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Dr. Tanja Mihalic
University of Ljubljana, School of Economics and Business

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0 Tourism Economy
0 tourism and sustainability
0 Tourism and Development
0 Tourism Behavior
0 Tourism management

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Tourism and Development
tourism and sustainability
Tourism management

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Short Biography

Tanja Mihalic is a professor and head of the tourism program at the Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Ljubljana (SEBLU), Slovenia. Her research and consulting interests include tourism economics, sustainable competitiveness, sustainable and responsible tourism, tourism policy, management, and tourism education. She is a consultant to local and national governments, European Commission and global bodies. Among others, she is an expert evaluator for the European Commission and was a member of the UNWTO World Committee on Tourism Ethics. She is an editorial board member or field editor of several international journals, and member of several tourism academic organisations.

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Earlycite article
Published: 02 April 2021 in Tourism Review
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Purpose This paper aims to present a model to survey if effective destination management can manage (unsustainable) overtourism from the perspective of residents’ quality of life (QOL). Design/methodology/approach A constructivist approach, based on factors taken from conceptual overtourism model (Mihalic, 2020), was used to propose an overtourism QOL management model. Relationships among the factors were analysed with a path analyses model with two second-order latent factors. The model was tested in a real setting, the city of Ljubljana. Findings The proposed theoretical model is comprised of five factors: positive tourism impacts, negative tourism impacts, irritation with overtourism, residents’ QOL and destination management. Empirical tests confirmed the model. Positive tourism impacts positively affected residents’ QOL via destination management. Negative tourism impacts created overtourism-based resident irritation and negatively impacted their QOL. Research limitations/implications The model was limited to one group of sustainable tourism stakeholders: residents of a destination. The sustainability performance of tourism was only assessed based on residents’ QOL. Practical implications The proposed model adds to the conceptual knowledge of tourism and may be useful for (sustainable) destination managers to monitor the existence and causes of overtourism and may help to focus efforts to manage the causes of overtourism irritation and improve residents’ QOL. Originality/value Overtourism is a concern for residents of tourism destinations who become irritated by unsustainable tourism impacts on community resources and their QOL. The suggested model is the first to address destination management’s ability to manage unsustainable overtourism.

ACS Style

Tanja Mihalic; Kir Kuščer. Can overtourism be managed? Destination management factors affecting residents’ irritation and quality of life. Tourism Review 2021, ahead-of-p, 1 .

AMA Style

Tanja Mihalic, Kir Kuščer. Can overtourism be managed? Destination management factors affecting residents’ irritation and quality of life. Tourism Review. 2021; ahead-of-p (ahead-of-p):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tanja Mihalic; Kir Kuščer. 2021. "Can overtourism be managed? Destination management factors affecting residents’ irritation and quality of life." Tourism Review ahead-of-p, no. ahead-of-p: 1.

Journal article
Published: 16 January 2021 in Sustainability
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Sustainable tourism as a concept, and responsible tourism as its successful implementation, represent two major challenges for researchers in different academic fields and for tourism stakeholders in destinations responsible for sustainable tourism planning, policies, actions, and outcomes. This paper provides a bibliometric inventory of research published in the field of sustainable and responsible tourism (SRT). The results identify the publications on SRT; author cooperation between countries and their nodes; the disciplinary areas of SRT and the influential works, journals, and authors; and the bibliometric clusters. The aim of the study was to determine whether SRT has merged into a single “responsustainable” tourism discourse that could shift the mainstream paradigm of sustainable tourism towards the full content of SRT. The analysis was unable to confirm this shift towards an expanded paradigm of SRT but the results do indicate that SRT will remain an important area of tourism research for the foreseeable future.

ACS Style

Tanja Mihalic; Sahar Mohamadi; Abbas Abbasi; Lóránt Dávid. Mapping a Sustainable and Responsible Tourism Paradigm: A Bibliometric and Citation Network Analysis. Sustainability 2021, 13, 853 .

AMA Style

Tanja Mihalic, Sahar Mohamadi, Abbas Abbasi, Lóránt Dávid. Mapping a Sustainable and Responsible Tourism Paradigm: A Bibliometric and Citation Network Analysis. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (2):853.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tanja Mihalic; Sahar Mohamadi; Abbas Abbasi; Lóránt Dávid. 2021. "Mapping a Sustainable and Responsible Tourism Paradigm: A Bibliometric and Citation Network Analysis." Sustainability 13, no. 2: 853.

Journal article
Published: 14 August 2020 in Annals of Tourism Research
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This paper conceptualises a new tourism phenomenon: overtourism. Conceptualisation is based on relevant tourism knowledge on sustainability and related responsibility. The proposed model, presented in concise pictorial form, brings together the tourism capacities of the ‘sustainability pillars’ as well as the novel ‘socio-psychological’ and ‘socio-political’ capacities. Ultimately, the model may assist in monitoring, diagnosing and influencing the risks of any unsustainable tourism situation. The proposed novel capacities add to growing academic call to revisit the contemporary academic and practical approaches to tourism and sustainability, based on its low efficacy in practice. Paper suggests to extend and update the existing sustainable tourism paradigm to encourage more sustainable tourism strategies, policies and their more effective implementation.

ACS Style

Tanja Mihalic. Conceptualising overtourism: A sustainability approach. Annals of Tourism Research 2020, 84, 103025 .

AMA Style

Tanja Mihalic. Conceptualising overtourism: A sustainability approach. Annals of Tourism Research. 2020; 84 ():103025.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tanja Mihalic. 2020. "Conceptualising overtourism: A sustainability approach." Annals of Tourism Research 84, no. : 103025.

Journal article
Published: 22 July 2020 in Sustainability
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Tourism explores new frontiers by traveling around unknown geographical and technological territories that bring new tourism opportunities and hazards to satisfy visitors’ needs and sustainability and responsibility in destinations. This study introduces a composite model for measuring travel motivation and the impact of social media on travel behavior and applies it to the town of Longyearbyen in the High Arctic. Both aspects were surveyed through qualitative semi-structured visitor interviews. While the motivation to visit Longyearbyen depended on travelers’ needs, their travel experiences, and push and pull motivational factors, respondents gave examples of how social media positively or negatively affected different elements of their motivation and visitation. The study indicates the opportunities and hazards analyzed from social media as well as future research directions needed in the pursuit of a more responsible tourism approach while exploring new technological and geographical frontiers.

ACS Style

Carolina Aldao; Tanja A. Mihalic. New Frontiers in Travel Motivation and Social Media: The Case of Longyearbyen, the High Arctic. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5905 .

AMA Style

Carolina Aldao, Tanja A. Mihalic. New Frontiers in Travel Motivation and Social Media: The Case of Longyearbyen, the High Arctic. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (15):5905.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carolina Aldao; Tanja A. Mihalic. 2020. "New Frontiers in Travel Motivation and Social Media: The Case of Longyearbyen, the High Arctic." Sustainability 12, no. 15: 5905.

Earlycite article
Published: 21 April 2020 in Journal of Tourism Futures
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify and describe the most recent (or emerging) trends likely to have a major impact in shaping the future of tourism in Europe. Design/methodology/approach The methodology of this paper involved in-depth literature review of European Union policies, initiatives and programs. Also, semi-structured interviews were conducted with key individuals/organisations, mainly at a European level, but also including pertinent global and national tourism organisations. Moreover, an online survey was also conducted and circulated to a wide range of organisations from all 28 EU Member States. Nvivo was used to analyse the documents as well as to conduct a content and thematic analysis of the interviews. Findings This paper identifies five trends associated with the future of tourism in Europe. Those main trends are: evolving visitor demand; marketing; stakeholders and tourism governance; new technologies; and sustainable and responsible tourism. Originality/value This trends paper provides five useful recommendations for the future of tourism in Europe, including: sustainable tourism development, investment in technology, effective tourism governance, enhance Europe's overall destination brand and marketing strategy, and the need for new skills and training.

ACS Style

Natàlia Ferrer-Roca; Richard Weston; Jaume Guia; Tanja Mihalic; Dani Blasco; Lluís Prats; Mary Lawler; David Jarratt. Back to the future: challenges of European tourism of tomorrow. Journal of Tourism Futures 2020, 7, 184 -191.

AMA Style

Natàlia Ferrer-Roca, Richard Weston, Jaume Guia, Tanja Mihalic, Dani Blasco, Lluís Prats, Mary Lawler, David Jarratt. Back to the future: challenges of European tourism of tomorrow. Journal of Tourism Futures. 2020; 7 (2):184-191.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Natàlia Ferrer-Roca; Richard Weston; Jaume Guia; Tanja Mihalic; Dani Blasco; Lluís Prats; Mary Lawler; David Jarratt. 2020. "Back to the future: challenges of European tourism of tomorrow." Journal of Tourism Futures 7, no. 2: 184-191.

Journal article
Published: 26 March 2019 in Sustainability
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Increasing worldwide evidence on disruptive unsustainable impacts, caused by growing overtourism, is shaking tourism research agendas and destination management styles. Monitoring the risks of overtourism is becoming a relevant issue for every destination. This paper combines the existing sustainability–responsibility tourism framework from academic research with current industry research on overtourism in order to propose a sustainable tourism impact and stakeholder cooperation based on the overtourism risk monitoring model. Data-based social science statistical methodology and tools were used to identify the residents’ attitudes about tourism impacts and cooperation in the destination of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Ljubljana represents a case of a fast-growing tourism destination, which might lead to overtourism. Research has confirmed some impact factors that negatively influence the satisfaction of local residents with tourism presence. Furthermore, it has been confirmed that increased cooperation mitigates the negative perceptions of residents on tourism presence. In its present form, the proposed monitoring model can be used to examine the overtourism situation and to inform sustainable tourism policy and management for every destination.

ACS Style

Kir Kuščer; Tanja Mihalič. Residents’ Attitudes towards Overtourism from the Perspective of Tourism Impacts and Cooperation–The Case of Ljubljana. Sustainability 2019, 11, 1823 .

AMA Style

Kir Kuščer, Tanja Mihalič. Residents’ Attitudes towards Overtourism from the Perspective of Tourism Impacts and Cooperation–The Case of Ljubljana. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (6):1823.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kir Kuščer; Tanja Mihalič. 2019. "Residents’ Attitudes towards Overtourism from the Perspective of Tourism Impacts and Cooperation–The Case of Ljubljana." Sustainability 11, no. 6: 1823.

Journal article
Published: 09 August 2018 in Anatolia
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ACS Style

Tanja Mihalič. Academic and hunter: a portrait of William C. Gartner. Anatolia 2018, 1 -10.

AMA Style

Tanja Mihalič. Academic and hunter: a portrait of William C. Gartner. Anatolia. 2018; ():1-10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tanja Mihalič. 2018. "Academic and hunter: a portrait of William C. Gartner." Anatolia , no. : 1-10.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2018 in Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education
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ACS Style

Janne J. Liburd; Tanja Mihalič; Jaume Guia. Values in tourism higher education: The European master in tourism management. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education 2018, 22, 100 -104.

AMA Style

Janne J. Liburd, Tanja Mihalič, Jaume Guia. Values in tourism higher education: The European master in tourism management. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education. 2018; 22 ():100-104.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Janne J. Liburd; Tanja Mihalič; Jaume Guia. 2018. "Values in tourism higher education: The European master in tourism management." Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education 22, no. : 100-104.

Journal article
Published: 04 September 2017 in International Journal of Tourism Cities
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The purpose of this paper is to provide details of the communist and socialist past to inform the debate on redesigning tourism in Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries as impacted by the transition and accelerated by European Union (EU) membership. The issues from two sides are addressed: academic and practical. Based on a literature review, the authors propose a model of five main research topics that represent the main areas of change and conceptualise the general EU accession research debate on tourism. Content analysis is conducted on each of the revealed main research topics that are presented and discussed from the standpoint of tourism-relevant socialist and communist stature and image. On the other hand, this paper engages with reality as it surveys real-life practices in tourism development and business operation based on the personal experience of the researcher regarding the social situation under consideration. The findings concerning the revealed main areas of tourism change in CEE countries following EU accession refer to the: change from communism towards a new image (Europeanisation and re-imaging), change from communism to capitalism (transformation and marketisation), change from old communist tourism products to new products (rejuvenation, diversification), change from communist towards sustainability values (sustainability) and change from tourism inside the communist block to international tourism (re-internationalisation) The discussion indicates how each area of change relates to socialist and communist content and its tourism relevance and the potential for tourism development, policy and business. The list of relevant works is not exhaustive as only tourism-focussed quality journals are surveyed in order to define the main areas of change. A very relevant source of information and impartial advice for tourism developers and policymakers in ex-socialist and communist countries is provided regarding tourism development at the strategic and managerial levels. This paper fills an identified information/resource gap concerning the potential and contribution of communist and socialist heritage to tourism development and business, and places this in the context of the changes CEE countries have made in order to stay and/or become tourism destinations. It introduces a new term “tourism redesign” which explains the transition in tourism development, policy and management through different areas of change.

ACS Style

Tanja Mihalic. Redesigning tourism in CEE countries: the main areas of change and the communist past. International Journal of Tourism Cities 2017, 3, 227 -242.

AMA Style

Tanja Mihalic. Redesigning tourism in CEE countries: the main areas of change and the communist past. International Journal of Tourism Cities. 2017; 3 (3):227-242.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tanja Mihalic. 2017. "Redesigning tourism in CEE countries: the main areas of change and the communist past." International Journal of Tourism Cities 3, no. 3: 227-242.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2017 in Journal of Destination Marketing & Management
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The tourism development debate includes many studies on how residents perceive positive or negative tourism impacts, based on sustainability, as understood by a three-pillar concept. However, so far studies were very limited in addressing certain requirements for sustainable tourism, such as informed stakeholders’ participation and cooperation, which represent the subject of this study. The survey that was undertaken follows previous ones in using the established three-pillar sustainability concept in order to define impacts of tourism. Further, it adds to tourism research by surveying informedness and developmental involvement. A two-dimensional informedness–involvement tourism grid was used to segment residents and their perceptions on tourism impacts in each segment are analysed. The model was empirically applied to the Slovenian lake and mountain destination of Bled. The findings showed that more informed and more involved residents had more positive perceptions of tourism than all other groups, whereas those residents who were less informed and less involved had more negative perceptions of tourism. The study contributes by expanding knowledge on resident perceptions of tourism by adding in the aspects of informedness and involvement. The proposed model can be applied to any destination to help manage residents’ opinions and consequently their support for tourism development.

ACS Style

Tina Šegota; Tanja Mihalic; Kir Kuščer. The impact of residents' informedness and involvement on their perceptions of tourism impacts: The case of Bled. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management 2017, 6, 196 -206.

AMA Style

Tina Šegota, Tanja Mihalic, Kir Kuščer. The impact of residents' informedness and involvement on their perceptions of tourism impacts: The case of Bled. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management. 2017; 6 (3):196-206.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tina Šegota; Tanja Mihalic; Kir Kuščer. 2017. "The impact of residents' informedness and involvement on their perceptions of tourism impacts: The case of Bled." Journal of Destination Marketing & Management 6, no. 3: 196-206.

Journal article
Published: 04 October 2016 in Journal of Sustainable Tourism
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This paper contributes to the comparative tourism sustainability debate in the context of mountain tourism destinations. It is based on a published three-dimensional Mountain Destination Innovation Model (MDIM) which claims that tourism development depends on a destination's innovation levels, and is subject to different conditions in a variety of important destination environments (using that term in its broadest sense), including sociocultural, natural, political, legal and technological. The authors comparatively analyzed Austrian, Slovenian and Swiss mountain destinations, which are located in small countries in the Alpine region, and that makes their environments, innovation levels and stages of development relatively easy to compare. The analysis used 88 managers’ replies to a 72 element questionnaire employing both objective and subjective measures about performance with regard to MDIM dimensions. The findings confirm differences in the stages of tourism development, in innovation levels, as well as in the supporting role of their corresponding wider environments. Swiss and Austrian mountain destinations outperformed Slovenian in almost all respects, but not in protection and quality of the natural environment or in inherited sociocultural attractiveness, where significant differences were not determined. The findings could help development and tourism policy authorities to improve the factors that determine sustainable tourism destination development.

ACS Style

Kir Kuščer; Tanja Mihalic; Harald Pechlaner. Innovation, sustainable tourism and environments in mountain destination development: a comparative analysis of Austria, Slovenia and Switzerland. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 2016, 25, 489 -504.

AMA Style

Kir Kuščer, Tanja Mihalic, Harald Pechlaner. Innovation, sustainable tourism and environments in mountain destination development: a comparative analysis of Austria, Slovenia and Switzerland. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 2016; 25 (4):489-504.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kir Kuščer; Tanja Mihalic; Harald Pechlaner. 2016. "Innovation, sustainable tourism and environments in mountain destination development: a comparative analysis of Austria, Slovenia and Switzerland." Journal of Sustainable Tourism 25, no. 4: 489-504.

Book chapter
Published: 25 June 2016 in Encyclopedia of Tourism
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ACS Style

Tanja Mihalič. Deficit. Encyclopedia of Tourism 2016, 230 -231.

AMA Style

Tanja Mihalič. Deficit. Encyclopedia of Tourism. 2016; ():230-231.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tanja Mihalič. 2016. "Deficit." Encyclopedia of Tourism , no. : 230-231.

Original articles
Published: 01 April 2016 in Journal of Sustainable Tourism
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In the context of sustainable tourism development, there are many studies about the exchange process between residents and tourism, yet this issue is practically unexplored with respect to the political environment of tourism. Therefore, this paper introduces and posits that the political environment is a necessary enabler for implementing sustainable tourism. The authors extend the established three-pillar sustainability concept by adding in the political dimension. Then they surveyed how residents' positive and negative perceptions of tourism impacts determine their satisfaction with life in the tourism destination and thus their support for tourism in their community. The model was empirically tested within the context of the long-established Alpine destination of Bled in Slovenia. The findings confirm the importance of the political environment and question the sustainability of Bled's tourism development. It is suggested that the community has relatively weak destination governance due to the underdeveloped political environment. The survey expands and deepens the tourism sustainability debate by adding in the political environment and how it relates to the emerging growth of research on destination governance. The proposed model can be adapted and applied to any destination in order to improve its governance, including the implementation of sustainable tourism development.

ACS Style

Tanja Mihalič; Tina Šegota; Ljubica Knežević Cvelbar; Kir Kuščer. The influence of the political environment and destination governance on sustainable tourism development: a study of Bled, Slovenia. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 2016, 24, 1489 -1505.

AMA Style

Tanja Mihalič, Tina Šegota, Ljubica Knežević Cvelbar, Kir Kuščer. The influence of the political environment and destination governance on sustainable tourism development: a study of Bled, Slovenia. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 2016; 24 (11):1489-1505.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tanja Mihalič; Tina Šegota; Ljubica Knežević Cvelbar; Kir Kuščer. 2016. "The influence of the political environment and destination governance on sustainable tourism development: a study of Bled, Slovenia." Journal of Sustainable Tourism 24, no. 11: 1489-1505.

Original articles
Published: 24 March 2016 in Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing
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Empirical research focusing on the relationship between destination branding and destination competitiveness has so far been lacking. Even though destination brand is partially incorporated into the two most prominent theoretical models of destination competitiveness, there is still a need for understanding the role that destination branding plays in achieving destination competitiveness. For this reason, this study proposes a theory-based research instrument that joins the branding process implementation index and competitiveness measured by customer satisfaction. The proposed instrument is tested in the context of Croatian coastal destinations. The results confirm that a well-implemented destination branding process increases destination competitiveness.

ACS Style

Katarina Miličević; Tanja Mihalič; Ivan Sever. An Investigation of the Relationship Between Destination Branding and Destination Competitiveness. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 2016, 34, 209 -221.

AMA Style

Katarina Miličević, Tanja Mihalič, Ivan Sever. An Investigation of the Relationship Between Destination Branding and Destination Competitiveness. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing. 2016; 34 (2):209-221.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Katarina Miličević; Tanja Mihalič; Ivan Sever. 2016. "An Investigation of the Relationship Between Destination Branding and Destination Competitiveness." Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 34, no. 2: 209-221.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2016 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Despite several decades of academic and practical debate on tourism sustainability, its application in practice remains difficult. The dominant tourism discourse on sustainability (theory, seen as a concept) and responsibility (practice, understood as appropriate action) calls for a solid understanding of the process of how a responsible destination actually implements a sustainability agenda, which this paper aims to provide. In this context, we explore theoretical perspectives from political economics and behavioural economics to offer a well-reasoned integrated sustainability–responsibility model comprising three stages: Awareness, Agenda and Action. This Triple-A Model complements the sustainability indicators debate and provides advice on how to continuously implement the sustainability concept and move from market-value-led and environmentally laissez-faire tourism towards more environmental- and social-value-driven responsible tourism. In addition, this paper discusses the existing sustainability and responsibility nomenclatures and their use and contributes relevant conclusions on the current understanding of sustainability and responsibility in European and UNWTO practices. The term responsustable tourism is suggested to join two existing terms and demonstrate that the current understanding of responsible tourism behaviour is based on the concept of sustainable tourism

ACS Style

Tanja Mihalic. Sustainable-responsible tourism discourse – Towards ‘responsustable’ tourism. Journal of Cleaner Production 2016, 111, 461 -470.

AMA Style

Tanja Mihalic. Sustainable-responsible tourism discourse – Towards ‘responsustable’ tourism. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2016; 111 ():461-470.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tanja Mihalic. 2016. "Sustainable-responsible tourism discourse – Towards ‘responsustable’ tourism." Journal of Cleaner Production 111, no. : 461-470.

Research article
Published: 01 December 2015 in Journal of Travel Research
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Debates about competitiveness and productivity are practically unexplored with respect to tourism. This article posits a productivity-related measure—total tourism contribution to GDP per employee in tourism—in order to examine destination competiveness. Comprehensive results based on a destination competitiveness model are obtained by analyzing tourism-specific and wider economy-based competitiveness factors. These are represented by six destination competitiveness factors measured by 55 indicators for 139 destinations over the period 2007–2011. Study findings demonstrate that tourism-specific factors, such as Tourism Infrastructure and Destination Management, are the major competitiveness drivers in developing countries, while destination competitiveness in developed countries depends on the tourism-specific factor of Destination Management as well as on wider economic conditions such as General Infrastructure, Macro-Environment, and Business Environment. The study offers a novel approach in the operationalization and estimation of a theoretically grounded and empirically validated tourism competitiveness model and discusses the implications for tourism policy.

ACS Style

Ljubica Knežević Cvelbar; Larry Dwyer; Matjaž Koman; Tanja Mihalic. Drivers of Destination Competitiveness in Tourism. Journal of Travel Research 2015, 55, 1041 -1050.

AMA Style

Ljubica Knežević Cvelbar, Larry Dwyer, Matjaž Koman, Tanja Mihalic. Drivers of Destination Competitiveness in Tourism. Journal of Travel Research. 2015; 55 (8):1041-1050.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ljubica Knežević Cvelbar; Larry Dwyer; Matjaž Koman; Tanja Mihalic. 2015. "Drivers of Destination Competitiveness in Tourism." Journal of Travel Research 55, no. 8: 1041-1050.

Journal article
Published: 16 November 2015 in Tourism Review
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Purpose – This paper aims to deal with the myths of tourism in regard to the tourism available data and their mythical interpretation in relation to top tourism countries, tourism economic contribution and competitiveness and to argue that there is yet no such thing as globalisation of tourism demand. For many decades, tourism researchers have tried to present the true tourism situation, yet – seduced by the available tourism data and rankings – they might have failed to produce the accurate or generally true description. Design/methodology/approach – This paper uses a transformative research approach which aims to break existing scientific paradigms in the field of tourism knowledge. Thus, this paper challenges the ever going elaboration of established tourism meanings by asking whether tourism understanding of its development, rankings and competitiveness is justified under the present circumstances. Findings – The paper presented some existing anomalies in the understanding of tourism global system which are based on existing data, methodologies, geo-political structure of sovereign states and tourism research values. This implies a limited applicability of current tourism understandings to a universal level. Research limitations/implications – For the time being, the discussion on accuracy of the authors’ tourism knowledge remains under the notion of “tourism myths” and the doors for more research on what new approaches, values and methodologies would enable tourism researchers to obtain the accurate tourism rankings, remain wide open. Practical implications – This paper can mobilise for improvements in data gathering, accessibility, interpretation and methodology to improve tourism policy, planning and management. In this regard, the paper mobilises for “cosmopolitan responsibility” for tourism surveys and understandings which will provide tourism researchers with a value system that meets the globalised tourism development. Social implications – This paper shows the possible impact on tourism knowledge, new tourism paradigms and then on tourism policy and management. Originality/value – This paper’s originality is in opening up new approaches to understanding what tourism researchers a while ago would never have considered relevant.

ACS Style

Tanja Mihalic; Julio Aramberri. Myths of top tourism countries, tourism contribution and competitiveness. Tourism Review 2015, 70, 276 -288.

AMA Style

Tanja Mihalic, Julio Aramberri. Myths of top tourism countries, tourism contribution and competitiveness. Tourism Review. 2015; 70 (4):276-288.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tanja Mihalic; Julio Aramberri. 2015. "Myths of top tourism countries, tourism contribution and competitiveness." Tourism Review 70, no. 4: 276-288.

Book chapter
Published: 23 September 2015 in Encyclopedia of Tourism
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Tourism deficit refers to the travel balance situation in which expenditures arising from travels of residents abroad exceed the international tourism receipts from foreign tourists. In economic terms, international tourism receipts are classified as exports and international tourism expenditure as imports. In the seventeenth century, mercantilist Thomas Mun (1664) was the first to recognize that “expenses of travailers” influence the “Balance.” Later economists were also concerned with the ability and potential of international tourism to generate foreign currency earnings. Since many countries face difficulties because of balance of payments deficit, international tourism receipts can help to alleviate such imbalances and contribute to the financial resources needed for economic and social development. For instance, less developed countries are expected to show a positive travel balance as they are considered to possess greater tourism attractiveness due to lower levels of industriali ...

ACS Style

Tanja Mihalič. Deficit, tourism. Encyclopedia of Tourism 2015, 1 -2.

AMA Style

Tanja Mihalič. Deficit, tourism. Encyclopedia of Tourism. 2015; ():1-2.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tanja Mihalič. 2015. "Deficit, tourism." Encyclopedia of Tourism , no. : 1-2.

Book chapter
Published: 23 September 2015 in Tourism Social Science Series
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This chapter analyzes the importance and performance of values in tourism higher education and business as seen by the alumni of the European Master in Tourism Management. The students were exposed to the values-based education framework proposed by the Tourism Educational Future Initiative. This chapter empirically tests the relevance of its model for an ideal and real industry, and for the corresponding world of tourism education. Using importance performance analysis, results identify gaps between the importance and performance in the values. The findings have implications for the future development and implementation of experimental values-based education.

ACS Style

Tanja Mihalic; Janne J. Liburd; Jaume Guia. Values in Tourism: The Case of EMTM. Tourism Social Science Series 2015, 41 -59.

AMA Style

Tanja Mihalic, Janne J. Liburd, Jaume Guia. Values in Tourism: The Case of EMTM. Tourism Social Science Series. 2015; ():41-59.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tanja Mihalic; Janne J. Liburd; Jaume Guia. 2015. "Values in Tourism: The Case of EMTM." Tourism Social Science Series , no. : 41-59.

Journal article
Published: 25 June 2015 in International Journal of Tourism Research
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A modified nine-quadrant importance–performance analysis is employed to assess the importance which Slovenian and Serbian tourism industry stakeholders attach to 48 nominated strategic activities to promote business and destination competitiveness. An important finding is that respondents in each country allocated the bulk of activities to the ‘keep up the good work’ strategy. In both destinations, this strategy was dominated by activities related to product development and innovation. The paper concludes with a discussion of how the identified priority activities require close examination to determine their ‘enabling conditions’ and the implications of an action based on them. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

ACS Style

Larry Dwyer; Tanja Armenski; Ljubica Knežević Cvelbar; Vanja Dragićević; Tanja Mihalic. Modified Importance-Performance Analysis for Evaluating Tourism Businesses Strategies: Comparison of Slovenia and Serbia. International Journal of Tourism Research 2015, 18, 327 -340.

AMA Style

Larry Dwyer, Tanja Armenski, Ljubica Knežević Cvelbar, Vanja Dragićević, Tanja Mihalic. Modified Importance-Performance Analysis for Evaluating Tourism Businesses Strategies: Comparison of Slovenia and Serbia. International Journal of Tourism Research. 2015; 18 (4):327-340.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Larry Dwyer; Tanja Armenski; Ljubica Knežević Cvelbar; Vanja Dragićević; Tanja Mihalic. 2015. "Modified Importance-Performance Analysis for Evaluating Tourism Businesses Strategies: Comparison of Slovenia and Serbia." International Journal of Tourism Research 18, no. 4: 327-340.