were most likely to substitute or purchase less often rather than purchasing a more expensive ‘adapted’ product or a cheaper ‘non-adapted’ product. Across the three commodities, the level of acceptance also varied little with socio-demographic factors and the respondent's perceptions of climate change. The study highlights the importance of communicating the climate adaptation initiatives of agrifood companies and the challenges faced by these companies in raising the awareness associated with climate-adapted product.
Anoma Ariyawardana; Lilly Lim-Camacho; Steven Crimp; Michael Wellington; Simon Somogyi. Consumer Response to Climate Adaptation Strategies in the Food Sector: An Australian Scenario. Ecological Economics 2018, 154, 383 -393.
AMA StyleAnoma Ariyawardana, Lilly Lim-Camacho, Steven Crimp, Michael Wellington, Simon Somogyi. Consumer Response to Climate Adaptation Strategies in the Food Sector: An Australian Scenario. Ecological Economics. 2018; 154 ():383-393.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnoma Ariyawardana; Lilly Lim-Camacho; Steven Crimp; Michael Wellington; Simon Somogyi. 2018. "Consumer Response to Climate Adaptation Strategies in the Food Sector: An Australian Scenario." Ecological Economics 154, no. : 383-393.
In the current era, food chains are becoming increasingly complex and consumer concerns about food safety are growing. As a result, consumers tend to rely heavily on chain actors to ensure the quality of the products they consume. Given this background, this study was conducted with a view to understanding the level of consumers' trust in vegetable supply chain members and how trust influences the consumers' behavioural responses. This paper is based on data obtained from 854 respondents in south-west Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The results revealed that the level of trust placed in chain members varied across the chain. Respondents considered that domestic producers are more trustworthy in terms of producing safer vegetables and the lowest trust level was associated with imported vegetables. Gender, household size, years of stay in Australia, trust perceptions, and country of origin concerns had a significant influence on the respondents’ intentions to pay a premium price for domestically produced vegetables. The study revealed that consumers respond to food safety concerns and this creates an opportunity for the vegetable industry to respond to these concerns.
Anoma Ariyawardana; Kumudini Ganegodage; Miranda Mortlock. Consumers' trust in vegetable supply chain members and their behavioural responses: A study based in Queensland, Australia. Food Control 2017, 73, 193 -201.
AMA StyleAnoma Ariyawardana, Kumudini Ganegodage, Miranda Mortlock. Consumers' trust in vegetable supply chain members and their behavioural responses: A study based in Queensland, Australia. Food Control. 2017; 73 ():193-201.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnoma Ariyawardana; Kumudini Ganegodage; Miranda Mortlock. 2017. "Consumers' trust in vegetable supply chain members and their behavioural responses: A study based in Queensland, Australia." Food Control 73, no. : 193-201.
Hammad Badar; Anoma Ariyawardana; R. Collins. Mango value preferences of consumers in Pakistan. Acta Horticulturae 2016, 439 -446.
AMA StyleHammad Badar, Anoma Ariyawardana, R. Collins. Mango value preferences of consumers in Pakistan. Acta Horticulturae. 2016; (1120):439-446.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHammad Badar; Anoma Ariyawardana; R. Collins. 2016. "Mango value preferences of consumers in Pakistan." Acta Horticulturae , no. 1120: 439-446.
The role of management as an antecedent and barrier to market orientation is well documented. However, the often deeply held beliefs of top management that influence the degree to which their firms are market oriented has been largely overlooked. This study sought to understand these beliefs using a qualitative research method. Case study research employing in-depth semistructured interviews of four Australian vertically integrated horticultural enterprises was undertaken. A total of 28 beliefs of senior management team members were identified. These beliefs, which appeared to have become part of organizational culture, influenced the way market intelligence was gathered and shared and the degree to which the organizations planned, coordinated, and timed their responses to market opportunities and threats. The results suggest that changing management beliefs about marketing and market orientation may be an important component of enhancing the degree to which firms are market oriented.
Phillip Currey; Simon Somogyi; Anoma Ariyawardana. Why Organizations Struggle to Implement a Market Orientation: Insights Into Beliefs of Top Management. Journal of Food Products Marketing 2016, 23, 783 -798.
AMA StylePhillip Currey, Simon Somogyi, Anoma Ariyawardana. Why Organizations Struggle to Implement a Market Orientation: Insights Into Beliefs of Top Management. Journal of Food Products Marketing. 2016; 23 (7):783-798.
Chicago/Turabian StylePhillip Currey; Simon Somogyi; Anoma Ariyawardana. 2016. "Why Organizations Struggle to Implement a Market Orientation: Insights Into Beliefs of Top Management." Journal of Food Products Marketing 23, no. 7: 783-798.
Anoma Ariyawardana; Ray Collins; Lilly Lim-Camacho. Value Chains: Making the Connections between Producers and Consumers of Native Plant Foods. Figs 2016, 321 -337.
AMA StyleAnoma Ariyawardana, Ray Collins, Lilly Lim-Camacho. Value Chains: Making the Connections between Producers and Consumers of Native Plant Foods. Figs. 2016; ():321-337.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnoma Ariyawardana; Ray Collins; Lilly Lim-Camacho. 2016. "Value Chains: Making the Connections between Producers and Consumers of Native Plant Foods." Figs , no. : 321-337.
Lilly Lim-Camacho; Anoma Ariyawardana; Gemma K. Lewis; Steven J. Crimp; Simon Somogyi; Brad Ridoutt; Stuart Mark Howden; Bradley Ridoutt. Climate adaptation of food value chains: the implications of varying consumer acceptance. Regional Environmental Change 2016, 17, 93 -103.
AMA StyleLilly Lim-Camacho, Anoma Ariyawardana, Gemma K. Lewis, Steven J. Crimp, Simon Somogyi, Brad Ridoutt, Stuart Mark Howden, Bradley Ridoutt. Climate adaptation of food value chains: the implications of varying consumer acceptance. Regional Environmental Change. 2016; 17 (1):93-103.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLilly Lim-Camacho; Anoma Ariyawardana; Gemma K. Lewis; Steven J. Crimp; Simon Somogyi; Brad Ridoutt; Stuart Mark Howden; Bradley Ridoutt. 2016. "Climate adaptation of food value chains: the implications of varying consumer acceptance." Regional Environmental Change 17, no. 1: 93-103.
The utilisation of improved seeds is reliant on distribution system and farmers’ preferences in using the seed. Primary data were collected from key informant interviews in seed delivery chains and a farmer survey to analyse the northern Ghanaian seed delivery systems and factors influencing the adoption of improved seed by farmers. The seed system in Ghana is made up of three main components; a formal seed system, an informal farmers’ seed system and a quasi-formal seed system. The seed chain starts with breeder seed production by Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (except for imported seed) and ends with the grain farmer as the final consumer. The communication flows between members, strength of relationships and farm characteristics reveled to be affecting the improved seed uptake by smallholders in Northern Ghana. The study highlights the value of strengthening the seed delivery system and improving the availability and accessibility of improved seed varieties.
Eunice Etwire; Anoma Ariyawardana; Miranda Y. Mortlock. Seed Delivery Systems and Farm Characteristics Influencing the Improved Seed Uptake by Smallholders in Northern Ghana. Sustainable Agriculture Research 2016, 5, 27 .
AMA StyleEunice Etwire, Anoma Ariyawardana, Miranda Y. Mortlock. Seed Delivery Systems and Farm Characteristics Influencing the Improved Seed Uptake by Smallholders in Northern Ghana. Sustainable Agriculture Research. 2016; 5 (2):27.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEunice Etwire; Anoma Ariyawardana; Miranda Y. Mortlock. 2016. "Seed Delivery Systems and Farm Characteristics Influencing the Improved Seed Uptake by Smallholders in Northern Ghana." Sustainable Agriculture Research 5, no. 2: 27.
Small-scale shrimp-culture is an important livelihood for rural residents in Thua Thien Hue (TTH) province, central Vietnam. However, they are facing the risk of exclusion from the food system due to globalization and trade liberalization. To keep these farmers in modern supply chains, their relationships with other chain actors, foremost the collectors, need to be improved. Thus, this study explores the characteristics and constructs of the relationships between the small-scale shrimp growers and their collectors. Data was based on a survey on 83 small-scale shrimp growers, together with 16 unstructured interviews with growers (10) and collectors (6). It was revealed that the relationships between small-scale shrimp growers and collectors in TTH province are short-term and price-driven and are influenced by the power of collectors. The relationship strength was measured by five intercorrelated constructs including reliability, willingness-to-maintain, desire-fulfilment, negotiation capacity, and discussion capacity. Although some constructs were positively correlated, the strength of the relationships was weak. Both business linkages and social connections affected the grower-collector relationships. Female traders had stronger relationships with collectors than males. Therefore, interventions should be focused on business and social linkages as well as females’ involvement in shrimp trade.
Dung Truong; Anoma Ariyawardana. Small-Scale Shrimp Grower–Collector Relationships: The Case of Thua Thien Hue Province, Central Vietnam. Aquaculture Economics & Management 2015, 19, 404 -422.
AMA StyleDung Truong, Anoma Ariyawardana. Small-Scale Shrimp Grower–Collector Relationships: The Case of Thua Thien Hue Province, Central Vietnam. Aquaculture Economics & Management. 2015; 19 (4):404-422.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDung Truong; Anoma Ariyawardana. 2015. "Small-Scale Shrimp Grower–Collector Relationships: The Case of Thua Thien Hue Province, Central Vietnam." Aquaculture Economics & Management 19, no. 4: 404-422.
Anoma Ariyawardana; K.R. Ganegodage. Consumer concerns and responses to the safety of vegetables in Queensland, Australia. Acta Horticulturae 2015, 31 -36.
AMA StyleAnoma Ariyawardana, K.R. Ganegodage. Consumer concerns and responses to the safety of vegetables in Queensland, Australia. Acta Horticulturae. 2015; (1103):31-36.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnoma Ariyawardana; K.R. Ganegodage. 2015. "Consumer concerns and responses to the safety of vegetables in Queensland, Australia." Acta Horticulturae , no. 1103: 31-36.
P.R. Currey; S. Somogyi; Anoma Ariyawardana. Barriers to market orientation in Australian vertically-integrated horticultural enterprises. Acta Horticulturae 2015, 109 -114.
AMA StyleP.R. Currey, S. Somogyi, Anoma Ariyawardana. Barriers to market orientation in Australian vertically-integrated horticultural enterprises. Acta Horticulturae. 2015; (1103):109-114.
Chicago/Turabian StyleP.R. Currey; S. Somogyi; Anoma Ariyawardana. 2015. "Barriers to market orientation in Australian vertically-integrated horticultural enterprises." Acta Horticulturae , no. 1103: 109-114.
E.M. Nzomo; Anoma Ariyawardana; D.N. Sila; J.N. Sellahewa. Reaping the potential benefits of amaranth: value chain challenges ahead for Kenya. Acta Horticulturae 2015, 191 -198.
AMA StyleE.M. Nzomo, Anoma Ariyawardana, D.N. Sila, J.N. Sellahewa. Reaping the potential benefits of amaranth: value chain challenges ahead for Kenya. Acta Horticulturae. 2015; (1102):191-198.
Chicago/Turabian StyleE.M. Nzomo; Anoma Ariyawardana; D.N. Sila; J.N. Sellahewa. 2015. "Reaping the potential benefits of amaranth: value chain challenges ahead for Kenya." Acta Horticulturae , no. 1102: 191-198.
Purpose – Red lentils are one of the widely consumed food items in South Asia and this has created an enormous market opportunity for all players in the chain. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to examine the most valued attributes of red lentils and to assess how consumer preferences vary across store type and by socio-demographic factors. Thereby, it was aimed to identify value chain interventions that are required to meet the consumer demand. Design/methodology/approach – Sri Lanka was selected as the study location because of its significance as an importer. Through an intercept survey of 300 consumers in three store types, consumption pattern and preference for four attributes of red lentils, namely, size, colour, visual quality and price were collected. Data were also collected from retail and wholesale stores and from a processor. Conjoint analysis was used to analyse the consumer data. Findings – A majority of the respondents consumed red lentils on a daily basis. Consumer preference rankings showed that consumers place a significantly greater level of importance on visual quality than other attributes. Trade-off patterns were different across store types and by socio-demographic factors. Grocery shoppers were willing to trade-off packaging to price while the reverse was true for supermarket shoppers. Retail and wholesale purchases were driven by quality. Research limitations/implications – Findings highlight that chain effectiveness could be enhanced by offering bigger sized lentils while assuring quality. Originality/value – This research uses a consumer driven assessment in identifying required value chain interventions.
Anoma Ariyawardana; Ramu Govindasamy; Allan Lisle. Capturing the consumer value: the case of red lentils. British Food Journal 2015, 117, 1032 -1042.
AMA StyleAnoma Ariyawardana, Ramu Govindasamy, Allan Lisle. Capturing the consumer value: the case of red lentils. British Food Journal. 2015; 117 (3):1032-1042.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnoma Ariyawardana; Ramu Govindasamy; Allan Lisle. 2015. "Capturing the consumer value: the case of red lentils." British Food Journal 117, no. 3: 1032-1042.
The Australian vegetable industry is a significant contributor to the national economy and regional development, generating employment opportunities both on-farm and along the farm-to-market chain. However, the high cost structure of the industry has negatively affected its competitiveness and production is declining, resulting in the relocation of some processing facilities to other countries and increasing imports. These outcomes threaten the future viability of the industry and impact on food-safety-conscious consumers in Australia. Thus, the aim of this paper is to review policy issues along the producer to consumer chain and discuss how key stakeholders could be affected by alternative policy options. The current context of the vegetable industry shows that Australia faces a challenge to find appropriate policy solutions to achieve global competitiveness and secure the interests of its stakeholders while at the same time adopting a market-based policy approach to its food industry.
Anoma Ariyawardana; Ray Collins. Balancing Industry Needs against Global Competitiveness: A Challenge for the Australian Vegetable Industry. Outlook on Agriculture 2013, 42, 155 -161.
AMA StyleAnoma Ariyawardana, Ray Collins. Balancing Industry Needs against Global Competitiveness: A Challenge for the Australian Vegetable Industry. Outlook on Agriculture. 2013; 42 (3):155-161.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnoma Ariyawardana; Ray Collins. 2013. "Balancing Industry Needs against Global Competitiveness: A Challenge for the Australian Vegetable Industry." Outlook on Agriculture 42, no. 3: 155-161.
This research examines the creation and distribution of consumer value in the most important supply chain of lentils between Australia and Sri Lanka. This adopts a value chain analysis approach applied to a case study, using a mix of qualitative and quantitative methods. Intercept surveys of consumers in Sri Lanka revealed that quality, size, and price as the most important value-creating factors. A very strong communication and relationships triad exists among the trader, indenting agent, and processor, but the flow of information from consumer to producer is weak. Opportunities lie in improved genetics, better-informed growers, and continued production efficiencies.
Anoma Ariyawardana; Ray Collins. Value Chain Analysis Across Borders: The Case of Australian Red Lentils to Sri Lanka. Journal of Asia-Pacific Business 2013, 14, 25 -39.
AMA StyleAnoma Ariyawardana, Ray Collins. Value Chain Analysis Across Borders: The Case of Australian Red Lentils to Sri Lanka. Journal of Asia-Pacific Business. 2013; 14 (1):25-39.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnoma Ariyawardana; Ray Collins. 2013. "Value Chain Analysis Across Borders: The Case of Australian Red Lentils to Sri Lanka." Journal of Asia-Pacific Business 14, no. 1: 25-39.
Anoma Ariyawardana; Ramu Govindasamy; Venkata Puduri. Preference for ethnic specialty produce by the Hispanics in the east coast of the USA. British Food Journal 2012, 114, 944 -953.
AMA StyleAnoma Ariyawardana, Ramu Govindasamy, Venkata Puduri. Preference for ethnic specialty produce by the Hispanics in the east coast of the USA. British Food Journal. 2012; 114 (7):944-953.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnoma Ariyawardana; Ramu Govindasamy; Venkata Puduri. 2012. "Preference for ethnic specialty produce by the Hispanics in the east coast of the USA." British Food Journal 114, no. 7: 944-953.
Under increasing domestic and global pressures, the survival of small agri-businesses in developing countries such as Sri Lanka is being challenged because of their poor strategic focus and weak coordination along the supply chain. The quality, efficiency, and versatility of production, processing, distribution, and marketing systems play a significant role in the competitiveness of agri-businesses. Improved competitiveness requires closer coordination along the supply chain so as to decrease transaction costs and create opportunities for differentiation. In Sri Lanka, the government has a greater role to play in developing an enabling environment for the chains to which small agri-businesses belong.
Anoma Ariyawardana; Ray Collins. The Future of Sri Lankan Agri-Business: What Needs to be Done? Journal of Asia-Pacific Business 2012, 13, 59 -72.
AMA StyleAnoma Ariyawardana, Ray Collins. The Future of Sri Lankan Agri-Business: What Needs to be Done? Journal of Asia-Pacific Business. 2012; 13 (1):59-72.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnoma Ariyawardana; Ray Collins. 2012. "The Future of Sri Lankan Agri-Business: What Needs to be Done?" Journal of Asia-Pacific Business 13, no. 1: 59-72.