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Mountains arid environments are vulnerable under climate change scenarios. Variations in the recharge sources and the rising temperature can affect the water availability, threaten the socio-productive systems on local and regional scales. In this sense, two hydrological systems were studied in the Andes Range, Argentina, by hydrochemical and isotope techniques, with the purpose to understand the origin of water, the groundwater recharge, and to conceptualize the groundwater flow system. In the two sampling periods (winter and summer seasons) most of the waters were characterized by low mineralization and a HCO3-Ca type. The isotopic composition showed wide ranges of variation consistent with the altitudinal differences existing in the study systems. However, no significant isotope changes were observed between the samples collected in winter and summer periods. Therefore, little influence of liquid precipitation is inferred in the recharge source of both hydrological systems. This means that the western sector of the valley, where the ice bodies and permafrost are located, is the main recharge area for groundwater of both basins. This confirms the former hypothesis used for the hydrogeochemical conceptual model proposed, and highlights the importance of protecting these environments to ensure the provision of water in arid lands.
Nerina Belén Lana; Sandra Ibañez; Natalia Salvi; Daniel Cicerone; Marisol Manzano. First conceptual hydrogeological model of two intermountain Andean basins based on isotopes and hydrochemistry. Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies 2021, 1 -23.
AMA StyleNerina Belén Lana, Sandra Ibañez, Natalia Salvi, Daniel Cicerone, Marisol Manzano. First conceptual hydrogeological model of two intermountain Andean basins based on isotopes and hydrochemistry. Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies. 2021; ():1-23.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNerina Belén Lana; Sandra Ibañez; Natalia Salvi; Daniel Cicerone; Marisol Manzano. 2021. "First conceptual hydrogeological model of two intermountain Andean basins based on isotopes and hydrochemistry." Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies , no. : 1-23.
Nature-based solutions (NBS) are increasingly being promoted because they can solve different pursued aims together with providing an additional array of multiple ecosystem services or co-benefits. Nevertheless, their implementation is still being curbed by several barriers, for example, a lack of examples, a lack of finance, and a lack of business cases. Therefore, there is an urgent need to facilitate the construction of business models and business cases that identify the elements required to capture value. These are necessary to catalyze investments for the implementation of NBS. This article presents a tool called a Natural Assurance Schemes (NAS) canvas and explains how it can be applied to identify business models for NBS strategies providing climate adaptation services, showing an eye-shot summary of critical information to attract funding. The framework is applied in three case studies covering different contexts, scales, and climate-related risks (floods and droughts). Finally, a reflective analysis is done, comparing the tool with other similar approaches while highlighting the differential characteristics that define the usefulness, replicability, and flexibility of the tool for the target users, namely policymakers, developers, scientists, or entrepreneurs aiming to promote and implement NAS and NBS projects.
Beatriz Mayor; Pedro Zorrilla-Miras; Philippe Coent; Thomas Biffin; Kieran Dartée; Karina Peña; Nina Graveline; Roxane Marchal; Florentina Nanu; Albert Scrieciu; Javier Calatrava; Marisol Manzano; Elena López Gunn. Natural Assurance Schemes Canvas: A Framework to Develop Business Models for Nature-Based Solutions Aimed at Disaster Risk Reduction. Sustainability 2021, 13, 1291 .
AMA StyleBeatriz Mayor, Pedro Zorrilla-Miras, Philippe Coent, Thomas Biffin, Kieran Dartée, Karina Peña, Nina Graveline, Roxane Marchal, Florentina Nanu, Albert Scrieciu, Javier Calatrava, Marisol Manzano, Elena López Gunn. Natural Assurance Schemes Canvas: A Framework to Develop Business Models for Nature-Based Solutions Aimed at Disaster Risk Reduction. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (3):1291.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBeatriz Mayor; Pedro Zorrilla-Miras; Philippe Coent; Thomas Biffin; Kieran Dartée; Karina Peña; Nina Graveline; Roxane Marchal; Florentina Nanu; Albert Scrieciu; Javier Calatrava; Marisol Manzano; Elena López Gunn. 2021. "Natural Assurance Schemes Canvas: A Framework to Develop Business Models for Nature-Based Solutions Aimed at Disaster Risk Reduction." Sustainability 13, no. 3: 1291.
The Guaraní Aquifer System (SAG) is the largest transboundary aquifer in Latin America, extending beneath parts of Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina, and Uruguay. This paper presents the results of recent hydrogeological studies in the southern portion of the SAG. Locally, the abundance of surface water bodies precluded the use of conventional hydrological tools to characterize groundwater flows. Geological, hydrochemical and environmental isotope investigations were integrated to postulate a revised hydrogeological conceptual model. The revised geological model has provided a better definition of the geometry of the aquifer units and outlined the relevance of regional faults in controlling flow patterns. The new potentiometric map is consistent with groundwater flow from the SAG outcrops to the centre of the Corrientes Province, where upwards flows were identified. Hydrochemical and isotope data confirmed the widespread occurrence of mixing. Noble gas isotopes dissolved in groundwater (4He and 81Kr/Kr) provided residence times ranging from recent recharge up to 770 ± 130 ka. Groundwater age modelling confirmed the role of the geological structures in controlling groundwater flow. The southern sector of the SAG is a multilayer aquifer system with vertical flows and deep regional discharge near the Esteros del Iberá wetland area and along the Paraná and Uruguay rivers.
Luis Vives; Leticia Rodríguez; Marisol Manzano; Andrés Mira; Luis Araguás-Araguás; Lucía Ortega; Javier Heredia; Takuya Matsumoto. Using isotope data to characterize and date groundwater in the southern sector of the Guaraní Aquifer System. Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies 2020, 56, 533 -550.
AMA StyleLuis Vives, Leticia Rodríguez, Marisol Manzano, Andrés Mira, Luis Araguás-Araguás, Lucía Ortega, Javier Heredia, Takuya Matsumoto. Using isotope data to characterize and date groundwater in the southern sector of the Guaraní Aquifer System. Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies. 2020; 56 (5-6):533-550.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuis Vives; Leticia Rodríguez; Marisol Manzano; Andrés Mira; Luis Araguás-Araguás; Lucía Ortega; Javier Heredia; Takuya Matsumoto. 2020. "Using isotope data to characterize and date groundwater in the southern sector of the Guaraní Aquifer System." Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies 56, no. 5-6: 533-550.
The Chaco-Pampean Plain (CPP), Argentina, is one of the most extensive loess areas in the world, higlhly productive in terms of agriculture and livestock and with a generalized groundwater signature of Na-HCO3 water type. High As concentrations have been often reported in aquifers throughout the entire CPP related to higher pH and alkalinity values. The processes leading to the groundwater from the humid Matanza-Riachuelo Aquifer System (MRAS) to acquire its alkalinity and pH have been investigated by means of detailed sampling of water and solid phases and geochemical modeling (Phreeqc code). The model has also been applied to two extra areas of the CPP with different climates: the semi-arid Río Dulce Alluvial Aquifer (RDA), and the arid Northern area of the La Pampa province (NLP). The analyses of groundwater from the three different regions (from humid to arid) confirm the positive correlation between arsenic and the high pH and HCO3 concentrations. The model has offered insights into key soil-rock interaction parameters that determine the groundwater chemistry of the CPP. Thus, in addition to the already known calcite precipitation, Ca retention by the volcanic glass exchange complex has appeared as crucial for groundwater to acquire the characteristic Na-HCO3 signature. Moreover, the model has also highlighted the role of low CO2 pressures in attaining the high pH values measured in poorly vegetated soils. Of particular significance is the unexpected role played by the formation of secondary alumino-silicates in increasing (rather than decreasing) pH. Further investigations on the role of volcanic glass in the soil exchange properties and the chemical composition of the exchange complex together with the accurate determination of the clay mineralogy are needed to understand the high pH and alkalinity values of groundwater of this vast region.
S. Armengol; C. Ayora; M. Manzano; S.A. Bea; S. Martínez. The role of loess weathering in the groundwater chemistry of the Chaco-Pampean Plain (Argentina). Journal of Hydrology 2020, 587, 124984 .
AMA StyleS. Armengol, C. Ayora, M. Manzano, S.A. Bea, S. Martínez. The role of loess weathering in the groundwater chemistry of the Chaco-Pampean Plain (Argentina). Journal of Hydrology. 2020; 587 ():124984.
Chicago/Turabian StyleS. Armengol; C. Ayora; M. Manzano; S.A. Bea; S. Martínez. 2020. "The role of loess weathering in the groundwater chemistry of the Chaco-Pampean Plain (Argentina)." Journal of Hydrology 587, no. : 124984.
The Úbeda aquifer system is a multi-layered aquifer intensively exploited for irrigation. It covers 1100km and consists of piled up sedimentary aquifer and aquitard layers from Triassic sandstones and clays at the bottom, to Jurassic carbonates (main exploited layer) in the middle, and Miocene sandstones and marls at the top. Flow network modification by intense exploitation and the existence of deep faults favour vertical mixing of waters from different layers and with distinct chemical composition. This induces quality loss and fosters risk of quantity restrictions. To support future groundwater abstraction management, a hydrogeochemical (major and some minor solutes) and isotopic (Rn) study was performed to identify the chemical signatures of the different layers and their mixing proportions in mixed samples. The study of 134 groundwater samples allowed a preliminary identification of hydrochemical signatures and mixtures, but the existence of reducing conditions in the most exploited sector prevents the utility of sulphate as a tracer of Triassic groundwater in the Jurassic boreholes. The potential of Rn to establish isotopic signatures and to trace groundwater provenance in mixtures was tested. Rn was measured in 48 samples from springs and boreholes in most aquifer layers. At first, clear correlations were observed between Rn, Cl and SO in groundwater. Afterwards, very good correlations were observed between Rn and the chemical facies of the different layers established with End Member Mixing Analysis (EMMA). Using Rn as part of the signatures, EMMA helped to identify end-member samples, and to quantify the mixing proportions of water from the Triassic and the Deep Miocene layers in groundwater pumped by deep agricultural wells screened in the Jurassic. The incorporation of Rn to the study also allowed identifying the impact of irrigation returns through the association of moderate NO, Cl, and Br contents with very low Rn activities.
L. Ortega; M. Manzano; J. Rodríguez-Arévalo. Testing the usefulness of 222Rn to complement conventional hydrochemical data to trace groundwater provenance in complex multi-layered aquifers. Application to the Úbeda aquifer system (Jaén, SE Spain). Science of The Total Environment 2017, 599-600, 2105 -2120.
AMA StyleL. Ortega, M. Manzano, J. Rodríguez-Arévalo. Testing the usefulness of 222Rn to complement conventional hydrochemical data to trace groundwater provenance in complex multi-layered aquifers. Application to the Úbeda aquifer system (Jaén, SE Spain). Science of The Total Environment. 2017; 599-600 ():2105-2120.
Chicago/Turabian StyleL. Ortega; M. Manzano; J. Rodríguez-Arévalo. 2017. "Testing the usefulness of 222Rn to complement conventional hydrochemical data to trace groundwater provenance in complex multi-layered aquifers. Application to the Úbeda aquifer system (Jaén, SE Spain)." Science of The Total Environment 599-600, no. : 2105-2120.
Groundwater recharge is one of the key variables for aquifer management and also one of the most difficult to be evaluated with acceptable accuracy. This is especially relevant in semiarid areas, where the processes involved in recharge are widely variable. Uncertainty should be estimated to know how reliable recharge estimations are. Groundwater recharge has been calculated in the Alcadozo Aquifer System, under steady state conditions, at regional (aquifer) and sub-regional (spring catchment) scales applying different methods. The regional distribution of long-term average recharge values has been estimated with the chloride mass balance method using data from four rain stations and 40 groundwater samples covering almost the whole aquifer surface. A remarkable spatial variability has been found. Average annual recharge rates ranges from 20 to 243mmyear(-1) across the aquifer, with an estimated coefficient of variation between 0.16 and 0.38. The average recharge/precipitation ratio decreases from 34% in the NW to 6% in the SE, following the topographic slope. At spring-catchment scale, recharge has been estimated by modelling the soil water balance with the code Visual Balan 2.0. The results, calibrated with discharge data of the two main springs Liétor and Ayna, are 35.5 and 50mmyear(-1) respectively, with estimated coefficients of variation of 0.49 and 0.36. A sensitivity analysis showed that soil parameters influence the most the uncertainty of recharge estimations. Recharge values estimated with both methods and at two temporal and spatial scales are consistent, considering the regional variability obtained with the chloride method and the respective confidence intervals. Evaluating the uncertainties of each method eased to compare their relative results and to check their agreement, which provided confidence to the values obtained. Thus, the use of independent methods together with their uncertainties is strongly recommended to constrain the magnitude and to provide reliance to recharge estimations.
Jorge Hornero; Marisol Manzano; Lucía Ortega; Emilio Custodio. Integrating soil water and tracer balances, numerical modelling and GIS tools to estimate regional groundwater recharge: Application to the Alcadozo Aquifer System (SE Spain). Science of The Total Environment 2016, 568, 415 -432.
AMA StyleJorge Hornero, Marisol Manzano, Lucía Ortega, Emilio Custodio. Integrating soil water and tracer balances, numerical modelling and GIS tools to estimate regional groundwater recharge: Application to the Alcadozo Aquifer System (SE Spain). Science of The Total Environment. 2016; 568 ():415-432.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJorge Hornero; Marisol Manzano; Lucía Ortega; Emilio Custodio. 2016. "Integrating soil water and tracer balances, numerical modelling and GIS tools to estimate regional groundwater recharge: Application to the Alcadozo Aquifer System (SE Spain)." Science of The Total Environment 568, no. : 415-432.
Intensive groundwater development is a common circumstance in semiarid and arid areas. Often abstraction exceeds recharge, thus continuously depleting reserves. There is groundwater mining when the recovery of aquifer reserves needs more than 50 years. The MASE project has been carried out to compile what is known about Spain and specifically about the south-eastern Iberian Peninsula and the Canary Islands. The objective was the synthetic analysis of available data on the hydrological, economic, managerial, social, and ethical aspects of groundwater mining. Since the mid-20th century, intensive use of groundwater in south-eastern Spain allowed extending and securing the areas with traditional surface water irrigation of cash crops and their extension to former dry lands, taking advantage of good soils and climate. This fostered a huge economic and social development. Intensive agriculture is a main activity, although tourism plays currently an increasing economic role in the coasts. Many aquifers are relatively high yielding small carbonate units where the total groundwater level drawdown may currently exceed 300 m. Groundwater storage depletion is estimated about 15 km3. This volume is close to the total contribution of the Tagus-Segura water transfer, but without large investments paid for with public funds. Seawater desalination complements urban supply and part of cash crop cultivation. Reclaimed urban waste water is used for irrigation. Groundwater mining produces benefits but associated to sometimes serious economic, administrative, legal and environmental problems. The use of an exhaustible vital resource raises ethical concerns. It cannot continue under the current legal conditions. A progressive change of water use paradigm is the way out, but this is not in the mind of most water managers and politicians. The positive and negative results observed in south-eastern Spain may help to analyse other areas under similar hydrogeological conditions in a less advanced stage of water use evolution.
Emilio Custodio; José Miguel Andreu-Rodes; Ramón Aragón; Teodoro Estrela; Javier Ferrer; José Luis García-Aróstegui; Marisol Manzano; Luis Rodríguez-Hernández; Andrés Sahuquillo; Alberto del Villar. Groundwater intensive use and mining in south-eastern peninsular Spain: Hydrogeological, economic and social aspects. Science of The Total Environment 2016, 559, 302 -316.
AMA StyleEmilio Custodio, José Miguel Andreu-Rodes, Ramón Aragón, Teodoro Estrela, Javier Ferrer, José Luis García-Aróstegui, Marisol Manzano, Luis Rodríguez-Hernández, Andrés Sahuquillo, Alberto del Villar. Groundwater intensive use and mining in south-eastern peninsular Spain: Hydrogeological, economic and social aspects. Science of The Total Environment. 2016; 559 ():302-316.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmilio Custodio; José Miguel Andreu-Rodes; Ramón Aragón; Teodoro Estrela; Javier Ferrer; José Luis García-Aróstegui; Marisol Manzano; Luis Rodríguez-Hernández; Andrés Sahuquillo; Alberto del Villar. 2016. "Groundwater intensive use and mining in south-eastern peninsular Spain: Hydrogeological, economic and social aspects." Science of The Total Environment 559, no. : 302-316.
This paper presents a review on the integration of hydrological, ecological and hydrogeological processes into Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) practice. These processes, for example, interact and take part in the process of creation of groundwater-related wetlands, which are an important part of the Earth's biodiversity. Tools for integrating water and ecosystems are presented, with emphasis on the hydrogeological aspects as often they are poorly considered. Recent pioneering projects (IGCP-604, UNESCO-IHP, GENESIS, and Groundwater Governance) developed models for the future integration of ecosystem health with groundwater exploitation. An IWRM approach where groundwater-related wetlands and the groundwater systems upon which they depend are included in conjunctive water management decisions can be an accepted and workable paradigm that will benefit present and future generations.
Àfrica de la Hera; Joe Gurrieri; Shammy Puri; Emilio Custodio; Marisol Manzano. Ecohydrology and hydrogeological processes: groundwater–ecosystem interactions with special emphasis on abiotic processes. Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology 2016, 16, 99 -105.
AMA StyleÀfrica de la Hera, Joe Gurrieri, Shammy Puri, Emilio Custodio, Marisol Manzano. Ecohydrology and hydrogeological processes: groundwater–ecosystem interactions with special emphasis on abiotic processes. Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology. 2016; 16 (2):99-105.
Chicago/Turabian StyleÀfrica de la Hera; Joe Gurrieri; Shammy Puri; Emilio Custodio; Marisol Manzano. 2016. "Ecohydrology and hydrogeological processes: groundwater–ecosystem interactions with special emphasis on abiotic processes." Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology 16, no. 2: 99-105.
The two most exploited aquifers in the Matanza-Riachuelo River basin are being monitored in the framework of the Integrated Environmental Sanitation Plan that implements the Basin Authority, Autoridad de Cuenca Matanza Riachuelo. In this context, this work identifies the groundwater chemical types and the natural processes behind them; determines spatial and temporal changes; establishes ranges of variation for chemical components, and proposes concentration values for the upper limit of the natural chemical background. A total of 1007 samples from three aquifer-layers (Upper Aquifer, top and bottom of Puelche Aquifer) have been studied. As concrete guidelines for practical determination of baseline values are not available in the region, the methodology used follows the proposals of European projects which assessed European water directives. The groundwater composition is very stable in terms of both chemical facies and mineralization degree, and the changes observed in the dry and wet periods analysed are subtle in general. Most of the groundwater is Na-HCO3 type, except a few samples that are Ca-HCO3, Na-ClSO4 and Na-Cl types. The Ca-HCO3 waters are the result of calcium carbonate dissolution, Na-HCO3 waters result from cation exchange and carbonate dissolution, while in the Na-ClSO4 and Na-Cl waters, mixing with connate and with encroached old marine water from the underlying and overlying sediments are the most relevant processes. The proposed values for the upper limit of the natural background consider the influence of geology and Holocene marine ingressions in the baseline of coastal groundwater. This study allowed to know the initial chemical conditions of the groundwater system of the Matanza-Riachuelo River basin and to establish the reference from which Basin Authority can start to evaluate trends and monitor the recovery plan. At the same time, it sets a precedent for future studies in the region.
María Emilia Zabala; S. Martínez; M. Manzano; L. Vives. Groundwater chemical baseline values to assess the Recovery Plan in the Matanza-Riachuelo River basin, Argentina. Science of The Total Environment 2016, 541, 1516 -1530.
AMA StyleMaría Emilia Zabala, S. Martínez, M. Manzano, L. Vives. Groundwater chemical baseline values to assess the Recovery Plan in the Matanza-Riachuelo River basin, Argentina. Science of The Total Environment. 2016; 541 ():1516-1530.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaría Emilia Zabala; S. Martínez; M. Manzano; L. Vives. 2016. "Groundwater chemical baseline values to assess the Recovery Plan in the Matanza-Riachuelo River basin, Argentina." Science of The Total Environment 541, no. : 1516-1530.
The Pampean plain is the most productive region in Argentina. The Pampeano Aquifer beneath the Pampean plain is used mostly for drinking water. The study area is the sector of the Pampeano Aquifer underlying the Del Azul Creek basin, in Buenos Aires province. The main objective is to characterize the chemical and isotopic compositions of groundwater and their origin on a regional scale. The methodology used involved the identification and characterization of potential sources of solutes, the study of rain water and groundwater chemical and isotopic characteristics to deduce processes, the development of a hydrogeochemical conceptual model, and its validation by hydrogeochemical modelling with PHREEQC. Groundwater samples come mostly from a two-depth monitoring network of the "Dr. Eduardo J. Usunoff" Large Plains Hydrology Institute (IHLLA). Groundwater salinity increases from SW to NE, where groundwater is saline. In the upper basin groundwater is of the HCO3-Ca type, in the middle basin it is HCO3-Na, and in the lower basin it is ClSO4-NaCa and Cl-Na. The main processes incorporating solutes to groundwater during recharge in the upper basin are rain water evaporation, dissolution of CO2, calcite, dolomite, silica, and anorthite; cationic exchange with Na release and Ca and Mg uptake, and clay precipitation. The main processes modifying groundwater chemistry along horizontal flow at 30 m depth from the upper to the lower basin are cationic exchange, dissolution of silica and anorthite, and clay precipitation. The origin of salinity in the middle and lower basin is secular evaporation in a naturally endorheic area. In the upper and middle basins there is agricultural pollution. In the lower basin the main pollution source is human liquid and solid wastes. Vertical infiltration through the boreholes annular space during the yearly flooding stages is probably the pollution mechanism of the samples at 30 m depth.
María Emilia Zabala; M. Manzano; L. Vives. The origin of groundwater composition in the Pampeano Aquifer underlying the Del Azul Creek basin, Argentina. Science of The Total Environment 2015, 518-519, 168 -188.
AMA StyleMaría Emilia Zabala, M. Manzano, L. Vives. The origin of groundwater composition in the Pampeano Aquifer underlying the Del Azul Creek basin, Argentina. Science of The Total Environment. 2015; 518-519 ():168-188.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaría Emilia Zabala; M. Manzano; L. Vives. 2015. "The origin of groundwater composition in the Pampeano Aquifer underlying the Del Azul Creek basin, Argentina." Science of The Total Environment 518-519, no. : 168-188.
Gerson Cardoso Da Silva Junior; Emilia Bocanegra; Emilio Custodio; Marisol Manzano; Suzana Montenegro; Gerson Cardoso Da Silva Jr.. State of knowledge and management of Iberoamerican coastal aquifers with different geo-hydrological settings. Episodes 2010, 33, 91 -101.
AMA StyleGerson Cardoso Da Silva Junior, Emilia Bocanegra, Emilio Custodio, Marisol Manzano, Suzana Montenegro, Gerson Cardoso Da Silva Jr.. State of knowledge and management of Iberoamerican coastal aquifers with different geo-hydrological settings. Episodes. 2010; 33 (2):91-101.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGerson Cardoso Da Silva Junior; Emilia Bocanegra; Emilio Custodio; Marisol Manzano; Suzana Montenegro; Gerson Cardoso Da Silva Jr.. 2010. "State of knowledge and management of Iberoamerican coastal aquifers with different geo-hydrological settings." Episodes 33, no. 2: 91-101.
A comparative analysis of the existing hydrogeological and management information from 15 coastal aquifers in South America was performed in order to obtain insight into common features of the sub-continent coastal zones. Some knowledge from other areas has been incorporated. There is a very variable degree of knowledge and management practice, ranging from almost no data and no action (the most common case), to sound conceptual models about aquifer behaviour and comprehensive management actions such as relocation of abstractions, pumping brackish groundwater, and aquifer vulnerability mapping. Some common features are: intensive groundwater exploitation; lack of characterization studies to support resource planning and management; lack of monitoring networks; and the need for raising awareness within society and its involvement in resource planning and management action programmes. Quality and quantity problems arising in heavily populated areas associated with coastal aquifers in South America point to unsustainable groundwater development. The sustainable use of those aquifers must rely on adequate evaluation of aquifer characteristics and monitoring.
Emilia Bocanegra; Gerson Cardoso Da Silva; Emilio Custodio; Marisol Manzano; Suzana Montenegro; Gerson Cardoso Da Silva Jr.. State of knowledge of coastal aquifer management in South America. Hydrogeology Journal 2009, 18, 261 -267.
AMA StyleEmilia Bocanegra, Gerson Cardoso Da Silva, Emilio Custodio, Marisol Manzano, Suzana Montenegro, Gerson Cardoso Da Silva Jr.. State of knowledge of coastal aquifer management in South America. Hydrogeology Journal. 2009; 18 (1):261-267.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmilia Bocanegra; Gerson Cardoso Da Silva; Emilio Custodio; Marisol Manzano; Suzana Montenegro; Gerson Cardoso Da Silva Jr.. 2009. "State of knowledge of coastal aquifer management in South America." Hydrogeology Journal 18, no. 1: 261-267.
Groundwater forms complex, three-dimensional bodies in which recharge, flow conditions and interaction with the solid matrix are point dependent. This means that, in a given groundwater body, the chemical, radiochemical and biochemical characteristics of water vary both in space (horizontally and ve...
Emilio Custodio; Marisol Manzano. Chapter 5.2. Groundwater Quality Background Levels. Groundwater Science and Policy 2007, 193 -216.
AMA StyleEmilio Custodio, Marisol Manzano. Chapter 5.2. Groundwater Quality Background Levels. Groundwater Science and Policy. 2007; ():193-216.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmilio Custodio; Marisol Manzano. 2007. "Chapter 5.2. Groundwater Quality Background Levels." Groundwater Science and Policy , no. : 193-216.