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Previous studies on commercial vacancy have mostly focused on the survival rate of commercial buildings over a certain time frame and the cause of their closure, due to a lack of appropriate data. Based on a time-series of 2,940,000 individual commercial facility data, the main purpose of this research is two-fold: (1) to examine long short-term memory (LSTM) as a feasible option for predicting trends in commercial districts and (2) to identify the influence of each variable on prediction results for establishing evidence-based decision-making on the primary influences of commercial vacancy. The results indicate that LSTM can be useful in simulating commercial vacancy dynamics. Furthermore, sales, floating population, and franchise rate were found to be the main determinants for commercial vacancy. The results suggest that it is imperative to control the cannibalization of commercial districts and develop their competitiveness to retain a consistent floating population.
Jaekyung Lee; Hyunwoo Kim; Hyungkyoo Kim. Commercial Vacancy Prediction Using LSTM Neural Networks. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5400 .
AMA StyleJaekyung Lee, Hyunwoo Kim, Hyungkyoo Kim. Commercial Vacancy Prediction Using LSTM Neural Networks. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (10):5400.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJaekyung Lee; Hyunwoo Kim; Hyungkyoo Kim. 2021. "Commercial Vacancy Prediction Using LSTM Neural Networks." Sustainability 13, no. 10: 5400.
The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between urban built environment factors and the travel behaviours of visually impaired people. Using mobile phone data containing information on the movements of people with visual impairment, the association between their traffic volume and the built environment factors of land uses, public transit, and pedestrian facilities for visually impaired people were analysed. The results indicated that some of the urban built environment factors were significantly associated with the travel of people with visual impairments. The model results showed that the associations between their traffic volume and the factors of pedestrian infrastructure for visually impaired people were much higher than the association with all other factors considered in the analysis. Commercial, civic, and cultural uses were also significantly related to their traffic volume. Proximity to the subway was positively associated with an increase in the traffic volume of people with visual impairments. The current study contributes to the ongoing discussion on the mobility of people with disabilities by taking afirst step towards constructing amethod whereby mobile phone data can be utilised to examine the relationship between the built environment and the travel patterns of visually impaired people.
Hyungkyoo Kim; Dongwook Sohn. The urban built environment and the mobility of people with visual impairments: analysing the travel behaviours based on mobile phone data. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering 2020, 19, 731 -741.
AMA StyleHyungkyoo Kim, Dongwook Sohn. The urban built environment and the mobility of people with visual impairments: analysing the travel behaviours based on mobile phone data. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering. 2020; 19 (6):731-741.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHyungkyoo Kim; Dongwook Sohn. 2020. "The urban built environment and the mobility of people with visual impairments: analysing the travel behaviours based on mobile phone data." Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering 19, no. 6: 731-741.
Bike sharing is increasingly attracting more riders in cities around the world for its benefits regarding the urban environment and public health. The public bike sharing program of Seoul, South Korea, first launched in October 2015, is now widely spread around the city and serves more than 27,000 riders daily. However, concerns are being raised as rising air pollution levels in Seoul, represented by particulate matter (PM) levels, in recent years may negatively discourage citizens from using bike sharing. This study investigates the impact of PM10 and PM2.5 levels on bike sharing use in Seoul and seeks to identify any seasonal differences. A series of negative binomial regression models, which take into account control variables like weather conditions and calendar events, are adopted to empirically measure the impacts. Results show that the PM levels yield statistically significant negative impacts (p < 0.01) on bike sharing use throughout the year. The impacts are particularly stronger in winter and spring, when the PM levels are higher. Findings suggest that PM levels may operate as driving factors for bike sharing use in addition to meteorological conditions like temperature, humidity, and precipitation.
Hyungkyoo Kim. Seasonal Impacts of Particulate Matter Levels on Bike Sharing in Seoul, South Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 3999 .
AMA StyleHyungkyoo Kim. Seasonal Impacts of Particulate Matter Levels on Bike Sharing in Seoul, South Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (11):3999.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHyungkyoo Kim. 2020. "Seasonal Impacts of Particulate Matter Levels on Bike Sharing in Seoul, South Korea." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11: 3999.
Seoul, a city in South Korea, experiences high particulate matter (PM) levels well above the recommended standards suggested by the World Health Organization. As concerns about public health and everyday lives are being raised, this study investigates the effects of land use on PM levels in Seoul. Specifically, it attempts to identify which land use types increase or decrease PM10 and PM2.5 levels and compare the effects between high and low seasons using two sets of land use classifications: one coarser and the other finer. A series of partial least regression models identifies that industrial land use increases the PM levels in all cases. It is also reported that residential and commercial land uses associated with lower density increase these levels. Other uses, such as green spaces and road, show mixed or unclear effects. The findings of this study may inform planners and policymakers about how they can refine future land use planning and development practice in cities that face similar challenges.
Hyungkyoo Kim. Land Use Impacts on Particulate Matter Levels in Seoul, South Korea: Comparing High and Low Seasons. Land 2020, 9, 142 .
AMA StyleHyungkyoo Kim. Land Use Impacts on Particulate Matter Levels in Seoul, South Korea: Comparing High and Low Seasons. Land. 2020; 9 (5):142.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHyungkyoo Kim. 2020. "Land Use Impacts on Particulate Matter Levels in Seoul, South Korea: Comparing High and Low Seasons." Land 9, no. 5: 142.
Time and costs are often the most critical constraints in implementing a development impact fee (DIF) for local infrastructure installation planning in South Korea. For this reason, drafting quality plan alternatives and calculating precise DIFs for improvement remain challenging. This study proposes an application of a procedural modeling method using CityEngine as an alternative to traditional methods, which rely on AutoCAD. A virtual low-density suburban development project in Jeju, South Korea was used to compare the workability of the two methods. The findings suggest that procedural modeling outperforms the other approach by significantly reducing the number of steps and commands required in the planning process. This paper also argues that procedural modeling provides real-time 2- and 3-dimensional modeling and design evaluation and allows for a more efficient assessment of plan quality and calculation of DIF. We also argue for the need to diffuse procedural modeling to better support local planning practices.
Nae-Young Choei; Hyungkyoo Kim; Seonghun Kim; Kim. Improving Infrastructure Installation Planning Processes using Procedural Modeling. Land 2020, 9, 48 .
AMA StyleNae-Young Choei, Hyungkyoo Kim, Seonghun Kim, Kim. Improving Infrastructure Installation Planning Processes using Procedural Modeling. Land. 2020; 9 (2):48.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNae-Young Choei; Hyungkyoo Kim; Seonghun Kim; Kim. 2020. "Improving Infrastructure Installation Planning Processes using Procedural Modeling." Land 9, no. 2: 48.
Availability of green amenities in cities often raises environmental justice issues. This study empirically examines Seoul, South Korea, where minority populations, such as foreigners, the poor, the old, the young, and the disabled, are generally increasing but the land area of parks and green spaces is gradually decreasing. Using ordinary least squares (OLS) and generalised least squares (GLS) regression models, this study finds that foreign population is mostly negatively associated with green amenities. The old and the young are positively associated with the green amenities in general but negatively with small and children’s parks. Neighbourhood parks do not seem to be associated with concentrations of any minority populations. Findings of this study argue for securing more lands for green amenities in cities and provide lessons to local planning practice.
Jae In Oh; Hyungkyoo Kim; Dongwook Sohn. Minority neighbourhoods and availability of green amenities: empirical findings from Seoul, South Korea. Local Environment 2019, 25, 69 -82.
AMA StyleJae In Oh, Hyungkyoo Kim, Dongwook Sohn. Minority neighbourhoods and availability of green amenities: empirical findings from Seoul, South Korea. Local Environment. 2019; 25 (1):69-82.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJae In Oh; Hyungkyoo Kim; Dongwook Sohn. 2019. "Minority neighbourhoods and availability of green amenities: empirical findings from Seoul, South Korea." Local Environment 25, no. 1: 69-82.
Although many studies have revealed that both air quality and walking activity are dominant contributors to public health, little is known about the relationship between them. Moreover, previous studies on this subject have given little consideration to the day-to-day atmospheric conditions and floating populations of surrounding areas even though most pedestrian count surveys are not conducted on a single day. Against this backdrop, using the 2015 Pedestrian Volume Survey data and quasi-real-time weather, air quality, and transit ridership data in Seoul, this study investigates the relationship between particulate matter (PM)10 and pedestrian street volumes empirically. The regression results suggest that PM10 concentration determines people’s intention to walk and affects the volume of street-level pedestrians. The three regression models, which adopted different spatial aggregation units of air quality, demonstrated that PM10 elasticity of pedestrian volume is the largest in the borough-level (the smallest spatial unit of air quality alert) model. This means that people react to the most accurate information they can access, implying that air quality information should be provided in smaller spatial units for public health. Thus, strengthening air quality warning standards of PM is an effective measure for enhancing public health.
Juwon Chung; Seung-Nam Kim; Hyungkyoo Kim. The Impact of PM10 Levels on Pedestrian Volume: Findings from Streets in Seoul, South Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 4833 .
AMA StyleJuwon Chung, Seung-Nam Kim, Hyungkyoo Kim. The Impact of PM10 Levels on Pedestrian Volume: Findings from Streets in Seoul, South Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (23):4833.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJuwon Chung; Seung-Nam Kim; Hyungkyoo Kim. 2019. "The Impact of PM10 Levels on Pedestrian Volume: Findings from Streets in Seoul, South Korea." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 23: 4833.
This paper analyzes Seoul, South Korea a city developed around three centers in the past half a century with an eye on its urban heat island (UHI). It specifically looks into how the city’s eight city-wide master plans established between 1966 and 2014 have shaped the city so as to transform the spatial distribution of its UHI. Master planning of Seoul has been regulating growth of its traditional center, the central business district, while promoting growth of its two newer centers, Yeongdeungpo and Gangnam business districts. Plan effects include more new buildings, cars, roads, population, and employment in the two new centers. As a result, Seoul’s UHI spatially transformed over time as its traditional center became cooler while the newer two warmed up. This study makes a case for the role of master plans in shaping a city’s thermal environment in the age of climate change.
Hyungkyoo Kim; Yoonhee Jung; Jae In Oh. Transformation of urban heat island in the three-center city of Seoul, South Korea: The role of master plans. Land Use Policy 2019, 86, 328 -338.
AMA StyleHyungkyoo Kim, Yoonhee Jung, Jae In Oh. Transformation of urban heat island in the three-center city of Seoul, South Korea: The role of master plans. Land Use Policy. 2019; 86 ():328-338.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHyungkyoo Kim; Yoonhee Jung; Jae In Oh. 2019. "Transformation of urban heat island in the three-center city of Seoul, South Korea: The role of master plans." Land Use Policy 86, no. : 328-338.
Since its first announcement in 2002 and completion in 2005, restoration of Cheonggyecheon, an urban stream in downtown Seoul, South Korea, has drawn great interest internationally and locally as a model achievement of sustainable development and has triggered extensive empirical research thereafter. This study questions whether the restoration of Cheonggyecheon is sustainable. Using a systematic literature review that combines thematic synthesis and realist review, this study establishes a framework composed of the three Es of sustainable development (environment, economy, and equity) and their 36 dimensions as suggested by literature. Based on the framework, 86 studies published between 2003 and 2017 are reviewed. Results suggest that environmental sustainability is the most studied, while economic sustainability has received the least academic interest. Its equity aspect remains controversial. Overall, it is difficult to confirm Cheonggyecheon’s sustainability. Many of its sustainability dimensions require further investigation, and research findings remain mixed or unclear.
Hyungkyoo Kim; Yoonhee Jung. Is Cheonggyecheon sustainable? A systematic literature review of a stream restoration in Seoul, South Korea. Sustainable Cities and Society 2018, 45, 59 -69.
AMA StyleHyungkyoo Kim, Yoonhee Jung. Is Cheonggyecheon sustainable? A systematic literature review of a stream restoration in Seoul, South Korea. Sustainable Cities and Society. 2018; 45 ():59-69.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHyungkyoo Kim; Yoonhee Jung. 2018. "Is Cheonggyecheon sustainable? A systematic literature review of a stream restoration in Seoul, South Korea." Sustainable Cities and Society 45, no. : 59-69.
Urban agriculture has become a favored activity in many cities around the world. This study explores how urban agriculture’s potential can be maximized in Seoul, South Korea, a city characterized by high-density residential complexes. It selects six existing residential complexes with representative site typologies and diverse density levels. The study’s aim is to assess the impact of various typology and density settings on percentages of ground-level surface with direct sunlight above certain thresholds during warmer seasons when crops can grow. DIVA-for-Rhino is used for simulation. The findings suggest that parallel typologies and lower density levels offer the best performance, while other combinations show mixed results. This study could benefit citizens and policymakers to facilitate urban agriculture practices around the world by suggesting feasible solutions for high-density residential developments.
Hyungkyoo Kim; Kyung Sun Lee; Jae Seung Lee; Saewon Lee. Exploring Outdoor Solar Potential in High-Density Living: Analyzing Direct Sunlight Duration for Urban Agriculture in Seoul’s Residential Complexes. Energies 2018, 11, 2030 .
AMA StyleHyungkyoo Kim, Kyung Sun Lee, Jae Seung Lee, Saewon Lee. Exploring Outdoor Solar Potential in High-Density Living: Analyzing Direct Sunlight Duration for Urban Agriculture in Seoul’s Residential Complexes. Energies. 2018; 11 (8):2030.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHyungkyoo Kim; Kyung Sun Lee; Jae Seung Lee; Saewon Lee. 2018. "Exploring Outdoor Solar Potential in High-Density Living: Analyzing Direct Sunlight Duration for Urban Agriculture in Seoul’s Residential Complexes." Energies 11, no. 8: 2030.
The transformation of the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA), South Korea, is relatively unknown despite the rapid suburbanization that has occurred since the late twentieth century. This study examines the area and its evolution between 1985 and 2015. It finds increasing levels of polycentricity in the SMA measured with five indices. With a refined set of metrics, it identifies nine Edge Cities and eight Boomburbs in the SMA that operate as new suburban centers of growth in the area, as well as several types within them. The evolution of the SMA is largely due to the active role of the state in implementing regional planning, as well as the autonomous actions of private companies and citizens. These result in a unique suburban landscape that differs from those of Europe and the US. This study suggests the need for further research on the SMA in search of new models and concepts that theorize new transformations that metropolitan areas experience.
Hyungkyoo Kim; Nayeon Lee; Seung-Nam Kim. Suburbia in evolution: Exploring polycentricity and suburban typologies in the Seoul metropolitan area, South Korea. Land Use Policy 2018, 75, 92 -101.
AMA StyleHyungkyoo Kim, Nayeon Lee, Seung-Nam Kim. Suburbia in evolution: Exploring polycentricity and suburban typologies in the Seoul metropolitan area, South Korea. Land Use Policy. 2018; 75 ():92-101.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHyungkyoo Kim; Nayeon Lee; Seung-Nam Kim. 2018. "Suburbia in evolution: Exploring polycentricity and suburban typologies in the Seoul metropolitan area, South Korea." Land Use Policy 75, no. : 92-101.
The concept of social mix is perceived as an attempt to minimize social exclusion by enhancing individual social capital. Related policies have been implemented in many countries to prevent isolation of certain groups and achieve social integration. However, few studies have examined their impacts on various income groups. This study uses data from the National Social Capital Survey in South Korea to empirically investigate the impact of the social mix policy on trust, networks, and norms, which are the three types of social capital that promote social integration. Multiple regression models present that the income mix is negatively associated with neighborly trust and networks, while being positively associated with norms. These models also suggest that mixing of income groups improves the norms of low-income groups but reduces the trust of high-income groups. Thus, this study argues for the need to establish specific goals and targets when promoting a social mix policy and understanding the side effects of introducing such a policy.
Seungho Yang; Hyungkyoo Kim; Seung-Nam Kim; KunHyuck Ahn. What is achieved and lost in living in a mixed-income neighborhood? Findings from South Korea. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment 2018, 33, 807 -828.
AMA StyleSeungho Yang, Hyungkyoo Kim, Seung-Nam Kim, KunHyuck Ahn. What is achieved and lost in living in a mixed-income neighborhood? Findings from South Korea. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment. 2018; 33 (4):807-828.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSeungho Yang; Hyungkyoo Kim; Seung-Nam Kim; KunHyuck Ahn. 2018. "What is achieved and lost in living in a mixed-income neighborhood? Findings from South Korea." Journal of Housing and the Built Environment 33, no. 4: 807-828.
There is a growing interest in understanding how the built environment affects temperature in cities. This study explores the impact of land use on temperature and how it varies by season and time of day in Seoul, South Korea. Unlike other studies that rely on extracted data from remotely sensed information, this study uses land use data from local GIS and near-ground temperature data from a network of state-run weather stations. To deal with multicollinearity among the land use variables, partial least squares regression models were used for analysis. Results suggest that residential and commercial uses and roads increase the temperature while open spaces decrease it. In detail, central commercial use, high-density residential use, and roads were influential heaters, while greenery was an influential cooler throughout the year. This study suggests the need for place-based planning and design solutions that help build climate resilience of cities.
Hyungkyoo Kim; Seung-Nam Kim. The Seasonal and Diurnal Influence of Surrounding Land Use on Temperature: Findings from Seoul, South Korea. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1443 .
AMA StyleHyungkyoo Kim, Seung-Nam Kim. The Seasonal and Diurnal Influence of Surrounding Land Use on Temperature: Findings from Seoul, South Korea. Sustainability. 2017; 9 (8):1443.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHyungkyoo Kim; Seung-Nam Kim. 2017. "The Seasonal and Diurnal Influence of Surrounding Land Use on Temperature: Findings from Seoul, South Korea." Sustainability 9, no. 8: 1443.
In 1985, San Francisco adopted a wind comfort standard in its Downtown Area Plan in response to increasing concerns about the city’s downtown public open spaces becoming excessively windy. After 30 years of implementation, this study revisits the standard and examines its effectiveness in promoting pedestrian comfort. Seven hundred one valid samples were collected from 6 months of field study, which combined surveying pedestrians and on-site collection of microclimate data. Statistical analysis and an assessment using the physiological equivalent temperature show that 11 mph (4.92 m/s), the comfort criterion in places for walking, performs as an effective determinant of outdoor comfort in San Francisco. This study sheds light on climate-resilience of cities, as they have become key urban challenges today.
Hyungkyoo Kim; Elizabeth Macdonald. Measuring the effectiveness of San Francisco’s planning standard for pedestrian wind comfort. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 2016, 24, 502 -511.
AMA StyleHyungkyoo Kim, Elizabeth Macdonald. Measuring the effectiveness of San Francisco’s planning standard for pedestrian wind comfort. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology. 2016; 24 (6):502-511.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHyungkyoo Kim; Elizabeth Macdonald. 2016. "Measuring the effectiveness of San Francisco’s planning standard for pedestrian wind comfort." International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 24, no. 6: 502-511.
In 1985, San Francisco adopted a downtown plan on ground-level wind currents intended to mitigate the negative effects of wind on pedestrians’ perceived comfort in public open spaces. The plan mandates that new buildings in designated parts of the city associated with high density or development potential be designed or adopt measures to not cause wind in excess of accepted comfort levels. This study examines whether and to what degree the plan has successfully shaped an urban form that mitigates wind by comparing the ground-level wind environment in 1985 and 2013. A series of wind tunnel tests found that during San Francisco’s windiest season when the westerly winds are prevalent, the overall mean wind speed ratio measured at 318 locations in four areas of the city dropped by 22%. However, there still exist many excessively windy places that are associated with specific urban form conditions, including streets oriented to have direct exposure to westerly winds, flat façades on high-rise buildings, and horizontal street walls where building façades align. Recommendations based on the findings include incorporating more tangible guidance on the built form conditions, expanding the plan’s reach to cover more parts of the city, and learning from strategies used elsewhere. By evaluating the urban form impacts of a wind mitigation policy that has been in place for 30 years, the research offers insights for other cities that have implemented or plan to adopt similar approach and sheds light on issues related to wind comfort in high-density urban areas.
Hyungkyoo Kim; Elizabeth Macdonald. Wind and the city: An evaluation of San Francisco’s planning approach since 1985. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 2016, 44, 10 -32.
AMA StyleHyungkyoo Kim, Elizabeth Macdonald. Wind and the city: An evaluation of San Francisco’s planning approach since 1985. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science. 2016; 44 (1):10-32.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHyungkyoo Kim; Elizabeth Macdonald. 2016. "Wind and the city: An evaluation of San Francisco’s planning approach since 1985." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 44, no. 1: 10-32.
This paper explores whether and to what extent wind discourages sustainable transportation mode choice, which includes riding public transportation, bicycling, and walking. A six month-long field study was carried out at four locations in San Francisco, a city that has been promoting sustainable transportation mode choice but that experiences high wind levels. It involved surveying pedestrians and on-site recording of microclimate data using various instruments. The survey adopted a mixed-method approach to collect both quantitative and qualitative data. Statistical analyses using Kruskal Wallis tests and ordinal logistic regression models identified the significant effect of wind speed on San Francisco’s residents in estimating their discouragement for waiting at transit stop without shelter, bicycling, and walking. Qualitative data revealed a deeper understanding of how wind influences their sustainable transportation mode choice. This research argues for the need to adopt climate-based efforts in urban planning and policy and sheds light on the climate resilience of cities
Hyungkyoo Kim; Elizabeth Macdonald. Does Wind Discourage Sustainable Transportation Mode Choice? Findings from San Francisco, California, USA. Sustainability 2016, 8, 257 .
AMA StyleHyungkyoo Kim, Elizabeth Macdonald. Does Wind Discourage Sustainable Transportation Mode Choice? Findings from San Francisco, California, USA. Sustainability. 2016; 8 (3):257.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHyungkyoo Kim; Elizabeth Macdonald. 2016. "Does Wind Discourage Sustainable Transportation Mode Choice? Findings from San Francisco, California, USA." Sustainability 8, no. 3: 257.
URBAN DESIGN International is a scholarly publication with a strong practitioner emphasis. It is relevant for all of those involved in architectural and planning education and practice. It is relevant for urban designers, architects, planners, surveyors and landscape architects and all professionals concerned with urban development and design.
Hyungkyoo Kim. Shaping suburbia: A comparison of state-led and market-led suburbs in Seoul Metropolitan Area, South Korea. URBAN DESIGN International 2015, 21, 131 -150.
AMA StyleHyungkyoo Kim. Shaping suburbia: A comparison of state-led and market-led suburbs in Seoul Metropolitan Area, South Korea. URBAN DESIGN International. 2015; 21 (2):131-150.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHyungkyoo Kim. 2015. "Shaping suburbia: A comparison of state-led and market-led suburbs in Seoul Metropolitan Area, South Korea." URBAN DESIGN International 21, no. 2: 131-150.
With the goal of making more walkable urban environments, studies on pedestrian behavior heavily rely on surveys or are increasingly using global positioning system tracking as the main vehicle of collecting data. Alternatively, this study adopts following pedestrians, a direct observation method, to examine pedestrians’ walking distance, route choice, and activities while walking from transit stations. Following 139 pedestrians from Glen Park and Rockridge BART stations in the San Francisco Bay Area to their final destinations on weekday afternoons suggests three major findings. Pedestrians walked 548 m on average and up to 1100 m, exceeding 1/4 mile (400 m), a rule-of-thumb distance frequently implemented in practice. Seventy-five per cent of the pedestrians walked along the main streets and twenty-nine per cent chose to walk longer routes. Seventy-four per cent of them engaged in various activities while walking, including shopping, window shopping, conversing with others and using street furniture. This study provides not only quantitative findings that are consistent with those from similar studies, but also descriptive information about pedestrian behavior, which they rarely do.
Hyungkyoo Kim. Walking distance, route choice, and activities while walking: A record of following pedestrians from transit stations in the San Francisco Bay area. URBAN DESIGN International 2015, 20, 144 -157.
AMA StyleHyungkyoo Kim. Walking distance, route choice, and activities while walking: A record of following pedestrians from transit stations in the San Francisco Bay area. URBAN DESIGN International. 2015; 20 (2):144-157.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHyungkyoo Kim. 2015. "Walking distance, route choice, and activities while walking: A record of following pedestrians from transit stations in the San Francisco Bay area." URBAN DESIGN International 20, no. 2: 144-157.